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1.
至少上溯至《神农本草经》,我国已具备了有据可查的较为系统的植物分类编目,惟古代的植物分类编目及发展主要依循本草学传统,偏重于药用、饮食、园林布景等现实用途,终未形成现代意义上的系统科学分类,以致在近代落后于西方.文中较全面地回顾了我国植物分类编目的历史,综合比较了现在省级行政区的地方植物志和国家植物志等情况,并结合现在已完成的植物志编研过程中的问题,对我国未来的植物分类编目提出了展望.同时在文中指出了现在国内许多自然保护区以及其他建设项目的环境评价中涉及的植物调查编目缺乏标本凭证的现象,强调了植物分类编目过程中凭证标本的重要性. 相似文献
2.
中国植物激素研究:过去、现在和未来 总被引:26,自引:0,他引:26
为了迎接2006年10月在北京召开的“植物激素与绿色革命”香山会议,使其更具影响力,本刊组织了一期“植物激素专辑”。本文作为此专辑的序言,对我国在该领域研究作了概述和评论,以帮助读者全面地了解我国在该领域的研究历史、现状和未来发展趋势。本文回顾了中国植物激素研究在二十世纪八十年代之前的工作发展历程中的重要成果,主要集中在生理学研究方面的成果。随着植物分子遗传学技术与原理的不断成熟以及我国经济的飞速发展,特别是研究队伍的迅速成长,我国科学家近年来在植物激素代谢调控、转运及激素信号转导等领域取得了重要进展,特别是激素受体基因分离鉴定、激素控制株型以及激素间的相互作用等方面取得的突破性进展。基于国际植物激素总体研究前沿和我国优势领域,我们展望提出了我国在植物激素研究领域的未来发展方向与趋势。 相似文献
3.
植物发育是指从种子萌发经过营养生长、开花与花器官发育、受精结果形成新一代的有序过程。每一个时期具有复杂的代谢和基因表达与调控网络。过去的数 10年中我国在该领域的研究取得了许多重要的进展 ,特别是近 10年来发育生物学已经从以往的以描述为主要特征发展到在分子水平上阐明发育控制的机理。花器官的发育研究是发育生物学研究最具突破性的领域 ,开花和营养器官的发育已经成为新的研究热点。本文按照植物发育的时间顺序 ,回顾了我国发育生物学若干重要领域的重要研究进展 ,并展望了基因组时代给发育生物学研究带来的新的机遇和研究平台 相似文献
4.
植物发育是指从种子萌发经过营养生长、开花与花器官发育、受精结果形成新一代的有序过程.每一个时期具有复杂的代谢和基因表达与调控网络.过去的数10年中我国在该领域的研究取得了许多重要的进展,特别是近10年来发育生物学已经从以往的以描述为主要特征发展到在分子水平上阐明发育控制的机理.花器官的发育研究是发育生物学研究最具突破性的领域,开花和营养器官的发育已经成为新的研究热点.本文按照植物发育的时间顺序,回顾了我国发育生物学若干重要领域的重要研究进展,并展望了基因组时代给发育生物学研究带来的新的机遇和研究平台. 相似文献
5.
中国植物激素研究: 过去、现在和未来 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了迎接2006年10月在北京召开的“植物激素与绿色革命”香山会议, 使其更具影响力, 本刊组织了一期“植物激素专辑”。本文作为此专辑的序言, 对我国在该领域研究作了概述和评论, 以帮助读者全面地了解我国在该领域的研究历史、现状和未来发展趋势。本文回顾了中国植物激素研究在二十世纪八十年代之前的工作发展历程中的重要成果, 主要集中在生理学研究方面的成果。随着植物分子遗传学技术与原理的不断成熟以及我国经济的飞速发展, 特别是研究队伍的迅速成长, 我国科学家近年来在植物激素代谢调控、转运及激素信号转导等领域取得了重要进展, 特别是激素受体基因分离鉴定、激素控制株型以及激素间的相互作用等方面取得的突破性进展。基于国际植物激素总体研究前沿和我国优势领域,
我们展望提出了我国在植物激素研究领域的未来发展方向与趋势。 相似文献
6.
7.
Pérez-Alvarez A Hernández-Vivanco A Albillos A 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》2010,30(8):1407-1415
Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells mainly found in the medulla of the adrenal gland. Most existing knowledge of these
cells has been the outcome of extensive research performed in animals, mainly in the cow, cat, mouse and rat. However, some
insight into the physiology of this neuroendocrine cell in humans has been gained. This review summarizes the main findings
reported in human chromaffin cells under physiological or disease conditions and discusses the clinical implications of these
results. 相似文献
8.
