苦荬菜属植物化学研究进展

对近些年来发表的有关苦荬菜属的化学成分进行了综述,主要为倍半萜内酯类、三萜类成分。     

苦荬菜属植物药用及营养价值

苦荬菜属植物近些年受到国内外学者的广泛关注,本文主要综述近些年关于苦荬菜属植物药用及营养方面的研究进展,为进一步研究与开发提供参考依据。     

苦荬菜属植物药用及营养价值

苦荬菜属植物近些年受到国内外学者的广泛关注,本文主要综述近些年关于苦荬菜属植物药用及营养方面的研究进展,为进一步研究与开发提供参考依据。     

山东莎草属叶表皮微形态的研究

利用光学显微镜对山东莎草属14个种和1个亚种植物的叶下表皮微形态特征进行研究,结果表明:脉间区长细胞为长筒形、短筒形,少数为近方形,边缘为波状、深波状;无短细胞存在;气孔器副卫细胞为三角形、圆屋顶形至三角形、高圆屋顶形和圆屋顶形;乳突存在于脉区长细胞上;刺毛仅存在于个别种中。根据脉区刺毛的有无,结合外部形态,可以分为有刺毛类型和无刺毛2个类型及4个亚类型。莎草属叶下表皮微形态特征高度一致,表明莎草属是一个自然类群,但在种间存在着一定的差异,可以为种的划分提供参考依据。     

国产苦荬菜类群的分类

本文采用狭义概念,将苦荬菜类群(Ixeris group)处理为4个属,即苦荬菜属Ixeris Cass．沙苦荬属Chorisis DC．小苦荬属Ixeridium(A．Gray)Tzvel．及黄瓜菜属Paraixeris Nakai并提供了分属、种检索表。文中记载了3个新种及7个新组合种。     

山东堇菜属（堇菜科）植物叶表皮微形态的比较研究

利用光学显微镜对山东堇菜属Viola L.20种2变种植物的叶上、下表皮微形态进行了研究。结果表明,该属植物叶表皮细胞为多边形或不规则形,垂周壁为波形、浅波形或平直弓形,气孔器为不等型（偶上表皮兼有平列型）。根据其上表皮是否具有平列型气孔器,可将其分为两个类型,即①上表皮有平列型气孔器,如三色堇;②上表皮无平列型气孔器,如该属绝大多数植物。类型②又根据叶表皮细胞形状和垂周壁式样之不同,进一步划分为4个亚类型。表皮细胞形状和垂周壁式样对该属内种、变种的鉴定具有重要的意义。不赞成将早开堇菜、茜堇菜合并到紫花地丁;不支持将阴地堇菜作为蒙古堇菜的鉴定;不支持将泰山堇菜合并到早开堇菜、将总裂叶堇菜降为裂叶堇菜的变种。     

菊科莴苣族6属11种植物的叶表皮形态

在光学显微镜下观察了菊科莴苣族6属11种植物的叶表皮形态,观察了叶上下表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、气孔器类型和分布特征。结果表明：这些植物的叶上下表皮细胞多数为不规则形,少数为多边形;垂周壁式样多数为浅波形或深波形,少数为平直形。一些种类气孔器仅分布在下表皮,但也有不少种类上下表皮都有气孔器分布。气孔器都属于无规则型,且都是随机分布。叶表皮显微构造在一定程度上能反映出类群间的关系,为探讨莴苣族的分类学问题提供了新的证据。     

大豆属Soja亚属叶表皮微形态特征的研究

采用扫描电镜对大豆属Soja亚属植物的叶表皮微形态特征进行了系统研究。结果表明：该亚属植物叶表皮微形态特征在种的水平上具有一定的分类学意义。     

山东飘拂草属叶下表皮微形态的研究

利用光学显微镜观察了飘拂草属12个类群（包括变种和变型）的叶片下表皮微形态。飘拂草属叶下表皮微形态基本特征如下：即长细胞为长筒形、短筒形,少数为近方形或多边形,边缘深波状、浅波状至近平直;无短细胞存在;刺毛仅存在于个别种中;气孔器大多为1～2列,少数2～4列;副卫细胞为圆屋顶形至三角形、圆屋顶形,少数为平行形。根据脉间刺毛的有无,可以分为无刺毛类型和有刺毛类型。根据外部形态和叶下表皮微形态上的区别,矮扁鞘飘拂草,应恢复其种级（Fimbristylis kraussiana Hochst. et Steud.）。矮两歧飘拂草作为变种处理比较好,其新等级种名为：F.dichotoma (L.) Vahl var. depauperata（C. B. Clarke）F. Z. Li et L. N. Liu comb. &; stat. nov.     

