环境因子对角倍蚜秋迁蚜生殖和雌性蚜发育的影响

研究了环境因子对角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell) 秋迁蚜生殖和雌性蚜发育的影响。温、湿度单因子试验表明,秋迁蚜在26℃和80%RH条件下有最大生殖量;温、湿度对秋迁蚜生殖量的影响均符合开口向下的二次抛物线变化趋势,极端温、湿度会导致生殖量的下降。采用三元一次正交组合设计,研究了环境温度（X₁）、湿度（X₂）和光照强度（X₃）三因子不同水平组合对雌性蚜发育的影响,表明温度是影响发育历期的主要因子,其次是光照强度,最后是湿度。因此,适当高温、强光照条件可以加快雌性蚜发育;而适当高湿条件可以降低雌性蚜的发育速率而延长其发育历期。在人工培育角倍蚜生产中,创造有利于秋迁蚜生殖的温、湿度条件可以使秋迁蚜产下较多的越冬侨蚜;在适当降低温度、增加湿度的阴暗条件下贮留雌性蚜可以适当延长其发育,以使角倍蚜与盐肤木在物候上达到最佳吻合。     

STATUS OF GIANT CLAM RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Field surveys were conducted to determine distribution and abundanceof giant dam resources in the Philippines. All seven known speciesof giant clams were recorded with Tridacna crocea, T. maximaand T. squamosa occurring the most frequently. The larger speciesT. derasa, T. gigas, Hippopus hippopus and H. porcellanus wererelatively rare. The reduction of giant dam stocks in the Philippines is dueto the uncontrolled exploitation of this resource which is primarilygathered for shellcraft and as supplementary diet in coastalvillages. (Received 26 February 1988; accepted 6 July 1988)     

ON THE STATUS OF THE GENERIC NAMES OF THE NUDIBRANCH GENERA CATRIONA, CRATENA, HERVIA, RIZZOLIA AND TRINCHESIA

The genus Catriona Winckworth (1941) is synonymous with TrinchesiaPruvot-Fol (1951) but not with Trinchesia von Jhering (1879). It has priority over Trinchesia Pruvot-Fol. The genus Cratena Bergh (1864) is valid and synonymous withRizzolia Trinchese (1877) but not with Hervia Bergh (1871). The genus Hervia Bergh (1871) is synonymous with Facelina Alderand Hancock (1855), but not all species of Hervia can be includedin the latter genus, and these should, therefore, be distributedamong other genera, some of which are listed. (Received 8 October 1954;     

COMPARISONS OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE INTERTIDAL SUBANTARCTIC LIMPETS NACELLA CONCINNA AND KERGUELENELLA LATERALIS

Two limpet species occur intertidally on subantarctic SouthGeorgia, the patellid Nacella concinna and the siphonarlid Kerguelenellalateralis. N. concinna is confined to the lower shore closeto LWS; K. lateralis occurs in middle shore pools, so theirdistributions do not overlap. N. concinna has a much narrowerthermal niche (–12.9°C to +15.6°C) than K. lateralis(–17.8°C to +31.8°C). Environmental data are presentedto show that the upper lethal temperature of N. concinna islow enough to prevent the limpet living higher on the shore.Both limpet species are slow-moving, but K. lateralis showsincreasing speed with rising temperature, peaking at 15–20°C.In contrast, N. concinna moves actively down to –1.9°C(when sea water freezes), but there is a steady decrease inspeed of locomotion above +2°C. Locomotion ceases at 14°Cin N. concinna (c.f. 30°C in K. lateralis). Both speciesexhibit very low tenacities, but in N. concinna tenacity decreaseswith increasing shell length. In K. lateralis there is no effectof temperature on tenacity. Both species show a positive allometricrelationship between foot area and shell length. N. concinnafeeds upon microbial films and microepiflora, but K. lateraliseats colonial diatoms and Enteromorpha bulbosa. Observationson shell middens of the kelp gull Larus dominicanus showed thatthe gulls did not eat K. lateralis, though they ate great quantitiesof the less accessible N. concinna. Gulls ate N. concinna assmall as 11 mm shell length (within the size range of K. lateralis).Experiments on gulls demonstrated an unwillingness to eat K.lateralis, probably because the siphonariid extrudes a viscidwhite mucus when the foot is touched. (Received 9 May 1996; accepted 8 July 1996)     

