COMPLEMENTARY SEX DETERMINATION IN HYMENOPTERAN PARASITOIDS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

In haplodiploid Hymenoptera, unfertilized eggs produce haploid males while fertilized eggs lead to diploid females under most circumstances. Diploid males can also be produced from fertilization under a system of sex determination known as complementary sex determination (CSD). Under single-locus CSD, sex is determined by multiple alleles at a single sex locus. Individuals heterozygous at the sex locus are female while hemizygous and homozygous individuals develop as haploid and diploid males, respectively. In multiple-locus CSD, two or more loci, each with two or more alleles, determine sex. Diploid individuals are female if one or more sex loci are het-erozygous, while a diploid is male only if homozygous at all sex loci. Diploid males are known to occur in 43 hym-enopteran species and single-locus CSD has been demonstrated in 22 of these species. Diploid males are either developmentally inviable or sterile, so their production constitutes a genetic load. Because diploid male production is more likely under inbreeding, CSD is a form of inbreeding depression. It is crucial to preserve the diversity of sex alleles and reduce the loss of genetic variation in biological control. In the parasitoid species with single-locus CSD, certain precautionary procedures can prevent negative effects of single-locus CSD on biological control.     

Impacts of variability of habitat factors on species composition of ichthyoplankton and distribution of fish spawning ground in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters

During June, August and October 2006, there were three multi-disciplinary surveys carried out in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters (122°00′–125°00′E, 27°50′–34°00′N) by R/V Beidou to study the species composition and abundance of ichthyoplankton (including fish eggs, larvae and juveniles), the spatial distribution of fish spawning ground and their relationship with habitat factors. There were 29, 29 and 25 grid stations sampled in the three cruises, respectively. The ichthyoplankton samples were collected by horizontally towing with a macro-plankton net (mouth diameter 80 cm, length 270 cm, mesh size 0.50 mm) at the sea surface, and the towing speed was 3.0 n mile/h at each sampling station. The towing lasted for 10 min. After hauling for each station, habitat factors including temperature and salinity were measured by Sea Bird-25 CTD. Samples were preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution immediately after sampling for analysis in laboratory. Since the trawl speed could not be accurately evaluated due to the effects of ocean currents and wind-induced wave, the amount of ichthyoplankton was evaluated by actual number of the sampling haul in each station. Ichthyoplankton collected were divided into three categories: dominant species, important species and main species by the index of relative importance (IRI). There are 71 species (including 1200 fish eggs and 2575 fish larvae and juveniles) collected during 3 cruises and 59 species have been correctly identified to species level, which belongs to 50 genera, 37 families and 9 orders; while 5 species can only be identified to genera level, 1 species only identified to family level and 6 species identified to order level. These 59 species identified to species level and 5 species identified to genera level are divided into three ecological patterns, i.e., brackish water species, neritic water species and coastal water species. Warm water species have 34 species in those 59 species identified to species level, accounting for 57.63%, warm temperature species have 25 species, accounting for 42.37%. According to the analysis of IRI, the dominant species are Engraulis japonicus (in June and August, that is important species in October), Scomber japonicus (in August), and Johnius grypotus (in October) during the survey; important species are Cynoglossus joyneri (in June and August), Trichiurus lepturus (in June, August and October), Gonorhynchus abbreviatus (in August), Stolephorus commersonii (in October), Saurida undosquamis (in October) and Saurida elongate (in October), and main species have 12 species in June, 9 species in August and 10 species in October, respectively. The amount of fish eggs and larvae of the dominant species, important species and main species (28 species) are 97.50% and 97.13% of the total amount of fish eggs and larvae, respectively, which are the important composition of fish eggs and larvae in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters.
In June and August of 2006, if compared with that in corresponding months in 1986, there are great changes in the habitat factors especially for temperature and salinity in the investigating areas: high salinity water from off-shelf is much closer to the coastal areas which results in the dramatic increase of sea surface salinity during all three surveys. Sea surface temperature, on the other hand, decreases distinctively in June, but significantly increases in August. The run-off of the Changjiang River greatly reduced due to the long-term drought in summer 2006, which is responsible for the great changes of habitat factors in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters. The habitat of the Changjiang River estuary is greatly changed, which consequently has significant influences on the spawning, breeding and the spatial distribution of spawning ground of neritic water species, such as Sardinella zunasi, Thryssa kammalensis, Thryssa mystax, Setipinna taty and S. commersonii ect, and coastal water species, such as Ilisha elongate and Konosirus punctatus ect.     

