Diapause in copepods (Crustacea) from ephemeral habitats with different hydroperiods in Everglades National Park (Florida,U.S.A.)

Water management practices in the Everglades have severely stressed the natural system, particularly by reducing the hydroperiods of much of the region. During the dry season of 1999, we investigated the influence of hydroperiod on the species composition and dormancy patterns of freshwater copepod communities in seasonal wetlands of Everglades National Park, Florida, U.S.A. The habitats were characterized by an annual dry season, from December through June. We sampled at two locations: the Long Pine Key area of the Rocky Glades region (short hydroperiod, ca. 4–5 months), and western Taylor Slough (intermediate hydroperiod, ca. 8–10 months). Both areas have experienced a reduction in natural hydroperiods and an increase in the frequency of dry-down. We collected weekly plankton samples from Rocky Glades solution holes to assess the potential species pool of copepods. To document the taxa capable of surviving dry-down by resting, we performed three immersion trials in which we rehydrated, in laboratory aquaria, sediment patches from solution holes and surface soils from all stations. Only a subset of the planktonic species collected emerged from the dried sediments. The cyclopoids Microcyclops rubellus and Paracyclops poppei were dominant. This is the first record of diapause for P. poppei. Species distributions from the different hydroperiod soil patches indicated that more diapausing species occurred at the sites that dried for shorter periods. Emerging individuals of M. rubellus and P. poppei were mainly ovigerous females, demonstrating a resting strategy seldom before recorded. The cyclopoid Diacyclops nearcticushad not been previously reported to diapause, but they emerged from the dried sediments in our trials. Our collections included six new records for Florida: Diacyclops nearcticus, Megacyclops latipes, Orthocyclops modestus, Elaphoidella marjoryae, Bryocamptus sp. and Bryocamptuscf. newyorkensis. Paracyclops poppei, Macrocyclops fuscus and Arctodiaptomus floridanus are new records for Everglades National Park. Clearly, diapause is an important strategy for the persistence of copepods in short-hydroperiod wetlands. The duration of the dry period appears to be inversely related to the number of species that emerge from diapause.     

Effects of Differences in Prescribed Fire Regimes on Patchiness and Intensity of Fires in Subtropical Savannas of Everglades National Park, Florida

Abstract We investigated effects of fire frequency, seasonal timing, and plant community on patchiness and intensity of prescribed fires in subtropical savannas in the Long Pine Key region of Everglades National Park, Florida (U.S.A.). We measured patchiness and intensity in different plant communities along elevation gradients in “fire blocks.” These blocks were prescribed burned at varying times during the lightning season and at different frequencies between 1995 and 2000. Fire frequency, seasonal timing, and plant community all influenced the patchiness and intensity of prescribed fires. Fires were less patchy and more intense, probably because of drier conditions and pyrogenic fuels, in higher elevation plant communities (e.g., high pine savannas) than in lower elevation communities (e.g., long‐hydroperiod prairies). In all plant communities fires became increasingly patchy and less intense as the wet season progressed and moisture accumulated in fuels. Frequent prescribed fire resulted in increased patchiness but a wider range of intensities; higher intensities appeared to result from regrowth of more flammable vegetation. Our study suggests that frequent early lightning season prescribed fires produce a wider range of post‐fire conditions than less frequent late lightning season prescribed fires. Our study also suggests that natural early lightning season fires readily carried through pine savannas and short‐hydroperiod prairies, but lower elevation long‐hydroperiod prairies functioned as firebreaks. Natural fires probably crossed these firebreaks only during drier years, potentially producing large landscape‐level fires. Knowledge of how patchily and intensely fires burn across a savanna landscape should be useful for developing landscape‐level fire management.     