九种蝗虫核型似近系数的聚类分析研究

应用核型似近系数聚类分析方法,研究了小稻蝗Oxya hyla intricata、山稻蝗O.Agav-isa、上海稻蝗O.Shanghaiensis无齿稻蝗O.Adentata、中华稻蝗O.Chisensis、日本稻蝗O.Japonica、短额负蝗Atractomorpha sinensis、奇异负蝗A.Pergrina和日本蚱Tetrix japonica等9种蝗虫的亲缘关系。结果显示,9种蝗虫分为3类：稻蝗,负蝗和蚱。6种稻蝗之间的核型似近系数(λ)在0.961～0.5695之间,2种负蝗的λ＝0.5867,日本蚱与这8种蝗虫的λ在0.5318～.0322。聚类图直观地反映出它们的亲缘关系与形态分类学的分类结果相一致。从9种蝗虫 的核型演化上看,日本蚱是较原始的类型,负蝗分化也较早,而稻蝗则是较进化的类型。     

The callovian (Middle Jurassic) crinoids from northern Lithuania

Callovian strata in northern Lithuania (Papilė area) have yielded some crinoid taxa[Chariocrinus andreae (Desor),Balanocrinus berchteni Hess —Pugin,B. subteres (Münster inGoldfuss) andIsocrinus nicoleti (Desor)], which have not been described from this area. The only form known previously wasBalanocrinus pentagonalis (Goldfuss).Palaeocomaster jaegeri n. sp. is the first free-living crinoid recorded from the Callovian of eastern Europe. It is characterized by possessing a very low, strongly flattened and narrow radial cavity. A very similar crinoid assemblage is known from the Callovian glacially-derived clays exposed in the Łuków region (eastern Poland), which were originally located near the Baltic Sea during the Middle Jurassic. It is considered that the allochthonous Callovian deposits from Poland are facies equivalents of the deposits known from Lithuania. The sole significant exception is the domination of free-moving comatulids (Comatulida) in the sediments known from the Papilė region, which may suggest that the Lithuanian sea basin was a little shallower than that located farther west in the Baltic area.      

COMPARATIVE KARYOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FIVE SPECIES OF VIVIPARUS (GASTROPODA: PROSOBRANCHIA)

Karyological analysis was performed on Viviparus ater (Cristofori& Jan, 1832), V. acerosus Bourguignat, 1862, V. mamillatus (Kuster),V. viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758) and V. contectus (Millet, 1813),collected from different freshwater bodies of Switzerland, Hungary,Albania, Italy and Lithuania. The karyotypes of V. acerosusand V. mamillatus are described for the first time. The diploidnumber of chromosomes in V. contectus equals 14, whereas indiploid sets of other studied species, 18 chromosomes are present.The karyotype formula is in V. contectus (5m + 2sm, NF = 28,in V. ater, 7m + 1sm-m + 1 sm, in V. acerosus and V. viviparus,8m + 1sm, NF = 36, in V. mamillatus, 6m + 1m-sm + 1sm-m + 1sm,NF = 36. In females of V. ater, V. mamillatus and V. acerosus,the heteromorphism of chromosome pair no. 8 was observed, witha sex-determining mechanism — ZW female /ZZ male. Although,Z and W chromosomes are metacentric, significant differences(P > 0.05, or P > 0.001) in their size were determined.The interspecific significant differences (P > 0.05) in karyotypesof V. ater, V. mamillatus, V. acerosus and V. viviparus weredetected by using one-way ANOVA and Bonferronis Multiple Comparisontests. Only chromosomes of the pair no. 5 were of similar shapein all of these species. The smallest interspecific differencewas between V. viviparus and V. acerosus. The intraspecifickaryological differences in relative chromosome length and centromericindex of V. contectus from lakes Garda (Italy), Olauka andAsveja (Lithuania) were observed in the chromosome pair no.5. (Received 29 March 1999; accepted 19 October 1999)     

Studies on Foliar Penetration: IX. PATTERNS OF PENETRATION OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID INTO THE LEAVES OF DIFFERENT SPECIES

