种群分布格局测定的样方尺度效应

以粤西黑石顶自然保护区西部船底窝的永久样地为研究对象,在一个面积为1600m2的人工次生裸地样地上,借助地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对各个种群分别用3种不同的样方面积(10m×10m,8m×8m,5m×5m)和不同的测定方法来研究演替初期优势种群的分布格局,从而研究不同的样方面积对测定南亚热带森林群落内种群分布格局的影响。结果表明,在南亚热带森林群落演替初期以8m×8m的样方面积来测定种群分布格局较为有效。同时运用GIS技术作数据处理及图形输出,大大简化了分析过程,提高了分析水平。     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

 根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

荒漠绿洲过渡带植被空间异质性的可塑性面积单元问题

 以荒漠绿洲过渡带植被为研究对象,采用地统计理论与方法,以优势植物泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)和红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)种群为例,采用一个样地内2 500个10 m×10 m小样方中获取的植物盖度数据来研究采样尺度和划区方式对荒漠植被空间异质性的影响。其中尺度效应研究的思路是：一是保持粒度（样方）不变,增加幅度（样地）分析其对空间异质性的影响;二是保持幅度不变,改变粒度进行分析。划区效应是在样地尺度（500 m×500 m）上,把整块样地数据聚合成10 m×200 m、20 m×100 m、40 m×50 m、50 m×40 m、100 m×20 m和200 m×10 m等不同形状和不同方向的网格进行地统计分析。结果表明：荒漠绿洲过渡带植被空间异质性受采样尺度和划区方式影响显著。当样地面积小于200 m×200 m 时,所获取的数据不能真实反映泡泡刺种群的空间异质性;当样地面积小于100 m×100 m 时,所获取的数据不能真实反映红砂种群的空间异质性。调查泡泡刺和红砂种群的空间格局时,样方面积在20 m×20 m到30 m×30 m较为合适。植被空间异质性参数对划区方式的敏感性较强,其中泡泡刺种群的敏感性高于红砂种群。     

丘陵地区地形梯度上植被格局的分异研究概述

植物群落的本质特征之一是群落中的植物和环境之间存在一定的相互关系。湿润的丘陵地区是由水侵蚀而形成的包含各种干扰频率的生境复合体,作为中尺度的地形单位,可以通过侵蚀前线划分为上部坡面和下部坡面两个小尺度的地形单位,而上部坡面可以进一步划分为顶坡、上部边坡、谷头凹地等微地形单元,下部坡面可以进一步划分为下部边坡、麓坡、泛滥性阶地及谷床等微地形单元。上部坡面发育的是气候顶极群落,沿顶坡向谷头凹地,群落发生逐渐、连续的变化,下部坡面发育的为地形群落,其物种组成、结构以及其它生态特征与上部坡面具有显著的差异,而其微地形单元之间植被的变化不明显。干扰作用是不同地形植被分异的控制因子,也是地形植被维持和更新的关键因子。下部坡面以相对积极的土壤侵蚀、滑坡和崩塌等过程为特征,其植被更新依赖于频繁的地面干扰,而上部坡面长期稳定,其植被更新依赖于林窗动态。地形是影响植被格局的最重要的也是最基本的生境因子,其引起的生境生态位分化为物种的共存提供了条件,导致了小尺度空间内高生物多样性的形成和维持。     

不同坡位植被分异及土壤效应——以内蒙古短花针茅草原为例

在内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原分布区选择赛汉、化德、准格尔3个典型样地, 在各样地沿坡面设置3条样线进行植被调查和土壤分析, 并采用聚类分析、二项式检验、差异显著性检验、典范对应分析、Pearson相关性分析等一系列统计学方法, 探讨了坡位对植被格局的影响及土壤效应。结果表明: (1)坡位导致缓丘上部坡面和下部坡面植被类型明显分异, 且以群落复合体的形式出现, 上部坡面发育的是该区气候顶级群落, 下部坡面发育的为地形群落; (2)坡位影响了物种沿坡面的分布格局, 主要体现在建群种及部分优势种上; (3)坡位导致上部坡面和下部坡面生产力的差异, 且下部坡面的生产力高于上部坡面, 形成2个不同的功能区域; (4)坡位通过地貌过程和起伏变化, 外加风蚀、水蚀影响, 严重改变了表层土(尤其是0-5 cm)的土壤特征, 从而在极小的范围内形成了非常明显的生境异质性, 提供了多样化的生存环境, 为局域范围内生物多样性的形成与维持提供了一种重要机制; (5)坡位导致植被分异的土壤效应主要是表层土(尤其是0-5 cm)土壤机械组成的差异, 生产力沿坡面的分异主要来源于土壤含水量。开展坡位对植被分布格局的影响将为植被分类、植被制图学科的发展提供理论依据, 并为植被资源的合理规划和利用以及开展植被保护与各种生态恢复工程提供科学依据和现实指导意义。     