Non-apoid flower-visiting fauna of Everglades National Park, Florida

The non-apoid flower-visiting fauna of Everglades National Park (ENP), Florida, was surveyed during 1995–1997 as part of a community pollinator survey. One hundred and thirty one sampling trips were made to four areas of Everglades National Park (Shark Valley, Chekika, Long Pine Key (LPK), and Flamingo). Species–month curves indicate that the sampling effort resulted in capture of most of the flower-visiting animal species in the park. A total of 143 insects and 1 bird species were recorded. Diptera were the most diverse group (55 spp.), followed by Lepidoptera (42 spp.) and non-apoid Hymenoptera (34 spp.). The majority of species were rare (56% of species were found on fewer than five trips). The highest diversity of species was found from January to May during the peak flowering period in some plant communities. The greatest total diversity was found in Long Pine Key and Shark Valley had the lowest diversity. Chekika and Flamingo were intermediate in diversity. Animals visited 178 plant species,26% of the potentially animal pollinated Angiosperm diversity of the park. Twenty-five species of plants had only non-apoid flower visitors; the majority of these species had only visits by Lepidoptera. Potentially important pollinator species include members of the Syrphidae, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera. However, many of the flower-visiting species may not be effective pollinators. This study will be useful for designing sampling protocols for including invertebrates in assessments of ecological restoration underway in the Everglades ecosystem and for more detailed studies of the importance of non-apoid flower-visitors as effective pollinators.     

Post‐Hurricane Regeneration of Pioneer Plant Species in South Florida Subtropical Hardwood Hammocks1

After Hurricane Andrew crossed southern Florida (U.S.A.) on 24 August 1992, native and exotic pioneer species in subtropical hardwood forests (hammocks) regenerated from seed banks. Regeneration occurred in hammocks of metropolitan Dade County and the Long Pine Key region of Everglades National Park. The density of the native pioneer Trema micrantha was significantly higher in hammocks of Long Pine Key than in those of metropolitan Dade County. In contrast, the basal area of the exotic pioneer Carica papaya was greater in Dade County hammocks than Long Pine Key hammocks. Although T. micrantha tended to be restricted to areas of soil disturbance (tip‐up pits) formed by trees uprooted during Hurricane Andrew, especially in Long Pine Key, C. papaya was located throughout hammocks. These results suggest differences in the regeneration niches in which the native T. micrantha required more specific disruptions (i.e., both canopy and soil) than C. papaya (only removal of canopy) for establishment. A broad regeneration niche could in part account for the capability of an exotic species with a dormant seed bank to invade native subtropical forests following natural large‐scale disturbances.     

Bark beetle and woodborer responses to stand thinning and prescribed fire in northeastern US coastal and inland pitch pine barrens

1. Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, has expanded its range further into the northeastern United States. This expansion threatens rare and ecologically valuable interior and coastal pitch pine barrens.
2. Pitch pine barrens restoration and southern pine beetle infestation suppression often involve leaving downed dead wood that saproxylic insects can exploit.
3. Semiochemical-baited traps were used to investigate the response of bark beetles and woodborers to restoration treatments at Rocky Point State Forest and the Albany Pine Bush Preserve, examples of coastal and interior pitch pine forests, respectively.
4. A total of 29,598 saproxylic insects from 116 species of bark beetles and woodborers were captured at Rocky Point State Forest, while 23,117 individuals from 67 species were captured at Albany Pine Bush Preserve.
5. Ips spp. were abundant at both sites with 28%–47% and 42%–74% of total collections at Rocky Point State Forest and Albany Pine Bush Preserve, respectively.
6. Ips grandicollis did not respond to treatments at either site. However, Ips pini was found in higher numbers in thinned blocks in Rocky Point State Forest.