The comparative patterns of penetration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid (2,4-D) into the leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris, Zea mays,Pisum sativum, Beta wlgaris, Helianthus annuus and Gossypiumhirsuium have been examined. Save for Zea and Gossypium where there is little change withthe stage of leaf development the rates of penetration intoboth surfaces decrease as the leaf matures. The relative ratesare dependent on the species and the age of the leaf but thereare differences between the surfaces. In Phaseolus the characteristicsof primary leaves differ from those of trifoliate leaves sinceonly in immature trifoliate leaves is penetration into the adaxialsurface greater. In darkness the rates of penetration over 24 h remain constantor fall but slightly for all species. Light consistently promotespenetration but with Beta there is a lag before entry is acceleratedinto the abaxial surface as has previously been reported foryoung primary leaves of Phaseolus. For the remaining speciesthe courses of penetration in both light and darkness into bothsurfaces follow similar patterns. As the light intensity isincreased entry is enhanced but the limit of response variesbetween species, between surfaces within species, and in trifoliateleaves of Phaseolus with age. For the six species the order of the relative rates of entryis closely similar whether comparisons are made in light ordarkness or between abaxial and adaxial surfaces: viz. Zea >Helianthus > Phaseolus (primary) > Phaseolus (trifoliate)> Pisum = Beta = Gossypium. The observed specific differencesare discussed in relation to variations in leaf structure, theproperties and thickness of the cuticle and the physiologicaland metabolic processes which influence transport within theepidermal tissues after it has passed through the cuticle bydiffusion.     

POTAMOPYRGUS ANTIPODARUM--A MOLLUSCAN COLONISER OF EUROPE AND AUSTRALIA

The hydrobiid gastropod genus Potamopyrgus is shown to be representedin Australia by the New Zealand species P. antipodarum (Gray).It is widely distributed in south eastern Australia and Tasmaniafollowing its introduction about the middle of the last century.The Australian populations of Potamopyrgus were known, incorrectly,as P. niger, because of a misinterpretation of Paludina nigraQuoy & Gai-mard, 1835. Paludina nigra, here placed in thegenus Fluvidona, is redescribed and a neotype designated. Potamopyrgusantipodarum has also been introduced to Europe, where it isknown as P. jenkinsi (Smith) (Received 19 August 1987; accepted 16 December 1987)     

中国优食蚜蝇属的研究及二新种记述(双翅目：食蚜蝇科)

１研究历史与现状优食蚜蝇属Ｅｕｐｅｏｄｅｓ是１８７７年由ＯｓｔｅｎＳａｃｋｅｎ建立,但自从Ｍａｔｓｕｍｕｒａ于１９１７年建立后食蚜蝇属Ｍｅｔａｓｙｒｐｈｕｓ以来的近７０年中,许多作者均采用后一属名。Ｆｌｕｋｅ［１］将该属分成２亚属,即后食蚜蝇亚属Ｍｅ...     

NOTES ON THE TAXONOMY, SPAWN AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES OF THE INTERTIDAL LIMPET SIPHONARIA (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA)

The taxonomy of South African Siphonaria is reviewed. We concludethat nine species are valid. These are: S. anneae Tomlin, 1944;S. capensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833; S. compressa Allanson,1959; S. concinna Sowerby, 1824; S. dayi Allanson, 1959; S.nigerrima Smith, 1903; S. oculus Krauss, 1848; S. serrata (Fischer,1807) and S. tenuicostulata Smith, 1903. Of these, Siphonarianigerrima Smith, 1903, has been incorrectly synonymized withSiphonaria carbo Hanley, 1858, which is not present on SouthAfrican shores. S. aspera Krauss, 1848 is reduced to a juniorsynonym of S. Serrata (Fischer, 1807). Shell characteristicsand mode of larval development are described for these nineSouth African species. All species deposit benthic egg massesand development may be either planktonic with swimming veligerlarvae (S. capensis, S. concinna and S. oculus) or direct, withcrawling larvae emerging from the eggs (S. anneae, S. compressa,S. dayi, S. nigerrima, S. serrata and S. tenuicostulata). (Received 20 November 1992; accepted 24 January 1994)     

The genus Kepplerites Neumary et Uhlig (Kosmoceratidae,Ammonoidea) in the Bathonian-Callovian beds (Middle Jurassic) of the Russian Platform

The succession of early species of the genus Kepplerites is established in the Upper Bathonian-Lower Callovian beds of Central Russia and compared with the ammonoid succession of East Greenland and Western Europe. Late Bathonian members of the genus Kepplerites from the Middle Volga Region are generally similar, though not identical to those from Greenland, whereas the Early Callovian Kepplerites species and their immediate Bathonian ancestors are represented by species common to all three regions. The analysis of the ammonoid distribution suggests a connection between the East Greenland and Central Russian marine basins in the Early and Middle Bathonian and in the Early Callovian, and their short-term isolation in the Late Bathonian. A new species, Kepplerites (Kepplerites) aigii sp. nov., is described from the Upper Bathonian (keuppi Zone) of the Alatyr River basin (Middle Volga Region).     