On the Classification of Ixeris Group (Compositae) from China

Ixeris Cass., strinctly speaking, is confined to plants which have achenes with sharply winged ribs. Ixeridium (A. Gray ) Tzvel. contains plants which have persistent radical leaves at anthesis and achenes with obtuse ribs and a fine rostrum at its apex. Paraixeris Nakai is restricted to plants which are of the same achenes as in the genus Ixeridium (A. Gray) Tzvel., but rostra of achenes are robust and radical leaves deciduous in flowering in the former. The Chorisis DC., a monotypic genus, is characterized by ternate palatisect leaves. In the light of the above mentioned understanding of these genera, the author thinks that the division of Chinese Ixeris group, a comparatively complex one, into four genera would be more reasonable than merging them into one genus, namely, Ixeris Cass. Based on the examination of specimens in the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica (PE), the author found that there are four species in the genus Ixeris Cass., including one new combination in China. They are I. polycephala Cass., I. dissecta (Makino) Shih, I. japonica (Burm. f. ) Nakai and I. stolonifera A. Gray. The genus Ixeridium (A. Gray ) Tzvel. has 13 species, including five new combinations and three new species in China, namely, I. sagittaroides (C. B. Clarke) Shih, I. gramineum (Ledb.) Tzvel., I. yunnarense Shih,I. graminifolium(Ledb.)Tzvel.,I, biparum Shih,I.aculeolatum Shih,I. chinense( Thunb. ) Tzvel., I. strigosum( Fisch. ) Tzvel., I. elegans( Franeh. ) Shih, I. sonchifolium (Maxim.)Shih,I. laevigatum (BI.)Shih,I. dentatum(Thunb. )Nakai and I. gracile(DC.)Shih, in China. There are six species in the genus Paraixeris Nakai, including One new combination, namely, P. denticulata(Houtt.) Nakai, P. humifusa(Dunn) Shih, P. cheldonifolia( Makino) Nakai, P. saxatilis( Baran. ) Tzvel., P.pinnatipartita (Makino)Tzvel. and P.serotina(Maxim.)Tzvel.in China.     

Systematic significance of leaf epidermal features in Apios and Cochlianthus (Leguminosae)

Nineteen leaf epidermis samples representing six species in Apios and two in Cochlianthus were examined for the first time using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Leaf epidermal characters of these two closely related genera, such as shape of cells, pattern of anticlinal walls, cuticular membrane and wax ornamentation, are usually stable within species and thus of great significance in understanding the relationships between and within genera. The results indicate that (1) A. gracillima Dunn should be recognized as a distinct species, not a variety of Apios delavayi Franch., (2) the division of Apios into two subgenera is unreasonable, and (3) Apios and Cochlianthus are retained as two distinct genera. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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Leaf epidermal morphology of Zanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae) from China

Leaf epidermis characters in 40 of ca. 250 species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) were investigated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stomata are anomocytic and exist only on the abaxial epidermis except in Z. nitidum, which also has stomata on the adaxial surface. The epidermal cells are usually polygonal or irregular in shape, with anticlinal walls straight, arched, repand, or sinuous. Under the SEM, the inner margin of the outer stomatal rim is nearly smooth, sinuolate or erose, and the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis is smooth, striate, or sometimes striate to wrinkled. These data of leaf epidermis of Zanthoxylum demonstrated that there exist many common characters between subgen. Fagara and subgen. Zanthoxylum, sug-gesting a close relationship between the two subgenera. The utility of some characters in identifying some species of Zanthoxylum was also discussed.     