     

Spatial Dynamics of Mesocyclops edax (S. A. FORBES), Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus KIEFER,Diaptomus pallidus HERRICK,Ceriodaphnia lacustris (BIRGE), Bosmina longirostris (O. F. MÜLLER), Daphnia parvula (FORDYCE) and Nauplii in a Northeastern Ohio Pond

A hypothesis on spatial dynamics of pelagic crustacean plankters was tested with the copepods and cladocerans of Squire Pond, Ohio. There was an agreement between the expected and the observed pattern of overall horizontal distribution in most instances for Mesocyclops edax, Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus, Ceriodaphnia lacustris, Bosmina longirostris and nauplii, but only in a few instances for Diaptomus pallidus and Daphnia parvula. Windward accumulation was common for the first 4 species and near uniform distribution was frequent for the nauplii. Vertical-distribution trend along transect for all species rarely corresponded with the expectation. Alternation of modal depth along transect was one of the most frequently observed trends. Ways to test the hypothesis in the future are discussed.     

Inter- and intra-annual variations of macroinvertebrate assemblages are related to the hydroperiod in Mediterranean temporary ponds

Macroinvertebrate assemblages of 22 temporary ponds with different hydroperiod were sampled monthly during a dry year (2005–2006) and a wet year (2006–2007). Coleopteran and Heteropteran adults were most abundant at the end of the hydroperiod, while Coleopteran larvae, mainly Dytiscidae, were mostly recorded in spring. Macroinvertebrate assemblages differed between study years. The shorter hydroperiod of ponds in the dry year constrained the length of the aquatic period for macroinvertebrates, and three distinct wet phases of community composition could be distinguished: filling phase, aquatic phase and drying phase. In the wet year, with a longer pond hydroperiod, five phases could be identified, with the aquatic phase differentiated into winter, early spring and late spring phases. Dispersers such as Anisops sardeus, Berosus guttalis or Anacaena lutescens were typical during the filling phase and Corixa affinis or Enochrus fuscipennis during the drying phase. The ponds with intermediate hydroperiod showed a similar composition (mainly dispersers) at the beginning and end of their wet period; this is not being seen in early drying or long hydroperiod ponds. A general pattern was detected, with similar variation between both years, which may be associated with the life histories of the macroinvertebrate taxa recorded. Guest editors: B. Oertli, R. Cereghino, A. Hull & R. Miracle Pond Conservation: From Science to Practice. 3rd Conference of the European Pond Conservation Network, Valencia, Spain, 14–16 May 2008     

Linking water use and nutrient accumulation in tree island upland hammock plant communities in the Everglades National Park, USA

The tree island hammock communities in the Florida Everglades provide one of many examples of self-organized wetland landscape. However, little is understood about why these elevated tree island communities have higher nutrient concentration than the surrounding freshwater marshes. Here we used stable isotopes and elemental analysis to compare dry season water limitation and soil and foliar nutrient status in upland hammock communities of 18 different tree islands located in the Shark River Slough and adjacent prairie landscapes. We observed that prairie tree islands, having a shorter hydroperiod, suffer greater water deficits during the dry season than slough tree islands by examining shifts in foliar ??¹³C values. We also found that prairie tree islands have lower soil total phosphorus concentration and higher foliar N/P ratio than slough tree islands. Foliar ??¹⁵N values, which often increase with greater P availability, was also found to be lower in prairie tree islands than in slough tree islands. Both the elemental N and P and foliar ??¹⁵N results indicate that the upland hammock plant communities in slough tree islands have higher amount of P available than those in prairie tree islands. Our findings are consistent with the transpiration driven nutrient harvesting chemohydrodynamic model. The water limited prairie tree islands hypothetically transpire less and harvest less P from the surrounding marshes than slough tree islands during the dry season. These findings suggest that hydroperiod is important to nutrient accumulation of tree island habitats.     