地形与竞争因子对红松胸径与年龄关系的影响

森林年龄结构一直是森林生态学研究的重要内容之一,利用胸径指标间接推测树木年龄是获得森林年龄结构的有效手段。基于黑龙江省小兴安岭林区156株成熟红松解析木数据,分析成熟红松个体胸径与年龄之间关系,探讨地形与竞争因子对红松胸径与年龄关系的影响。研究结果表明:对所搜集的红松解析木数据,海拔、坡度、坡向、竞争因子等因素都对红松胸径与年龄关系产生影响,其中坡向与坡位对红松胸径-年龄关系影响最为明显,而竞争因子的影响较小并且在不同地形条件下表现出差异性。在南坡向-中坡位的红松个体,其胸径与年龄之间表现出了最佳的拟合效果。对地形与竞争因子的影响机理还有待于进一步研究。     

四川九顶山西坡红桦林天然种群空间格局及更新研究

用T-square距离方法,通过空间格局的T形指数C及其检验值Z₁,对九顶山西坡红桦种群中选取的3块样地6条样线进行了研究.结果表明,该区红桦种群空间分布格局以随机型分布为主,如样地支部牛场、十二河等,少数地区由于遭到人类的严重干扰和破坏,形成了集聚型分布格局,如样地上堰.通过分布距离指数I的进一步对照分析得出,在样线L4中,在主要的随机格局中也有少部分表现出了集聚型.本区红桦树种按其年龄段的不同分为3个年龄级:幼树、成年树、老年树.红桦幼树比较缺乏,仅占红桦树种的12%,而老年树种占24%,年龄结构为衰老型.在九顶山西坡,红桦种群已开始老化,幼树又相当缺乏,使红桦种群的自我更新面临极大威胁,建议加强对红桦林的保护和种群自我更新能力的研究.     

四川九顶山西坡红桦林天然种群空间格局及更新研究

用T-square距离方法,通过空间格局的T形指数C及其检验值Z1,对九顶山西坡红桦种群中选取的3块样地6条样线进行了研究。结果表明,该区红桦种群空间分布格局以随机型分布为主,如样地支部牛场、十二河等,少数地区由于遭到人类的严重干扰和破坏,形成了集聚型分布格局,如样地上堰,通过分布距离指数I的进一步对照分析得出,在样线L4中,在主要的随机格局中也有少部分表现出了集聚型本区红桦树种按其年龄段的不同分为3个年龄级：幼树、成年树、老年树,红桦幼树比较缺乏,仅占红桦树种的12％,而老年树种占24％,年龄结构为衰老型。在九顶山西坡,红桦种群已开始老化,幼树又相当缺乏,使红桦种群的自我更新面临极大威胁,建议加强对红桦林的保护和种群自我更新能力的研究。     

物种谱系不确定性对群落谱系格局指标的影响

物种谱系关系常被用于衡量群落谱系格局及推断格局背后的生态过程,但多数研究往往忽视谱系关系的不确定性及其可能对群落谱系格局造成的影响.为此,本文以浙江天童20 hm^2样地内150个树种为研究对象,采用这些物种叶绿体DNA的rbcL和matK碱基序列构建1棵一致系统发育树和反映谱系不确定性的999棵系统发育树,然后结合样地物种分布数据计算标准化净亲缘指数(NRI)和最近亲缘指数(NTI),最后运用独立置换零模型衡量样地群落谱系格局.结果表明:物种系统发育树在拓扑结构和物种谱系分支节点年龄上均存在较大的不确定性,谱系不确定性随着谱系分支节点年龄的减小而增大,也随物种间平均谱系距离的增加而增加;在样方尺度上,物种谱系的不确定性增加了标准化NRI和NTI指数的变异,但对两个指数的影响几乎独立;其对两指数的空间分布影响不同,且程度不一,其中标准化NRI受到的影响相对更大;在群落尺度上,物种谱系的不确定性增加了标准化NRI和NTI的变异,平均变异系数分别为0.37和0.077,表明群落水平的标准化NRI更易受到谱系不确定性的影响.这说明物种谱系不确定性会传递到常用的群落谱系格局指标中,且不同指标受影响的程度不同,进而影响对群落谱系格局的衡量及相关生态过程的推断.该结论也暗示以往不考虑谱系不确定性的研究中,非随机的群落谱系格局比例可能被高估.     

