共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Persichetti E Klein K Paciotti S Lecointe K Balducci C Franken S Duvet S Matzner U Roberti R Hartmann D Gieselmann V Beccari T 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》2012,1822(7):1137-1146
Most lysosomal storage diseases are caused by defects in genes encoding for acidic hydrolases. Deficiency of an enzyme involved in the catabolic pathway of N-linked glycans leads to the accumulation of the respective substrate and consequently to the onset of a specific storage disorder. Di-N-acetylchitobiase and core specific α1-6mannosidase represent the only exception. In fact, to date no lysosomal disease has been correlated to the deficiency of these enzymes. We generated di-N-acetylchitobiase-deficient mice by gene targeting of the Ctbs gene in murine embryonic stem cells. Accumulation of Man2GlcNAc2 and Man3GlcNAc2 was evaluated in all analyzed tissues and the tetrasaccharide was detected in urines. Multilamellar inclusion bodies reminiscent of polar lipids were present in epithelia of a scattered subset of proximal tubules in the kidney. Less constantly, enlarged Kupffer cells were observed in liver, filled with phagocytic material resembling partly digested red blood cells. These findings confirm an important role for lysosomal di-N-acetylchitobiase in glycans degradation and suggest that its deficiency could be the cause of a not yet described lysosomal storage disease. 相似文献
2.
Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in a glycosphingolipid and a glycoprotein storage disease 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The lysosomal system comprises a specialized network of organelles crucial for the sorting, digestion, recycling and secretion of cellular components. With their content of hydrolytic enzymes, lysosomes regulate the degradation of a multitude of substrates that reach these organelles via the biosynthetic or the endocytic route. Gene defects that affect one or more of these hydrolases lead to LSDs (lysosomal storage diseases). This underscores the apparent lack of redundancy of these enzymes and the importance of the lysosomal system in cell and tissue homoeostasis. Some of the lysosomal enzymes may form multiprotein complexes, which usually work synergistically on substrates and, in this configuration, may respond more efficiently to changes in substrate load and composition. A well-characterized lysosomal multienzyme complex is the one comprising the glycosidases β-gal (β-galactosidase) and NEU1 (neuramidase-1), and of the serine carboxypeptidase PPCA (protective protein/cathepsin A). Three neurodegenerative LSDs are caused by either single or combined deficiency of these lysosomal enzymes. Sialidosis (NEU1 deficiency) and galactosialidosis (combined NEU1 and β-gal deficiency, secondary to a primary defect of PPCA) belong to the glycoprotein storage diseases, whereas GM1-gangliosidosis (β-gal deficiency) is a glycosphingolipid storage disease. Identification of novel molecular pathways that are deregulated because of loss of enzyme activity and/or accumulation of specific metabolites in various cell types has shed light on mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and may pave the way for future development of new therapies for these LSDs. 相似文献
3.
Recent progress of lysosomal diseases 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The majority of lysosomal storage diseases results from genetic inability to express one or another of the many activities of the lysosomal hydrolases. A few lysosomal diseases are caused by a defective transport of certain metabolites across the lysosomal membrane. The recognition of the specific lysosomal defects led to diagnostic tests also for first trimester prenatal diagnosis. The availability of cloned genes for a number of lysosomal enzymes marks the beginning of an understanding of the precise defects responsible for lysosomal storage diseases. 相似文献
4.
《Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology》2013,48(6):385-414
AbstractHuman lysosomal β-glucosidase (D-glucosyl-acylsphingo-sine glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.45) is a membrane-associated enzyme that cleaves the β-glucosidic linkage of glucosylcer-amide (glucocerebroside), its natural substrate, as well as synthetic β-glumsides. Experiments with cultured cells suggest that in vivo this glycoprotein requires interaction with negatively charged lipids and a small acidic protein, SAP-2, for optimal glucosylceramide hydrolytic rates. In vitro, detergents (Triton? X-100 or bile acids) or negatively charged gangliosides or phos-pholipids and one of several “activator proteins” increase hydrolytic rate of lipid and water-soluble substrates. Using such in vitro assay systems and active site-directed covalent inhibitors, kinetic and structural properties of the active site have been elucidated. The defective activity of this enzyme leads to the variants of Gaucher disease, the most prevalent lysosomal storage disease. The nonneuronopathic (type 1) and neuronopathic (types 2 and 3) variants of this inherited (autosomal recessive) disease but panethnic, but type 1 is most prevalent in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Several missense mutations, identified in the structural gene for lysosomal β-glucosidase from Gaucher disease patients, are presumably casual to the specifically altered post-translational oligosaccharide processing or stability of the enzyme as well as the alterecA in vitro kinetic properties of the residual enzyme from patient tissues. 相似文献
5.