Promotion of Monacolin K Production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</Emphasis>-Mediated Transformation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monascus albidus</Emphasis> 9901

The binary vector pCAMBIA3300-gpdA-hph-trpC with hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) was constructed and transformed into Monascus albidus 9901 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, with gene hph as the selective marker. In order to improve the efficiency of A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation in M. albidus 9901, we optimized various factors including concentration of M. albidus 9901 spores, cell density of A. tumefaciens, co-cultivation time, temperature, and acetosyringone concentration. Most transformants of M. albidus 9901 could grow stably on media containing 50 μg ml⁻¹ hygromycin B up to five generations. The presence of hph was identified by PCR. Two transformants H1 and H2 which produced more Monacolin K than M. albidus 9901 were screened, and the concentration of Monacolin K in the fermented millet by H1 and H2 increased by 42.15% and 40.34% respectively compared with that produced by M. albidus 9901.     

The potential impact of simulated ground-water withdrawals on the oviposition,larval development,and metamorphosis of pond-breeding frogs

Wetland hydroperiod is a key factor for the reproductive success of pond-breeding amphibians. Ground-water withdrawals may cause intermittent ponds to dry prematurely, potentially affecting amphibian development. In three intermittent ponds, we monitored hydrology and tracked oviposition, larval development, and metamorphosis for three frog species that represented a range of breeding phenologies. The three species were the southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus), spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer), and Pine Barrens treefrog (Hyla andersonii). We simulated ground-water withdrawals by subtracting from 5 to 50 cm (in 5-cm increments) from the measured water-depth values at the ponds over a short-term (2-year) period and a long-term (10-year) period to estimate the potential impact of hydroperiod alterations on frog development. Short-term simulations indicated that 5 and 10 cm water-depth reductions would have resulted in little or no impact to hydroperiod or larval development and metamorphosis of any of the species. Noticeable impacts were estimated to occur for reductions ≥15 cm. Long-term simulations showed that impacts to the appearance of the first pre-metamorphs and metamorphs would have occurred at reductions ≥10 cm and impacts to initial egg deposition would have occurred at reductions ≥20 cm. For all simulations, successively greater reductions would have caused increasing impacts that varied by species and pond, with the 50-cm reductions shortening hydroperiods enough to practically eliminate the possibility of larval development and metamorphosis for all three species. Compared to the spring peeper and southern leopard frog, the estimated impacts of the simulations on the various life stages were the greatest for the Pine Barrens treefrog.     

Vegetation:environment relationships and water management in Shark Slough,Everglades National Park

The hydrologic regime of Shark Slough, the most extensive long hydroperiod marsh in Everglades National Park, is largely controlled by the location, volume, and timing of water delivered to it through several control structures from Water Conservation Areas north of the Park. Where natural or anthropogenic barriers to water flow are present, water management practices in this highly regulated system may result in an uneven distribution of water in the marsh, which may impact regional vegetation patterns. In this paper, we use data from 569 sampling locations along five cross-Slough transects to examine regional vegetation distribution, and to test and describe the association of marsh vegetation with several hydrologic and edaphic parameters. Analysis of vegetation:environment relationships yielded estimates of both mean and variance in soil depth, as well as annual hydroperiod, mean water depth, and 30-day maximum water depth within each cover type during the 1990's. We found that rank abundances of the three major marsh cover types (Tall Sawgrass, Sparse Sawgrass, and Spikerush Marsh) were identical in all portions of Shark Slough, but regional trends in the relative abundance of individual communities were present. Analysis also indicated clear and consistent differences in the hydrologic regime of three marsh cover types, with hydroperiod and water depths increasing in the order Tall Sawgrass < Sparse Sawgrass < Spikerush Marsh. In contrast, soil depth decreased in the same order. Locally, these differences were quite subtle; within a management unit of Shark Slough, mean annual values for the two water depth parameters varied less than 15 cm among types, and hydroperiods varied by 65 days or less. More significantly, regional variation in hydrology equaled or exceeded the variation attributable to cover type within a small area. For instance, estimated hydroperiods for Tall Sawgrass in Northern Shark Slough were longer than for Spikerush Marsh in any of the other regions. Although some of this regional variation may reflect a natural gradient within the Slough, a large proportion is the result of compartmentalization due to current water management practices within the marsh. We conclude that hydroperiod or water depth are the most important influences on vegetation within management units, and attribute larger scale differences in vegetation pattern to the interactions among soil development, hydrology and fire regime in this pivotal portion of Everglades.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of abundance of Aedes aegypti L. (Stegomyia aegypti) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) [Stegomyia albopictus (Skuse)] in southern Florida