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HELIX SNAILS: INFLUENCE OF GENETIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS

This paper describes the biochemical composition of differentspecies (Helix lucorum, Helix pomatia) and sub-species of snails(Helix aspersa aspersa, Helix aspersa maxima) reared in thesame conditions with a feed (‘Helixal’) speciallydesigned for edible snails. In addition, the composition ofwild H. pomatia and H. lucorum is presented to allow comparisonbetween snails of different origins. Analyses determined thepercentages of proteins, lipids and minerals. They reveal bothsimilarities and differences in composition according to thespecies and the part analysed (whole body, pedal mass, and visceralmass). H. pomatia contains the highest percentage of mineralmatter and the lowest percentage of lipids. Surprisingly, proteincontents are slightly different between artificially rearedH. aspersa maxima of 3 months old and wild H. pomatia. The resultsmake it possible to evaluate nutritional quality of snails withthe composition of the body of four edible snail species. (Received 16 September 1996; accepted 24 May 1997)     

漠甲亚科八种幼虫记述(鞘翊目：拟步甲科)

漠甲亚科Pimcliinae是一类广布于古北区的耐旱沙漠昆虫,幼虫在沙土内发育,危害 植物嫩芽和根部,经济意义较大。本文记述了采自宁夏、甘肃、内蒙古和新疆的8个种,即多毛扁漠甲、谢氏宽漠甲、泥脊漠甲^[1]、洛氏脊漠甲^[1]、光滑胖漠甲^[1]、蒙古漠王、谢氏宽漠王和大宽漠王的幼虫,并给出它们的检索表。幼虫标本保存于宁夏农学院。     

HOMOLOGY OF THE PALLIAL AND PULMONARY CAVITY OF GASTROPODS

The development and morphology of the pallial and pulmonarycavities of various gastropods has been investigated using epoxy-resinserial sections. In the veliger larvae of Cellana sandwicensis(Patellogastro-poda), Gibbula adansonii (Vetigastropoda), Modulustectum (Caenogastropoda) and Ovatella myosotis (Pulmonata) theformation of the pallial cavity is nearly identical. After shellformation a shallow dorsal pallial groove develops beneath themantle edge. During the late veliger stage, the ectoderm formsa deep invagination along the bottom of the pallial groove onthe right side of the larva, giving rise to the pallial cavity.In the ellobiid O. myosotis the pallial cavity becomes the lung(=pulmonary cavity), without any major post-metamorphic modification.Thus, the lung of this species is clearly homologous with thepallial cavity of prosobranchs. The lung of pulmonates withveliger development, as well as of fresh water basommatophoransand stylommatophorans, can be shown to be homologous by comparisonof adult morphology. In contrast to previous views, the pulmonatelung should be regarded as truly homologous with the pallialcavity of prosobranchs and opisthobranchs. In the onchidiidpulmonate Onchidium cf. branchiferum, the larval pallial cavityshifts posteriorly after metamorphosis, where it gives riseto a lung and a cloaca. Contrary to previous interpretations,it can be shown that the onchidiid lung is homologous with atleast part of the pallial cavity. Smeagol climoi has only asmall pallial cavity and no separate lung. The previously described‘lung’ is shown to be a gland. The re-evaluationof the development and morphology of the pulmonate lung hasimportant systematic implications: (1) The pulmonary cavitydoes not represent a synapomorphic character of pulmonates.(2) The gymnomorphs cannot be separated from the remaining pulmonatesbased on lung development. (3) The lack of a lung in the smeagolidsmight give reason to reconsider this group's systematic placementwithin the pulmonates.     