Howard Ferris Bryan S. Griffiths Dorota L. Porazinska Thomas O. Powers Koon-Hui Wang Mario Tenuta 《Journal of nematology》2012,44(2):115-126
The purpose of this review is to highlight key developments in nematode ecology from its beginnings to where it stands today as a discipline within nematology. Emerging areas of research appear to be driven by crop production constraints, environmental health concerns, and advances in technology. In contrast to past ecological studies which mainly focused on management of plant-parasitic nematodes, current studies reflect differential sensitivity of nematode faunae. These differences, identified in both aquatic and terrestrial environments include response to stressors, environmental conditions, and management practices. Methodological advances will continue to influence the role nematodes have in addressing the nature of interactions between organisms, and of organisms with their environments. In particular, the C. elegans genetic model, nematode faunal analysis and nematode metagenetic analysis can be used by ecologists generally and not restricted to nematologists. 相似文献
9.
Russell Brain 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1958,1(5067):355-360
10.
Michael R. Gillings 《Microbiology and molecular biology reviews》2014,78(2):257-277
SUMMARY
Integrons are versatile gene acquisition systems commonly found in bacterial genomes. They are ancient elements that are a hot spot for genomic complexity, generating phenotypic diversity and shaping adaptive responses. In recent times, they have had a major role in the acquisition, expression, and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Assessing the ongoing threats posed by integrons requires an understanding of their origins and evolutionary history. This review examines the functions and activities of integrons before the antibiotic era. It shows how antibiotic use selected particular integrons from among the environmental pool of these elements, such that integrons carrying resistance genes are now present in the majority of Gram-negative pathogens. Finally, it examines the potential consequences of widespread pollution with the novel integrons that have been assembled via the agency of human antibiotic use and speculates on the potential uses of integrons as platforms for biotechnology. 相似文献11.
Sandra L. Schmid Alexander Sorkin Marino Zerial 《Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology》2014,6(12)
Endocytosis may have been a driving force behind the evolution of eukaryotic cells. It plays critical roles in cell biology (e.g., signal transduction) and in organismal physiology (e.g., tissue morphogenesis).Endocytosis, the process of cellular ingestion, may have been the driving force behind evolution of the eucaryotic cell (de Duve 2007). Acquiring the ability to internalize macromolecules and digest them intracellularly would have allowed primordial cells to move out from their food sources and pursue a predatory existence; one that might have led to the development of endosymbiotic relationships with mitochondria and plastids. Thus, it is fitting that endocytosis was first discovered and named as the processes of cell “eating” and “drinking.” In 1883, the developmental biologist Ilya Metchnikoff coined the term phagocytosis, from the Greek “phagos” (to eat) and “cyte” (cell), after observing motile cells in transparent starfish larva surround and engulf small splinters that he had inserted (Tauber 2003). Decades later, in 1931, Warren H. Lewis, one of the earliest cell “cinematographers” coined the term pinocytosis, from the Greek “pinean” (to drink), after observing the uptake of surrounding media into large vesicles in cultured macrophages, sarcoma cells, and fibroblasts by time-lapse imaging (Lewis 1931; Corner 1967).Importantly, these pioneering studies also revealed that the function of endocytosis goes well beyond eating and drinking. Indeed, Metchnikoff, considered one of the founders of modern immunology, realized that the phagocytic behavior of the mesodermal amoeboid cells he had observed under the microscope could serve as a general defense system against invasive parasites, in the larva as in man. This revolutionary concept, termed the phagocytic theory, earned Metchnikoff the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on phagocytic immunity, which he shared with Paul Ehrlich who discovered the complementary mechanisms of humoral immunity that led to the identification of antibodies (Vaughan 1965; Tauber 2003; Schmalstieg and Goldman 2008). The phagocytic theory was a milestone in immunology and cell biology, and formally gave birth to the field of endocytosis.Key discoveries over the intervening years, aided in large part by the advent of electron microscopy, revealed multiple pathways for endocytosis in mammalian cells that fulfill multiple critical cellular functions (Fig. 1). These mechanistically and morphologically distinct pathways, and their discoverers, include clathrin-mediated endocytosis (Roth