Invasion by mosquito vectors of disease may impact the distribution of resident mosquitoes, resulting in novel patterns of vectors and concomitant risk for disease. One example of such an impact is the invasion by Aedes albopictus (Skuse) [Stegomyia albopictus (Skuse)] (Diptera: Culicidae) of North America and this species' interaction with Aedes aegypti L. (Stegomyia aegypti L). We hypothesized that Ae. aegypti would be found in urban, coastal areas that experience hotter and drier conditions, whereas Ae. albopictus would be more commonly found in suburban and rural areas that are cooler and wetter. In addition, we hypothesized that Ae. aegypti would be more abundant early in the wet season, whereas Ae. albopictus would be more abundant later in the wet season. Urban areas were drier, hotter and contained more Ae. aegypti than suburban or rural areas. Aedes aegypti was relatively more abundant early in the wet season, whereas Ae. albopictus was more abundant in both the late wet season and the dry season. The spatial patterns of inter‐ and intraspecific encounters between these species were also described. The distribution of these mosquitoes is correlated with abiotic conditions, and with temperature, humidity and the relative availability of rain‐filled containers. Understanding the ecological determinants of species distribution can provide insight into the biology of these vectors and important information for their appropriate control.     

Substrate heterogeneity and number of plant species in Everglades savannas (Florida,USA)

Environmental heterogeneity, especially that related to topography, has been proposed to influence numbers of plant species in different sized areas. Despite little variation in elevation, large numbers of vascular plant species occur in some habitats. This study explored possible relationships between number of plant species and substrateheterogeneity in two species-rich habitats, subtropical pine savannas and short-hydroperiod prairies, in the Long Pine Key region of Everglades National Park (Florida, U.S.A.). We examined relationships between numbers of vascular plant species and topographic heterogeneity by measuring numbers of species and elevations in differ-ent sizes of nested plots that spanned five orders of magnitude (0.1 m² to 1000 m² ) and that were located along two transects extending from pine savannas into short-hydroperiod prairies in different areas of Long Pine Key. We also classified substrates and soil depths in 1 m 2 sized submodules within the nested plots. Pine savannas occurred at higher elevations than adjacent short-hydroperiod prairies. Although differences occurred in substrate types and distribution within 1 m 2 plots, numbers of species were not associated with these differences. Vari-ances in elevations were similar in the smallest plots, but increased with area more rapidly in pine savannas than in short-hydroperiod prairies. Plot size explained about 85% of the variation in species numbers, which increased from 2040 per 1 m 2 to 80120 per 1000 m² . An interaction between habitat and scale explained 5% of the variation; more species occurred in shorthydroperiod prairies than pine savannas at scales <10 m² , but the re-verse occurred at scales >10 m². The number of species in pine savannas at scales of 1 m²and 10 m²was positively associated with variation in elevations; no significant relationships were obtained in short-hydroperiod prairies, which lack the fine-scale topographic variation of pine savannas. Our data indicate that substrate het-erogeneity, measured as variation in elevations, is not likely to be involved in the co-occurrence of many species within small areas of these savannas, but may influence numbers of species at larger scales of observation, es-pecially in pine savannas. Why many plant species occur within very small areas in these savannas remains un-answered.     