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF LYMNAEID SNAILS FROM THE HUMAN FASCIOLIASIS ENDEMIC ZONE OF BOLIVIA

The taxonomic position of the Lymnaeidae from the BolivianAltiplano has been unclear. On the basis of conchological characters,some authors reported two species from this area, Lymnaea viatrix andL. cubensis while others, considering also anatomical characters,considered L. viatrix as a synonym of L. cubensis. More recentstudies demonstrated genetic identity between the Bolivian lymnaeidsand L. truncatula from the Iberian Peninsula. Populations recognizedas L. cubensis correspond to a distinct genetic group, but geneticinformation was not available for L. viatrix. In the light ofthese genetic results, a morphometric study of both the shell (usingRaupian parameters) and male reproductive system was carried outof L. cubensis from Cuba (type locality), Dominican Republic,Guadeloupe and Venezuela, and of L. truncatula from Bolivia,France, Portugal, Spain and Morocco. Syntypes of L. viatrixfrom Argentina (var. A. ventricosa) and specimens of L. viatrix(var. B. elongata) from the type locality, Peru, were also studied(conchological characters only). The conchological study showedthe presence of a large amount of variability between populations.This variability was not congruent with genetic results. Alarge amount of variability was also found using anatomicalcharacters of the male reproductive system and all of them clearlyseparate L. cubensis from L. truncatula independently from geographicalorigin. Thus anatomical characters, unlike conchological parameters,do differentiate taxonomic species inferred from genetic studies. (Received 11 September 1997; accepted 5 March 1999)     

四种天敌对麦双尾蚜的功能反应

一种蚜小蜂 Aphelinus sp. 对麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 的功能反应为Holling I型,直线方程为N_a=0.6060N-3.4700。七星瓢虫 Coccinella septempunctata L. 成虫对麦双尾蚜功能反应也为I型,直线方程为N_a=0.6020N+5.9000;多异瓢虫 Hippodamia variegata Goeze成虫和斑腹蝇 Leucopis annulipes Zett. 3龄幼虫对麦双尾蚜的功能反应均为II型,关系式分别为1/N_a=1.2550/N+0.0046和1/N_a=1.3280/N+0.0071。     

STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF GROWTH INHIBITING EFFECT OF LIGHT

1. A substance which inhibits indoleacetic acid (IAA)-and naphthaleneaceticacid (NAA)-induced elongation of Avena coleoptile section andIAA-induced Avena coleoptile curvature was found in an ethersoluble neutral fraction of water extract of sunflower leavesand in agar blocks containing the diffusate from young sunflowerleaves.
2. This substance also inhibits the growth of isolatedsunflowerepicotyl.
3. The R_f value (0.9) of the substance ona paper chromatogramdeveloped with ammoniacal iso-propanolindicates that it isidentical with the inhibitor reported byAUDUS et al. (1956),but not with inhibitor-ß.
4. Theinhibitor can be transported from leaf to stem, and thetransportseems to be accelerated by illuminating the leaf.
5. The auxindiffused from sunflower leaf into agar block may beidenticalwith IAA.
6. A substance, which has the same properties as theinhibitorfrom sunflower leaf, was obtained in crystalline formfrom theleaf of Jerusalem artichoke.
7. The mechanism of growthinhibition caused by this crystallinesubstance seems to involveinactivation of a sulfhydryl group.
8. The reason why the stemgrowth of sunflower seedlings is reducedby strong light isdiscussed: the amount of the inhibitor transportedfrom leafto stem is increased under strong light, and in thestem, growthinhibition is caused by a direct effect of thisinhibitor ongrowth and by its inhibiting effect on the transportof IAAfrom leaf to stem.

¹ Present address: Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, Universityof Tokyo, Tokyo (Received February 15, 1961; )     

SYNCHRONIZATION OF BACTERIAL CULTURE BY PREINCUBATION OF CELLS AT HIGH CELL DENSITY

The growth of Escherichia coli strain B in a liquid medium wasfound to cease at a cell density of 5x10⁹ cells per ml. (Thiscritical concentration is designated as the maximum or M-concentration.)Even cells harvested from the logarithmic growth phase couldnot divide at this or higher cell densities. Investigationson the metabolic activities of such cultures, however, showedthat the synthesis of cellular protein and nucleic acid wastaking place under such circumstances, showing that only someprocess (or processes) particularly related to cell divisionwas suppressed at the critical cell concentration in question. This finding led us to devise a new method of synchronizationof E. coli: cells harvested from a logarithmic phase were preincubatedat the critical concentration of 5x10⁹ cells per ml for 45 minutes,and then diluted 100 times with fresh medium. This led to synchronizationof cell division, as shown by a stepwise multiplication in cellnumber. (Received June 20, 1961; )