G A Grabowski S Gatt M Horowitz 《Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology》1990,25(6):385-414
Human lysosomal beta-glucosidase (D-glucosyl-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.45) is a membrane-associated enzyme that cleaves the beta-glucosidic linkage of glucosylceramide (glucocerebroside), its natural substrate, as well as synthetic beta-glucosides. Experiments with cultured cells suggest that in vivo this glycoprotein requires interaction with negatively charged lipids and a small acidic protein, SAP-2, for optimal glucosylceramide hydrolytic rates. In vitro, detergents (Triton X-100 or bile acids) or negatively charged ganglioside or phospholipids and one of several "activator proteins" increase hydrolytic rate of lipid and water-soluble substrates. Using such in vitro assay systems and active site-directed covalent inhibitors, kinetic and structural properties of the active site have been elucidated. The defective activity of this enzyme leads to the variants of Gaucher disease, the most prevalent lysosomal storage disease. The nonneuronopathic (type 1) and neuronopathic (types 2 and 3) variants of this inherited (autosomal recessive) disease but panethnic, but type 1 is most prevalent in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Several missense mutations, identified in the structural gene for lysosomal beta-glucosidase from Gaucher disease patients, are presumably casual to the specifically altered posttranslational oligosaccharide processing or stability of the enzyme as well as the altered in vitro kinetic properties of the residual enzyme from patient tissues. 相似文献
6.
Otomo T Higaki K Nanba E Ozono K Sakai N 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2011,286(40):35283-35290
Mucolipidosis II (ML-II) is a fatal inherited metabolic disease caused by deficiency of GlcNAc-phosphotransferase, which plays a role in generating the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker on lysosomal enzymes. In ML-II, many lysosomal acid hydrolases are mistargeted out of cells, and lysosomes become filled with undigested substrates, which explains inclusion cell disease as an alternative name for this disease. In this study, we revealed various cellular phenotypes in ML-II skin fibroblasts. We quantitated phospholipid and cholesterol within cells and showed ~2-fold accumulation in ML-II as compared with normal cells. Lysosomal pH of ML-II cells was higher than that of normal cells (5.29 ± 0.08 versus 4.79 ± 0.10, p < 0.001). The proliferated lysosomes in ML-II cells were accumulated ~3-fold in amount as compared with normal cells. Intracellular logistics including endocytosis and mannose 6-phosphate receptor recycling were impaired in ML-II cells. To confirm whether these ML-II cellular phenotypes derive from deficient lysosomal acid hydrolases within lysosomes, we performed supplementation of lysosomal enzymes using a partially purified total enzyme mixture, which was derived from the conditioned culture medium of normal skin fibroblasts after NH(4)Cl treatment. This supplementation corrected all of the previously described ML-II phenotypes. In addition, the autophagic and mitochondrial impairment that we have previously reported improved, and inclusion bodies disappeared on electron micrography following total lysosomal enzyme supplementation. Our results indicate that various cellular phenotypes in ML-II are caused by the deficiency of many lysosomal enzymes and massive accumulation of undigested substrates. 相似文献
7.
Ferlinz K Linke T Bartelsen O Weiler M Sandhoff K 《Chemistry and physics of lipids》1999,102(1-2):35-43
Lysosomal breakdown of glycosphingolipids with short hydrophilic carbohydrate headgroups is achieved by the simultaneous action of specific hydrolases and sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs). Activator proteins are considered to facilitate the enzyme/substrate interaction between water-soluble enzymes and membrane-bound substrates. Sphingomyelin, containing the small hydrophilic phosphorylcholine moiety, is hydrolysed by acid sphingomyelinase (acid SMase). Recent experimental data on the in vivo and in vitro role of activator proteins in sphingomyelin breakdown by acid SMase are reviewed. These data combined with the results using homogenous protein preparations as well as a liposomal assay system mimicking the physiological conditions suggest that lysosomal sphingomyelin degradation is not critically dependent on any of the known activator proteins. Moreover, evidence is provided that the assumed intramolecular activator domain of acid SMase and especially the presence of negatively charged lipids in the lysosomes are sufficient for sphingomyelin turnover. 相似文献
8.