Estimating brocket deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mazama gouazoubira</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">M. americana</Emphasis>) abundance by dung pellet counts and other indices in seasonal Chiquitano forest habitats of Santa Cruz,Bolivia

We assessed dung and track counts for indexing brocket deer abundance in seasonal habitats on a ranch where hunting is not practiced in the Bolivian lowlands. Surveys were replicated along four 10-km trails (totaling 180 km in the wet season and 90 km in the dry season) through four semideciduous forest habitats. Dung pellets and tracks were identified as belonging to Mazama gouazoubira or M. americana by size and shape. Pellet groups lasted more than 1 month during the dry season, but decayed within 1–2 weeks in the wet season. Mean density estimates based on dung counts varied widely between seasons for gray brockets (from 6.77±4.0 to 30.57±23.5 ind/km²; mean±SD) but not for reds (from 3.52±4.6 to 6.98±7.2 ind/km²). These values were probably too high due to underestimation of daily deposition rate, and were reduced during the wet season because of dung decay. We found consistently more dung in the dry season and more tracks in the wet season. Sightings of red brockets were too few for line-transect analysis (n=6), but those of gray brockets (n=42) produced an overall estimate of 5.6 ind/km² (95% CI=3.5–9.0 ind/km²). Different estimates indicated that gray brockets were more abundant than reds in all situations, except perhaps in the riverine forest. Environmental factors affected these indices of abundance differently, and while we recommend the use of dung counts in dry-season scenarios, we think that index reliability should be assessed locally before conducting population comparisons.     

Use of cyclopoid copepods for mosquito control

The New Orleans Mosquito Control Board mass produces Mesocyclops longisetus and Macrocyclops albidus for introduction to mosquito breeding sites as a routine part of control operations. Mesocyclops longisetus is used in tires that collect rainwater; M. albidus is used in temporary pools. Field trials in a Spartina marsh, rice fields, and residential roadside ditches in Louisiana suggest that M. longisetus and M. albidus could be of use to control larvae of Anopheles spp. and Culex quinquefasciatus. Mesocyclops longisetus has proved to be effective for Aedes aegypti control in cisterns, 55-gallon drums, and other domestic containers in Honduras.     

The effect of hydroperiod and predation on the diversity of temporary pond zooplankton communities

In temporary pond ecosystems, it is hypothesized that the two dominant structuring forces on zooplankton communities are predation and demographic constraints due to wetland drying. Both of these forces are deterministic processes that act most strongly at opposing ends of a hydroperiod gradient. Our objective was to test how these two processes affect α‐ and β‐diversity of zooplankton communities derived from a diverse temporary pond system. We hypothesized that decreased hydroperiod length and the presence of salamander larvae as predators would decrease β‐diversity and that intermediate hydroperiod communities would have the greatest species richness. Our 1‐year mesocosm experiment (n = 36) consisted of two predation treatments (present/absent) and three hydroperiod treatments (short/medium/long) fully crossed, seeded from the resting egg bank of multiple temporary ponds. In total, we collected 37 species of microcrustacean zooplankton from our mesocosms. A reduction in hydroperiod length resulted in lower α‐diversity, with short‐hydroperiod treatments affected most strongly. Endpoint community dissimilarity (β‐diversity) was greatest in the medium‐hydroperiod treatment with regard to species presence/absence, but was greatest in the long‐hydroperiod treatment when abundances were included. Predation by salamander larvae led to reduced β‐diversity with respect to species presence/absence, but not among abundant species, and had no effect on α‐diversity. Our results suggest that environmental changes that reduce hydroperiod length would result in reduced α‐diversity; however, intermediate hydroperiod length appear to enhance β‐diversity within a group of wetlands.     