and Porter 1964), caveolae uptake (Palade 1953; Yamada 1955), cholesterol-sensitive clathrin- and caveolae-independent pathways (Moya et al. 1985; Hansen et al. 1991; Lamaze et al. 2001), and, more recently, the large capacity CLIC/GEEC pathway (Kirkham et al. 2005). In place of Metchnikoff’s splinters, many of these discoveries resulted from the detection and tracking of internalized HRP-, ferritin-, or gold-conjugated ligands by electron microscopy. These electron-dense tracers allowed researchers to identify cellular structures associated with the uptake and intracellular sorting of receptor-bound ligands. A particularly striking example is the pioneering work of Roth and Porter, who in 1964 observed the uptake of yolk proteins into mosquito oocytes. To synchronize uptake, they killed female mosquitos at timed intervals after a blood feed and observed the sequential appearance of electron-dense yolk granules in coated pits, coated and uncoated vesicles, and progressively larger vesicles. Their remarkable observations accurately described coated vesicle budding, uncoating, homo- and heterotypic fusion events, as well as the emergence of tubules from early endosomes (Fig. 2), all of which are now known hallmarks of the early endocytic trafficking events.Open in a separate windowFigure 1.Time line for discoveries of endocytic pathways and their discoverers. Boxes are color-coded by pathway. *, Nobel laureate. HRP, horseradish peroxidase; CCVs, clathrin-coated vesicles; CCPs, clathrin-coated pits; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PM, plasma membrane; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; CLIC/GEEC, clathrin-independent carriers/GPI-enriched endocytic compartments.Open in a separate windowFigure 2.Fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by Roth and Porter (1964). The image is the hand-drawn summary of observations made by electron microscopic examination of the trafficking of yolk proteins in a mosquito oocyte. Note the many details, later confirmed and mechanistically studied over the intervening 50 years. These include the growth, invagination, and pinching off of coated pits (1,2), which concentrate cargo taken up by coated vesicles (3), the rapid uncoating of nascent-coated vesicles (4), homotypic fusion of nascent endocytic vesicles in the cell periphery (5), the formation of tubules from early endosomes (7), and changes in the intraluminal properties of larger endosomes (6). Finally, yolk proteins are stored in granules as crystalline bodies (8). (From Roth and Porter 1964; reprinted, with express permission, from Rockefeller University Press © 1964, The Journal of Cell Biology
20: 313–332, doi: 10.1083/jcb.20.2.313.)Another milestone in the field of endocytosis was the discovery of the lysosome by Christian de Duve (Appelmans et al. 1955). Whereas the finding of phagocytosis and other endocytic pathways was possible through microscopy, the discovery of lysosomes originated from a biochemical approach (Courtoy 2007), which benefited from the invention of the ultracentrifuge. de Duve and coworkers observed that preparations of acid phosphatase obtained by subcellular fractionation had an unusual behavior: contrary to most enzymatic activities, the activity of acid phosphatase increased rather than decreased with time, freezing–thawing of the fractions and the presence of detergents. Interestingly, the same was true for other hydrolases, which depended on acidic pH for their optimal activity. This led him to postulate that the acid hydrolases were contained in acidified membrane-bound vesicles. In collaboration with Alex Novikoff, he visualized these vesicles, the lysosomes, by electron microscopy (Beaufay et al. 1956) and later showed their content of acid phosphatase (Farquhar et al. 1972). In 1974, de Duve was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his seminal finding of the lysosomes and peroxisomes. He shared it with Albert Claude and George E. Palade “for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.” The importance of this work lies also in the significant therapeutic applications that followed. The discovery by Elizabeth Neufeld and collaborators of uptake of lysosomal enzymes by cells provided the foundation for enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal storage disorders (Neufeld 2011).In the 1970s, research in endocytosis entered the molecular era. Using de Duve and Albert Claude-like methods of subcellular fractionation, Barbara M. Pearse purified clathrin-coated vesicles from pig brain (Pearse 1975). A year later, she isolated a major protein species of 180 kDa, which she named clathrin “to indicate the lattice-like structures which it forms” (Pearse 1976). It was a breakthrough that inaugurated the molecular dissection of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.Over the intervening years, the continued application of microscopy (which now spans from electron cryotomography to live cell, high-resolution fluorescence microscopy), genetics (in particular, in yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster), biochemistry (including cell-free reconstitution of endocytic membrane trafficking events), as well as molecular and structural biology have revealed a great deal about the cellular machineries and mechanisms that govern trafficking along the endocytic pathway. A partial, and because of space limitations, necessarily incomplete list of milestones (Year Mechanistic milestones Discoverers 1973 Identification of shibirets (dynamin) mutant in Drosophila D. Suzuki and C. Poodry 1974–1976 Zipper mechanism for phagocytosis S. Silverstein 1975–1976 Isolation of CCVs, purification of clathrin B. Pearse 1982–1984 Phosphomannose, M6PR, and lysosomal targeting W. Sly, S. Kornfeld, E. Neufeld, G. Sahagian 1983–1984 Isolation of clathrin adapters/localization to distinct membranes J. Keen, B. Pearse, M. Robinson 1986 Isolation of endocytosis mutants (End) in yeast H. Riezman 1986–1987 Isolation of vacuolar protein sorting mutants in yeast S. Emr, T. Stevens 1986 Endosome fusion in vitro J. Gruenberg and K. Howell 1986 EGF and insulin receptor signaling from endosomes J. Bergeron and B. Posner 1986 Macropinocytosis induced in stimulated cells D. Bar-Sagi and J. Feramisco 1987 Endocytic sorting motifs (FxNPxY, YxxF) M. Brown and J. Goldstein, I. Trowbridge, T. McGraw 1987–1989 Cloning of CHC, CLC, AP2 T. Kirchhausen, M. Robinson 1988 Isolation of biochemically distinct early and late endosomes S. Schmid and I. Mellman 1989–1991 Clathrin-mediated endocytosis reconstituted in vitro E. Smythe, G. Warren, S. Schmid 1990 Localization of endosomal Rab5 and Rab7 P. Chavrier, R. Parton, M. Zerial 1991 Endosome to trans-Golgi network (TGN) transport reconstituted in vitro S. Pfeffer 1992 Rab5 and Rab4 as early endocytic regulators in vivo M. Zerial, R. Parton, I. Mellman 1992–1995 Caveolin/VIP21 identified as caveolar coat protein R. Anderson, T. Kurzchalia, R. Parton, K. Simons 1992 Vacuolar fusion reconstituted in vitro W. Wickner 1992–1994 Trigger mechanism for phagocytosis of bacteria S. Falkow, J. Galán, J. Swanson 1993 Actin’s role in endocytosis in yeast H. Riezman 1993 Isolation of autophagy mutants (Atg) in yeast Y. Ohsumi 1993 PI3 kinase activity (PI3P) and endosome function S. Emr 1993 Dynamin’s role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis R. Vallee, S. Schmid 1995 Dynamin assembles into rings S. Schmid, P. De Camilli 1996 Clathrin-mediated endocytosis requirement for signaling S. Schmid 1996 Long distance retrograde transport of signaling endosomes in neurons W. Mobley 1996 PI5 phosphatase activity (PI(4,5)P2) and clathrin-mediated endocytosis P. De Camilli 1996 Ubiquitin-dependent sorting in endocytosis R. Haguenauer-Tsapis; L. Hicke and H. Riezman 1997 AP3 and endosomal/lysosomal sorting J. Bonifacino, S. Robinson 1998 FYVE fingers bind to PI3P H. Stenmark 1998 LBPA in MVB biogenesis T. Kobayashi, R. Parton, J. Gruenberg 1997–1998 Sorting nexins G. Gill, S. Emr 1998 Structural basis for Y-based sorting signal recognition D. Owen 1998 Retromer coat and endosome to TGN sorting S. Emr 1998 β-Propeller structure of clathrin heavy chain terminal domain T. Kirchhausen and S. Harrison 1998 Cargo-specific subpopulations of clathrin-coated pits M. von Zastrow 1999 Structure of the clathrin coat protein superhelical motifs J. Ybe and F. Brodsky 1999 Imaging green fluorescent protein–clathrin in living cells J. Keen 1999 Biochemical purification of Rab5 effectors S. Christoforidis and M. Zerial 1999 Genetic screen for endocytosis mutants in C. elegans B. Grant 2000 Role of endocytosis in establishing morphogenic gradients M. Gonzalez-Gaitan, S.M. Cohen 2000 Identification of GGA coats and lysosomal sorting J. Bonifacino, S. Kornfeld, M. Robinson 2000 Identification of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery for multivesicular body (MVB) formation S. Emr 2001 Ubiquitin-dependent sorting into MVBs R. Piper, S. Emr, H. Pelham 2002 Structure of the AP2 core D. Owen 2003 Lipid conjugation of LC3/Atg8 Y. Ohsumi 2003–2004 siRNA studies of endocytic components S. Robinson, E. Ungewickell, A. Sorkin 2004 BAR domains and membrane curvature generation H. McMahon, P. De Camilli 2004 8-Å structure of a complete clathrin coat T. Kirchhausen and S. Harrison 2005 Modular design of yeast endocytosis machinery D. Drubin and M. Kaksonen 2005 Kinome-wide RNAi analysis of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) M. Zerial and L. Pelkmans 2006–2008 Reconstitution of dynamin-mediated membrane fission A. Roux, P. De Camilli, S. Schmid, J. Zimmerberg, V. Frolov 2007 Glycosphingolipid-induced endocytosis L. Johannes 2009 Reconstitution of Rab- and SNARE-dependent vacuolar and endosome fusion from purified components W. Wickner, M. Zerial 2010 Cavins as major caveolae coat components R. Parton; B. Nichols 2010 Reconstitution of ESCRT-dependent internal vesicle formation T. Wollert and J. Hurley 2012 Reconstitution of CCV formation from minimal components E. Ungewickell