Mass spectrometry in the study of lysosomal storage disorders. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P J Meikle M Fuller J J Hopwood 《Cellular and molecular biology, including cyto-enzymology》2003,49(5):769-777
Lysosomal storage disorders represent a group of over 45 distinct genetic diseases, each one resulting from a deficiency of a particular lysosomal protein or, in a few cases, from non-lysosomal proteins that are involved in lysosomal biogenesis. A common biochemical feature of this group of disorders is the accumulation within lysosomes of undegraded or partially degraded substrates that are normally degraded within, and transported out of the lysosome. The particular substrates stored and the site(s) of storage vary with disease type and enzyme/protein deficiency. The nature of the substrate can be used to group the disorders into broad categories including the mucopolysaccharidoses, lipidoses, glycogenoses and oligosaccharidoses. These categories show many clinical similarities within groups as well as significant similarities between groups. For most lysosomal storage disorders the relationship between the stored substrates (type, amount and location) and the disease pathology is not well understood. The use of mass spectrometry and in particular tandem mass spectrometry provides a powerful tool for the investigation of stored substrates in this group of disorders. In this review we will describe the use of mass spectrometry for the analysis of stored substrates. We will discuss progress in the field, limitations of current methods, and summarise issues relating to the diagnosis and treatment of some of the more prevalent lysosomal storage disorders. 相似文献
9.
The inherited metabolic disorders of glycosphingolipid (GSL) metabolism are a relatively rare group of diseases that have diverse and often neurodegenerative phenotypes. Typically, a deficiency in catabolic enzyme activity leads to lysosomal storage of GSL substrates and in many diseases, several other glycoconjugates. A novel generic approach to treating these diseases has been termed substrate reduction therapy (SRT), and the discovery and development of N-alkylated imino sugars as effective and approved drugs is discussed. An understanding of the molecular mechanism for the inhibition of the key enzyme in GSL biosynthesis, ceramide glucosyltransferase (CGT) by N-alkylated imino sugars, has also lead to compound design for improvements to inhibitory potency, bioavailability, enzyme selectivity, and biological safety. Following a successful clinical evaluation of one compound, N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin [(NB-DNJ), miglustat, Zavesca], for treating type I Gaucher disease, issues regarding the significance of side effects and CNS access have been addressed as exposure of drug to patients has increased. An alternative experimental approach to treat specific glycosphingolipid (GSL) lysosomal storage diseases is to use imino sugars as molecular chaperons that assist protein folding and stability of mutant enzymes. The principles of chaperon-mediated therapy (CMT) are described, and the potential efficacy and preclinical status of imino sugars is compared with substrate reduction therapy (SRT). The increasing use of imino sugars for clinical evaluation of a group of storage diseases that are complex and often intractable disorders to treat has considerable benefit. This is particularly so given the ability of small molecules to be orally available, penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), and have well-characterized biological and pharmacological properties. 相似文献
10.
James Varani Jefferey D. Hasday Robert G. Sitrin Pamela G. Brubaker William A. hillegas 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1986,22(10):575-582
Summary Human diploid fibroblasts were cultured on microcarriers made from DEAE-dextran, denatured collagen, DEAE-dextran linked to
denatured collagen, and glass. Cells grown on these four substrates were examined for the production of proteolytic enzymes
and arachidonic acid metabolites. Culture fluids from cells grown on the DEAE-dextran microcarriers contained the highest
amounts of proteolytic enzyme activity. Both plasminogen-independent and plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic activities were
present and the plasminogen-dependent activity seemed to result from the presence of both urokinase and tissue plasminogen
activator. Culture fluid from the cells grown on the glass microcarriers contained the least amount of protease activity,
and nearly all of the plasminogen-activator activity seemed to be of the urokinase type. Protease activity in the culture
fluids of cells grown on the other two substrates were intermediate. With regard to arachidonic acid metabolites, cells grown
on the DEAE-dextran microcarriers produced the highest amounts of cyclooxygenase products but very low levels of lipoxygenase
metabolites. Cells grown on the other three substrates produced comparable amounts of various cyclooxygenase products (lower
than that produced by cells on the DEAE-dextrans substrate). Cells grown on the glass microcarriers also produced detectable
amounts of two lipoxygenase metabolites—leukotriene B4 and leukotriene C4. Inasmuch as both proteolytic enzymes and arachidonic acid metabolites regulate basic cell properties, the differential amount
of these metabolites observed in the culture fluids on the various substrates may contribute to the biological differences
that exist on these substrates.