Changes in ground beetle diversity and community composition in age structured forests (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

We examined diversity, community composition, and wing-state of Carabidae as a function of forest age in Piedmont North Carolina. Carabidae were collected monthly from 396 pitfall traps (12×33 sites) from March 2009 through February 2010, representing 5 forest age classes approximately 0, 10, 50, 85, and 150 years old. A total of 2,568 individuals, representing 30 genera and 63 species, were collected. Carabid species diversity, as estimated by six diversity indices, was significantly different between the oldest and youngest forest age classes for four of the six indices. Most carabid species were habitat generalists, occurring in all or most of the forest age classes. Carabid species composition varied across forest age classes. Seventeen carabid species were identified as potential candidates for ecological indicators of forest age. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showed separation among forest age classes in terms of carabid beetle community composition. The proportion of individuals capable of flight decreased significantly with forest age.     

古田山中亚热带常绿阔叶林动态监测样地——群落组成与结构

 亚热带常绿阔叶林是世界上主要植被类型之一,集中分布于我国,其中以中亚热带的常绿阔叶林最为典型。为了更好地研究常绿阔叶林森林生 物多样性维持机理,按照CTFS (Centre for Tropical Forest Science)样地建设的标准,于2004年11月～2005年9月在浙江开化古田山国家级 自然保护区建立了常绿阔叶林24 hm²永久样地。该文对样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物进行了统计,初步分析了古田山森林样地(Gutianshan (GTS) forest plot)的群落组成与空间结构。 群落的区系类型以热带成分比较多,在属的水平上53个是热带分布,44个是温带分布。共有159 种,隶属于49科103属,总计140 700株,以常绿树种为主（91个物种,占总优势度的90.6%,重要值为85.6%,占样地总个体数的85.9%）;样地 群落有明显的优势物种和大量稀有种(Rare species,每hm2个体数小于1)。甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei )、木荷(Schima superba)和马尾松 (Pinus massoniana)在群落中占有主要优势; 稀有种占总物种数的37.1％（59/159）;具有温带落叶阔叶林和热带雨林的相关特征,较好地代 表了中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落。垂直结构由林冠层（63个种）、亚乔木层（70个种）和灌木层 （26个种）组成。样地所有木本植物物种总径级 分布呈倒“J"形,群落更新良好。几个优势种空间分布随着径级增大,聚集程度降低;并且它们的分布表现出与生境紧密关联,不同的物种表 现出对生境不同的偏好。该文最后系统地比较了大样地方法与传统取样方法。     

湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉（Abies fargesii）种群结构特征与空间分布格局

巴山冷杉群落是湖北神农架地区主要的群落类型之一,从生命表特征、年龄结构、存活曲线以及种群和不同龄级个体空间分布格局等方面研究了湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉的种群结构特征与空间分布规律.研究结果表明:巴山冷杉的种群年龄结构图呈现的是幼苗比例最大,中龄树、幼树和成龄树比例次之的规律;巴山冷杉幼苗储备丰富,巴山冷杉自身的生物学特性及环境因素是形成这种现象的主要原因;湖北神农架地区巴山冷杉种群的存活曲线接近于Deevey C型,I径级巴山冷杉死亡率最高,II径级开始巴山冷杉幼树死亡率大幅度下降,直至老龄期死亡率逐渐升高;巴山冷杉种群不同年龄级的个体呈现出集群分布或随机分布,处于不同发育阶段的个体群,其空间分布格局是随时间变化的.     