Seasonal changes in the canopy arthropod fauna in Rinorea beniensis in Budongo Forest,Uganda

Arthropods were collected by insecticidal tree fogging on the understorey tree species Rinorea beniensis Engler (Violaceae) in Budongo Forest, a seasonal rain forest in Uganda. Eight trees were fogged in adjacent plots of primary, selectively logged and swamp forest during the wet season and again in the dry season. In all forest types, Psocoptera, parasitoid Hymenoptera, and especially Formicidae and Auchenorrhyncha were more abundant during the dry season, while Ensifera, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera were more abundant during the wet season. Seasonal change in arthropod composition was very low in the swamp forest located near a stream, where permanent water supply is crucial for the development of the distinct swamp vegetation, with comparatively constant microclimatic conditions all over the year. Seasonal change increased in the primary forest, and shows most significant changes of athropod abundance between dry and wet season in the selectively logged forest which also had the highest heterogeneity in forest structures. Especially small and soft bodied arthropods probably accumulate along a humidity gradient in the dense canopies of Rinorea during the dry season, when the forest floor outside the swamp forest is dry. This effect, which is also strongest in the selectively logged forest, leads to a much higher density of canopy dwelling arthropods during the dry season.     

Yeasts of the Miami,Florida, Area

The examination of a total of 301 yeast cultures collected from 22 water samples in the Miami River has demonstrated the presence of 18 different yeasts, including 6 sporogenous and 12 asporogenous species.The more frequent species were Sacch. carlsbergensis (100%), Cand. tropicalis (31%), Pichia fermentans (22%) Torulopsis glabrata (18%) and Cryptococcus albidus (18%).Comparison of Miami River studies with earlier collections made in Key Biscayne soil as well as in Biscayne Bay reveals the occurrence of common species in all three habitats.     

The life cycle of the giant water bug of northwestern Patagonian wetlands: the effect of hydroperiod and temperature regime

We analyzed the effect of hydroperiod and water temperature on the life cycle of the giant water bug Belostoma bifoveolatum in two wetlands of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. In each wetland, we estimated adult and nymph abundance and monitored water depth and temperature throughout the study period. We determined the age structure of the giant water bug population in each wetland, and estimated the cumulative degree‐days (DD) needed for eggs to hatch and for nymphs to complete their development. Individuals of B. bifoveolatum colonized temporary wetlands at the beginning of spring when daylight lasts 12 h. The breeding period varied with hydroperiod length and showed both univoltine and bivoltine strategies, with a relatively constant breeding season. Egg‐bearing males appeared in October, carrying between 35 and 144 eggs per individual. Hatching success was high (~80% of eggs) and cumulative temperature for the hatching event was between 250 and 300 DD (which represents 3–4 weeks in nature), while complete development occurred between 800 and 1220 DD (~7–8 weeks). Individuals were more abundant in shallow and sunny patches of the wetlands, where the temperature was comparatively high, than in deeper or shaded sites. These results showed that hydroperiod duration and temperature could be good regulators of voltinism and development in B. bifoveolatum, driving the population structure of this giant water bug at the southern end of its distribution range.     

Effects of winter cold stress on photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency of PSII of the Mediterranean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cistus albidus</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus ilex</Emphasis> L.

This study examined the photosynthetic and growth performances of potted plants of Cistus albidus L. and Quercus ilex L. submitted either to natural Mediterranean winter conditions or to mild greenhouse conditions. Plants grown outdoors exhibited lower light and CO₂-saturated CO₂ assimilation rates (A_sat) and apparent quantum yield (_i) than those indoors. Until mid-winter, C. albidus had higher A_sat than Q. ilex, but differences disappeared after a period of severe cold. Maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) measured predawn was higher in C. albidus than in Q. ilex, and decreased throughout the season in outdoor plants. Fv/Fm also decreased at light saturation (A_sat) in both species. Fv/Fm was correlated with photosynthetic capacity and efficiency (quantum yield), but the resulting regression slopes were different between the two species. At the physiological level, C. albidus seemed to cope better with cold stress than Q. ilex. However, winter stress induced reduction of leaf absorptance, increased leaf mass per area, extensive leaf damage and high plant mortality in C. albidus. This suggests that the high performance of C. albidus leaves is not likely to be maintained for long periods of cold stress, and may therefore depend on continuous leaf replacement. Quercus ilex showed a conservative behaviour, with low net assimilation rates but greater leaf and plant survival than C. albidus.