This study was supported in part by grants R44 CA 36656 and IK08HL01332-01 from the Public Health Service, U. S. Department
of Health and Human Services and by grant BC-512 from the American Cancer Society. JDH is a research fellow of the American
Lung Association. 相似文献
11.
Topology of glycosphingolipid degradation 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) form cell-type-specific patterns on the surface of eukaryotic cells. Degradation of plasma-membrane-derived GSLs in the lysosomes after internalization through the endocytic pathway is achieved through the concerted actions of hydrolysing enzymes and sphingolipid activator proteins. The latter are proteins necessary for the degradation of GSLs possessing short oligosaccharide chains. Some activator proteins bind to GSLs and form water-soluble complexes, which lift out of the membrane and give the water-soluble hydrolysing enzymes access to the regions of the GSL that would otherwise be obscured by the membrane. The inherited deficiency of both lysosomal hydrolases and sphingolipid activator proteins gives rise to sphingolipid storage diseases. An analysis of these diseases suggests a new model for the topology of endocytosis and lysosomal digestion, which is discussed in this article. 相似文献
12.
Human beta-hexosaminidase A (Hex A) (alphabeta) is composed of two subunits whose primary structures are approximately 60% identical. Deficiency of either subunit results in severe neurological disease due to the storage of GM2 ganglioside; Tay-Sachs disease, alpha deficiency, and Sandhoff disease, beta deficiency. Whereas both subunits contain active sites only the alpha-site can efficiently bind negatively charged 6-sulfated hexosamine substrates and GM2 ganglioside. We have recently identified the alphaArg(424) as playing a critical role in the binding of 6-sulfate-containing substrates, and betaAsp(452) as actively inhibiting their binding. To determine if these same residues affect the binding of the sialic acid moiety of GM2 ganglioside, an alphaArg(424)Gln form of Hex A was expressed and its kinetics analyzed using the GM2 activator protein:[3H]-GM2 ganglioside complex as a substrate. The mutant showed a approximately 3-fold increase in its K(m) for the complex. Next a form of Hex B (betabeta) containing a double mutation, betaAspLeu(453)AsnArg (duplicating the alpha-aligning sequences), was expressed. As compared to the wild type (WT), the mutant exhibited a >30-fold increase in its ability to hydrolyze a 6-sulfated substrate and was now able to hydrolyze GM2 ganglioside when the GM2 activator protein was replaced by sodium taurocholate. Thus, this alpha-site is critical for binding both types of negatively charge substrates. 相似文献
13.
The oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) preferentially utilizes the fully assembled dolichol-linked oligosaccharide Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol as the donor for N-linked glycosylation of asparagine residues in N-X-T/S consensus sites in newly synthesized proteins. A wide variety of assembly intermediates (Glc(0-2)Man(0-9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol) can serve as the donor substrate for N-linked glycosylation of peptide acceptor substrates in vitro or of nascent glycoproteins in mutant cells that are defective in donor substrate assembly. A kinetic mechanism that can account for the selection of the fully assembled donor substrate from a complex mixture of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides (OS-PP-Dol) has not been elucidated. Here, the steady-state kinetic properties of the OST were reinvestigated using a proteoliposome assay system consisting of the purified yeast enzyme, near-homogeneous preparations of a dolichol-linked oligosaccharide (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol or Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol) and an (125)I-labeled tripeptide as the acceptor substrate. The K(m) of the OST for the acceptor tripeptide was only slightly enhanced when Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol was the donor substrate relative to when Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol was the donor substrate. Evaluation of the kinetic data for both donor substrates showed deviations from typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Sigmoidal saturation curves, Lineweaver-Burk plots with upward curvature, and apparent Hill coefficients of about 1.4 suggested a substrate activation mechanism involving distinct regulatory (activator) and catalytic binding sites for OS-PP-Dol. Results of competition experiments using either oligosaccharide donor as an alternative substrate were also consistent with this hypothesis. We propose that binding of either donor substrate to the activator site substantially enhances Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol occupancy of the enzyme catalytic site via allosteric activation. 相似文献
14.