塔里木河中下游地区荒漠河岸林群落种间关系分析

采用 2× 2列联表, 应用Fisher精确检验法研究了新疆塔里木河中下游荒漠河岸林群落种间关系, 测定了16种植物、共 12 0个种对的种间联结性。研究结果表明 :1) 12 0个种对中有 17个种对分别在不同的样方尺度中表现出显著或极显著的种间联结, 约占总数的 14.2 % ;其中 13个种对为正关联, 4个种对为负关联 ;2 ) 不同取样面积对种间联结性分析的有效性有影响, 不同种对表现出种间联结的最小样方尺度不同 ;3) 随着样方面积的增大, 各种对自有不同的种间联结变化规律, 可归纳为 4种类型 ;4 ) 17个具种间联结的种对以灌木草本和草本草本的种对居多, 占总数的 76.5 % ;主要乔木树种胡杨 (Populuseuphratica) 与灌木之间、灌木和灌木之间趋向独立分布。     

Effects of local biotic neighbors and habitat heterogeneity on tree and shrub seedling survival in an old-growth temperate forest

Seedling dynamics play a crucial role in determining species distributions and coexistence. Exploring causes of variation in seedling dynamics can therefore provide key insights into the factors affecting these phenomena. We examined the relative importance of biotic neighborhood processes and habitat heterogeneity using survival data for 5,827 seedlings in 39 tree and shrub species over 2?years from an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China. We found significant negative density-dependence effects on survival of tree seedlings, and limited effects of habitat heterogeneity (edaphic and topographic variables) on survival of shrub seedlings. The importance of negative density dependence on young tree seedling survival was replaced by habitat in tree seedlings ??4?years old. As expected, negative density dependence was more apparent in gravity-dispersed species compared to wind-dispersed and animal-dispersed species. Moreover, we found that a community compensatory trend existed for trees. Therefore, although negative density dependence was not as pervasive as in other forest communities, it is an important mechanism for the maintenance of community diversity in this temperate forest. We conclude that both negative density dependence and habitat heterogeneity drive seedling survival, but their relative importance varies with seedling age classes and species traits.     

Separating forest continuity from tree age effects on plant diversity in the ground and epiphyte vegetation of a Central European mountain spruce forest

Forest continuity has been identified as an important factor influencing the structure and diversity of forest vegetation. Primary forests with centuries of continuity are usually more diverse than young secondary forests as forest are colonized only slowly and because the former are richer in old tree individuals. In the present study, performed in unmanaged high-elevation spruce forests of the Harz Mountains, Germany, we had the unique opportunity to separate the effects of forest continuity and tree age on plant diversity. We compared an old-growth spruce forest with century-long habitat continuity with an adjacent secondary spruce forest, which had naturally established on a former bog after 1796 when peat exploitation halted. Comparative analysis of the ground and epiphyte vegetation showed that the plant diversity of the old-growth forest was not higher than that of the secondary forest with a similar tree age of >200 years. Our results suggest that a period of >200 years was sufficient for the secondary forest to be colonized by the whole regional species pool of herbaceous and cryptogam forest plants and epiphytes. Therefore, it is likely that habitat structure, including the presence of old and decaying trees, was more important for determining plant diversity than the independent effect of forest continuity. Our results are probably not transferrable to spruce forests younger than 200 years and highly fragmented woodlands with long distances between new stands and old-growth forests that serve as diaspore sources. In addition, our results might be not transferable to remote areas without notable air pollution, as the epiphyte vegetation of the study area was influenced by SO₂ pollution in the second half of the 20th century.     

鹞落坪落叶阔叶林蔷薇科主要树种的空间分布格局及种间关联性

为探讨大别山森林群落的构建和演替机制, 本文基于安徽鹞落坪落叶阔叶林11.56 ha动态监测样地的定位监测资料, 采用最近邻分析和O-ring函数、Monte Carlo拟合和零模型选取的方法, 分析了落叶阔叶林蔷薇科主要树种水榆花楸(Sorbus alnifolia)、山樱花(Cerasus serrulata)和中华石楠(Photinia beauverdiana)不同年龄阶段的空间分布格局及种间关联性。结果表明: (1)在整个样地中3个树种的小树和成年树阶段都为聚集分布, 且随年龄增加聚集性减弱, 在老树阶段转为随机和均匀分布。(2)在0-50 m尺度范围内, 以完全随机模型(complete spatial randomness, CSR)为零假设时, 3个树种整体及小树都在小尺度(≤ 10 m)上呈聚集分布, 成年树与老树多为随机分布。以异质性泊松模型(heterogeneous Poisson, HP)为零假设时, 树种的聚集与生境异质性间呈负相关, 3个树种只在≤ 4 m尺度上出现聚集现象。(3) 3个树种种内各个年龄段之间在较大范围内多为负相关和无显著相关性, 同时各树种及不同年龄段之间受种间竞争和密度制约效应影响在小尺度上(≤ 10 m)多为负相关, 随尺度增加相关性减弱。综合而言, 大别山落叶阔叶林中蔷薇科植物的分布格局整体上多为聚集分布, 随树龄增加聚集性减弱, 在中大尺度上受生境异质性效应的影响显著, 在小尺度上多为负相关, 各树种内部各龄级相互之间也多为负相关。     