中国梅花草属植物的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对梅花草属Parnassia 30种植物的叶表皮进行了观察。结果表明:气孔器普遍存在于叶的下表皮,少数种的上表皮也有分布,均为无规则型。叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形;垂周壁式样可区分为近平直、浅波状和波状。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;一些种的保卫细胞两端有加厚;角质膜条纹状,有的条纹隆起,有的条纹上附有颗粒或小孔穴。气孔器类型及下表皮细胞形状的一致性表明梅花草属是一个自然分类群;sect. Saxifragastrum叶表皮特征具有多样性显示该组可能是一个复合群;突隔梅花草P. delavayi属于subsect. Xiphosandra,其气孔下陷,与其细胞学特征相似,支持独立为一组;此外,气孔器的分布、保卫细胞两端加厚、气孔器外拱盖内缘形态以及角质膜等特征对该属部分种的区分有一定的参考价值。     

Flavonoid aglycones from leaf resins of two species of Heterotheca (compositae)

Twenty-nine flavonoid aglycones have been identified from two populations each of Heterotheca grandiflora and H. psammophila. Considerable qualitative variation was found between populations of the same species. Overall, H. grandiflora is more complex in its flavonoid profile, accumulating a total of 24 compounds based on eight skeletal types, compared with 13 compounds based on four skeletal types in H. psammophila.     

土圞儿属和旋花豆属(豆科)的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了豆科Leguminosae土圞儿属Apios和旋花豆属Cochlianthus植物的叶表皮特征。在光学显微镜下,大多数种类的叶表皮细胞形状（表面观）为不规则型,垂周壁式样为浅波状或波状,只有一个种——和Apios gracillima Dunn叶表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁式样为较平直。在扫描电子显微镜下,多数种类的叶片蜡质纹饰通常为片状或颗粒状,一些种叶表皮未见蜡质纹饰;气孔器外拱盖内缘通常为浅波状或近平滑。在这两个属内,上述叶表皮特征在物种内较稳定,因此对于解决属内种间和属间关系有一定的系统学意义。本研究得出以下结论：（1）A．gracillima叶的上表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直或弧形,A．delavayi Franch．叶的上表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁波状,二者存在明显差异,因此A．gracillima应处理为一独立的种,而不是A．delavayi下的一个变种;（2）A．priceana B．L．Rob．在叶表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样、气孔器类型和蜡质纹饰形态等方面与土圞儿属中其他种不存在显著区别,因此土圞儿属内两个亚属的划分是不合理的;（3）土圞儿属多为5或7小叶,无毛或近无毛,叶表皮细胞垂周壁波状或近平直,而旋花豆属3小叶,密被柔毛,叶表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状,本文支持它们为两个独立的属的分类处理。     

Leaf epidermal features of Rhododendron (Ericaceae)from China and their systematic significance

Rhododendron is the largest genus within the subfamily Rhododendroideae, which has about 1000 known species in the world and more than 500 species in China. Since the genus was established by Linnaeus, its infrageneric relationships have been well studied by many taxonomists on the basis of morphological characters and molecular data. In 1996, Chamberlain et al. proposed a new system of Rhododendron with eight subgenera, i.e., Azaleastrum, Candidastrum, Hymenanthes, Mumeazalea, Pentanthera, Rhododendron, Therorhodion, and Tsutsusi. In this paper, micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis in 4 varieties, 48 species, 6 subgenera of Rhododendron from China were examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Leaf epidermal features are described and micromorphological types are distinguished here according to morphological characters such as scale, gland, foliar trichome and stomatal apparatus of leaf epidermis. It is shown that the leaf epidermal cells are usually irregular or polygonal in shape. The patterns of anticlinal walls are straight, arched or undulate. The stomatal apparatuses are anomocytic and are usually found on abaxial, not adaxial, epidermis. The results also show that: (1) the lepidote rhododendron (i.e., subgen. Rhododendron), which has both scales and papillae on leaf epidermis, differs distinctly from the elepidote rhododendron; (2) three types of leaf epidermis are identified in subgen. Hymenanthes (i.e., R. fortunei-type, R. chihsinianum-type and R. simiarum-type), whereas four in subgen. Tsutsusi (i.e., R. mariesii-type, R. simsii-type, R. mariae-type and R. flosculum-type); (3) except for R. westlandii and R. henryi, the species of subgen. Azaleastrum show similar morphological characters, i.e., dense stomatal apparatuses surrounded by ringed or discontinuous striates; (4) R. molle of subgen. Pentanthera differs from the species of other subgenera on morphological characters such as foliar trichomes, dense stomatal apparatuses with asymmetrical outer stomatal rims surrounded by undulate-striates, and no gland; (5) only R. redowskianum is found with distinct T-pieces at the polar region of guard cells in Rhododendron. The results support the conclusion inferred from molecular systematic studies that subgen. Therorhodion is the basal clade of Rhododendron. Finally, the relationships between the closely related species are also discussed on the basis of leaf epidermal features.