Evidence is presented for the occurrence of two different non-specific nucleotide-sugar hydrolases in rat liver and other rat tissues. These two enzymes (I and II) were separated by chromatography on a 5'-AMP-aminohexyl-Sepharose column. Enzyme I is most probably identical with phosphodiesterase I (EC 3.1.4.1). Enzyme II appeared to be identical with an enzyme described in literature as 'CMP-sialic acid hydrolase' [Kean & Bighouse (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 7813-7823], since almost all activity with CMP-N-acetylneuraminate as substrate was recovered in this enzyme fraction. CMP-N-acetylneuraminate was a poor substrate for Enzyme I, whereas deoxythymidine-5'-p-nitrophenyl phosphate and all nucleoside-diphosphosugars tested were good substrates for both Enzyme I and II. Therefore it is suggested that CMP-N-acetylneuraminate is used as an additional substrate to discriminate between the activities of Enzyme I and II in homogenates or membrane preparations. The various substrates appeared to be competitive inhibitors of each other, suggesting that, in each enzyme preparation, only one enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of the various substrates. The dissimilar properties of the two enzymes are substantiated by studying the subunit molecular masses (Enzyme I, 125 kDa; Enzyme II, 50-55 kDa), the sensitivity towards Triton X-100, Sarkosyl and sodium dodecyl sulphate and towards trypsin treatment. It is discussed whether the alpha-N-acetylglucosamine phosphodiesterase described by Varki & Kornfeld [(1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 9937-9943] is identical with one of the nucleotide-sugar hydrolases described here. 相似文献
15.
K. Bers I. Batisson P. Proost R. Wattiez R. De Mot D. Springael 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2013,79(17):5258-5263
Variovorax sp. strain WDL1, which mineralizes the phenylurea herbicide linuron, expresses a novel linuron-hydrolyzing enzyme, HylA, that converts linuron to 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA). The enzyme is distinct from the linuron hydrolase LibA enzyme recently identified in other linuron-mineralizing Variovorax strains and from phenylurea-hydrolyzing enzymes (PuhA, PuhB) found in Gram-positive bacteria. The dimeric enzyme belongs to a separate family of hydrolases and differs in Km, temperature optimum, and phenylurea herbicide substrate range. Within the metal-dependent amidohydrolase superfamily, HylA and PuhA/PuhB belong to two distinct protein families, while LibA is a member of the unrelated amidase signature family. The hylA gene was identified in a draft genome sequence of strain WDL1. The involvement of hylA in linuron degradation by strain WDL1 is inferred from its absence in spontaneous WDL1 mutants defective in linuron hydrolysis and its presence in linuron-degrading Variovorax strains that lack libA. In strain WDL1, the hylA gene is combined with catabolic gene modules encoding the downstream pathways for DCA degradation, which are very similar to those present in Variovorax sp. SRS16, which contains libA. Our results show that the expansion of a DCA catabolic pathway toward linuron degradation in Variovorax can involve different but isofunctional linuron hydrolysis genes encoding proteins that belong to evolutionary unrelated hydrolase families. This may be explained by divergent evolution and the independent acquisition of the corresponding genetic modules. 相似文献
16.
A New Versatile Microarray-based Method for High Throughput Screening of Carbohydrate-active Enzymes
Silvia Vidal-Melgosa Henriette L. Pedersen Julia Schückel Grégory Arnal Claire Dumon Daniel B. Amby Rune Nygaard Monrad Bj?rge Westereng William G. T. Willats 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2015,290(14):9020-9036
17.
Yiling Ren Qihua Chen Yang Lv Zhenyi Zhang Yi‐Lei Zhao Yuxiang Yao Ping Xu 《Molecular microbiology》2014,91(5):1009-1021
N‐heterocyclic compounds from industrial wastes, including nicotine, are environmental pollutants or toxicants responsible for a variety of health problems. Microbial biodegradation is an attractive strategy for the removal of N‐heterocyclic pollutants, during which carbon–nitrogen bonds in N‐heterocycles are converted to amide bonds and subsequently severed by amide hydrolases. Previous studies have failed to clarify the molecular mechanism through which amide hydrolases selectively recognize diverse amide substrates and complete the biodenitrogenation process. In this study, structural, computational and enzymatic analyses showed how the N‐formylmaleamate deformylase Nfo and the maleamate amidase Ami, two pivotal amide hydrolases in the nicotine catabolic pathway of Pseudomonas putida S16, specifically recognize their respective substrates. In addition, comparison of the α‐β‐α groups of amidases, which include Ami, pinpointed several subgroup‐characteristic residues differentiating the two classes of amide substrates as containing either carboxylate groups or aromatic rings. Furthermore, this study reveals the molecular mechanism through which the specially tailored active sites of deformylases and amidases selectively recognize their unique substrates. Our work thus provides a thorough elucidation of the molecular mechanism through which amide hydrolases accomplish substrate‐specific recognition in the microbial N‐heterocycles biodenitrogenation pathway. 相似文献
18.