米心水青冈林采伐地的早期植被恢复和土壤环境动态

 在对神农架太阳坪米心水青冈林及其采伐迹地早期植被的样方调查,和对林下土壤取样分析的基础上,通过物种多样性,生态优势度,群落相似性以及样方物种的生活型和适宜生境等的对比分析,表明该群落中不同生境和年龄的迹地恢复迅速而稳定,但物种构成、植被结构和土壤养分等的恢复存在空间异质性和时间差。     

Inter-specific aggression generates ant mosaics in canopies of primary tropical rainforest

The ant mosaic is a concept of the non-random spatial distribution of individual ant species in trees built upon the assumption of interspecific behavioural associations. However, colony identity and environmental variance may also play a role in species distribution. Here we assess the presence of ant mosaics in a primary forest ecosystem and whether they are structured by species' aggressive behaviours or by habitat filtering. We sampled arboreal ants from vertically stratified baits exposed in 225 canopy trees in a 9-ha plot of primary lowland forest in Papua New Guinea, the largest forest area surveyed to detect ant mosaics. We performed behavioural tests on conspecific ants from adjacent trees to determine the territories of individual colonies. We explored the environmental effects on the ant communities using information on the plot vegetation structure and topography. Furthermore, we created a novel statistical method to test for the community non-random spatial structure across the plot via spatial randomisation of individual colony territories. Finally, we linked spatial segregation among the four most common species to experimentally assessed rates of interspecies aggression. The ant communities comprised 57 species of highly variable abundance and vertical stratification. Ant community composition was spatially dependent, but it was not affected by tree species composition or canopy connectivity. Only local elevation had a significant but rather small effect. Individual colony territories ranged from one tree to 0.7 ha. Species were significantly over-dispersed, with their territory overlap significantly reduced. The level of aggression between pairs of the four most common species was positively correlated with their spatial segregation. Our study demonstrates the presence of ant mosaics in tropical pristine forest, which are maintained by interspecific aggression rather than habitat filtering, with vegetation structure having a rather small and indirect effect, probably linked to microclimate variability.     

Disturbance history and stand dynamics in tall open forest and riparian rainforest in the Central Highlands of Victoria

Abstract Spatial heterogeneity in the intensity of past disturbances has directly influenced the structure and composition of present‐day forests around the world. In south‐eastern Australia infrequent, high‐intensity wildfires are a major part of the historical disturbance regime. While these fires are often assumed to produce even‐aged stands, spatial heterogeneity in fire intensity due to highly variable topography may lead to more complex forest age structures. Our study describes the influence of disturbance on the age structure and dynamics of a mosaic of tall, open eucalypt forest, cool temperate rainforest and mixed species forest surrounding Bellel Creek in the Central Highlands of Victoria using dendrochronological techniques. We were particularly interested in the impacts of the 1939 Black Friday fire and its effects on forest age structure and subsequent stand development patterns. Within our study site tall open forest displayed two distinct age cohorts: (i) trees that established immediately after the 1939 fire and accounted for the majority of individuals in the forest, and (ii) scattered groups of older trees estimated to be approximately 200–250 years old. Cool temperate rainforest and mixed forest were also dominated by the post‐1939 fire age cohort. However, a greater proportion of trees in these forest types survived the 1939 fire relative to the tall open forest. The impact of the 1939 fire on the growth of surviving trees was highly variable but generally short‐lived. In most cases growth decreased after the 1939 fire, but generally returned to prefire levels within 1–3 years. Non‐fire disturbances were limited to small‐scale branch‐ and tree‐fall events, although the extreme snowstorm of 1977 appears to have caused extensive damage to rainforest communities. Our study demonstrates the opportunities for dendroecological studies to reconstruct historical dynamics and disturbance patterns in Australian forests and provides important insights into variation in landscape‐scale fire impacts and their effect on subsequent forest development patterns.