The lysosomal compartment is essential for a variety of cellular functions, including the normal turnover of most long-lived
proteins and all organelles. The compartment consists of numerous acidic vesicles (pH ∼4 to 5) that constantly fuse and divide.
It receives a large number of hydrolases (∼50) from the trans-Golgi network, and substrates from both the cells’ outside (heterophagy) and inside (autophagy). Many macromolecules contain
iron that gives rise to an iron-rich environment in lysosomes that recently have degraded such macromolecules. Iron-rich lysosomes
are sensitive to oxidative stress, while ‘resting’ lysosomes, which have not recently participated in autophagic events, are
not. The magnitude of oxidative stress determines the degree of lysosomal destabilization and, consequently, whether arrested
growth, reparative autophagy, apoptosis, or necrosis will follow. Heterophagy is the first step in the process by which immunocompetent
cells modify antigens and produce antibodies, while exocytosis of lysosomal enzymes may promote tumor invasion, angiogenesis,
and metastasis. Apart from being an essential turnover process, autophagy is also a mechanism by which cells will be able
to sustain temporary starvation and rid themselves of intracellular organisms that have invaded, although some pathogens have
evolved mechanisms to prevent their destruction. Mutated lysosomal enzymes are the underlying cause of a number of lysosomal
storage diseases involving the accumulation of materials that would be the substrate for the corresponding hydrolases, were
they not defective. The normal, low-level diffusion of hydrogen peroxide into iron-rich lysosomes causes the slow formation
of lipofuscin in long-lived postmitotic cells, where it occupies a substantial part of the lysosomal compartment at the end
of the life span. This seems to result in the diversion of newly produced lysosomal enzymes away from autophagosomes, leading
to the accumulation of malfunctioning mitochondria and proteins with consequent cellular dysfunction. If autophagy were a
perfect turnover process, postmitotic ageing and several age-related neurodegenerative diseases would, perhaps, not take place. 相似文献
19.
Fletcher JI Swarbrick JD Maksel D Gayler KR Gooley PR 《Structure (London, England : 1993)》2002,10(2):205-213
Ap(4)A hydrolases are Nudix enzymes that regulate intracellular dinucleoside polyphosphate concentrations, implicating them in a range of biological events, including heat shock and metabolic stress. We have demonstrated that ATP x MgF(x) can be used to mimic substrates in the binding site of Ap(4)A hydrolase from Lupinus angustifolius and that, unlike previous substrate analogs, it is in slow exchange with the enzyme. The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme complexed with ATP x MgF(x) was solved and shows significant conformational changes. The substrate binding site of L. angustifolius Ap(4)A hydrolase differs markedly from the two previously published Nudix enzymes, ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase and MutT, despite their common fold and the conservation of active site residues. The majority of residues involved in substrate binding are conserved in asymmetrical Ap(4)A hydrolases from pathogenic bacteria, but are absent in their human counterparts, suggesting that it might be possible to generate compounds that target bacterial, but not human, Ap(4)A hydrolases. 相似文献
20.
Y Ben-Yoseph B A Pack D A Mitchell D G Elwell M Potier S B Melan?on H L Nadler 《Enzyme》1986,35(2):106-116
Complementation was examined among various types of I-cell disease and pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy by monitoring N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase activity in multinucleated cells produced by fusing pair combinations of cultured skin fibroblasts. Patients with the classical forms of these disorders (5 I-cell disease and 3 pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy cell lines) comprised one complementation group and 5 cell lines from patients with variant forms of pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy comprised a distinct complementation group. In the first group, total or partial deficiency of the transferase activity was demonstrated with both natural (lysosomal enzymes) and artificial (alpha-methylmannoside) acceptor substrates with low Vmax but apparently normal Km values for the donor (UDP-GlcNAc) and acceptor (alpha-methylmannoside) substrates. The activity toward artificial substrate could be inhibited by adding exogenous lysosomal enzyme preparations to the reaction mixture. In the second group, the cells demonstrated deficiency of the transferase activity toward lysosomal enzyme acceptors but had normal activity toward alpha-methylmannoside acceptor and this activity could not be inhibited by the addition of exogenous lysosomal enzyme preparations. These findings suggest that N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase is composed of at least two distinct subunits, a catalytic subunit which is absent or defective in the first complementation group, and a recognition subunit which is altered or deficient in the second group. 相似文献