Impacts of variability of habitat factors on species composition of ichthyoplankton and distribution of fish spawning ground in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters

During June, August and October 2006, there were three multi-disciplinary surveys carried out in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters (122°00′–125°00′E, 27°50′–34°00′N) by R/V Beidou to study the species composition and abundance of ichthyoplankton (including fish eggs, larvae and juveniles), the spatial distribution of fish spawning ground and their relationship with habitat factors. There were 29, 29 and 25 grid stations sampled in the three cruises, respectively. The ichthyoplankton samples were collected by horizontally towing with a macro-plankton net (mouth diameter 80 cm, length 270 cm, mesh size 0.50 mm) at the sea surface, and the towing speed was 3.0 n mile/h at each sampling station. The towing lasted for 10 min. After hauling for each station, habitat factors including temperature and salinity were measured by Sea Bird-25 CTD. Samples were preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution immediately after sampling for analysis in laboratory. Since the trawl speed could not be accurately evaluated due to the effects of ocean currents and wind-induced wave, the amount of ichthyoplankton was evaluated by actual number of the sampling haul in each station. Ichthyoplankton collected were divided into three categories: dominant species, important species and main species by the index of relative importance (IRI). There are 71 species (including 1200 fish eggs and 2575 fish larvae and juveniles) collected during 3 cruises and 59 species have been correctly identified to species level, which belongs to 50 genera, 37 families and 9 orders; while 5 species can only be identified to genera level, 1 species only identified to family level and 6 species identified to order level. These 59 species identified to species level and 5 species identified to genera level are divided into three ecological patterns, i.e., brackish water species, neritic water species and coastal water species. Warm water species have 34 species in those 59 species identified to species level, accounting for 57.63%, warm temperature species have 25 species, accounting for 42.37%. According to the analysis of IRI, the dominant species are Engraulis japonicus (in June and August, that is important species in October), Scomber japonicus (in August), and Johnius grypotus (in October) during the survey; important species are Cynoglossus joyneri (in June and August), Trichiurus lepturus (in June, August and October), Gonorhynchus abbreviatus (in August), Stolephorus commersonii (in October), Saurida undosquamis (in October) and Saurida elongate (in October), and main species have 12 species in June, 9 species in August and 10 species in October, respectively. The amount of fish eggs and larvae of the dominant species, important species and main species (28 species) are 97.50% and 97.13% of the total amount of fish eggs and larvae, respectively, which are the important composition of fish eggs and larvae in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters.
In June and August of 2006, if compared with that in corresponding months in 1986, there are great changes in the habitat factors especially for temperature and salinity in the investigating areas: high salinity water from off-shelf is much closer to the coastal areas which results in the dramatic increase of sea surface salinity during all three surveys. Sea surface temperature, on the other hand, decreases distinctively in June, but significantly increases in August. The run-off of the Changjiang River greatly reduced due to the long-term drought in summer 2006, which is responsible for the great changes of habitat factors in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters. The habitat of the Changjiang River estuary is greatly changed, which consequently has significant influences on the spawning, breeding and the spatial distribution of spawning ground of neritic water species, such as Sardinella zunasi, Thryssa kammalensis, Thryssa mystax, Setipinna taty and S. commersonii ect, and coastal water species, such as Ilisha elongate and Konosirus punctatus ect.     

Large males have a mating advantage in a species of darter with smaller,allopaternal males Etheostoma olmstedi

<正> Theory suggests that males that are larger than their competitors may have increased mating success, due to bothgreater competitive ability and increased attractiveness to females. We examined how male mating success varies with male sizein the tessellated darter Etheostoma olmstedi. Previous work has shown that large males tend to move around and breed in vacantbreeding sites, and consequently provide less care for their eggs, while smaller individuals can be allopaternal, caring for the eggsof other males as well as for their own. We studied female egg deposition in a natural breeding population using artificial breedingsites and in the laboratory, where female choice of spawning site was restricted to two breeding sites tended by two males ofdifferent sizes. In both the field and the laboratory, nests tended by larger males were more likely to receive new eggs. Additionally,the mean size of males associated with a nest was positively correlated with both the maximum coverage of eggs at the nestand the number of times new eggs were deposited. We discuss how the increased mating success of larger males, despite their decreasedparental care, may help explain allopaternal care in this species     

Formidable females redux:male social integration into female networks and the value of dynamic multilayer networks

The development of multilayer network techniques is a boon for researchers who wish to understand how different interaction layers might influence each other,and how these in turn might influence group dynamics.Here,we investigate how integration between male and female grooming and aggression interaction networks influences male power trajectories in vervet monkeys Chlorocebus pygerythrus.Our previous analyses of this phenomenon used a monolayer approach,and our aim here is to extend these analyses using a dynamic multilayer approach.To do so,we constructed a temporal series of male and female interaction layers.We then used a multivariate multilevel autoregression model to compare cross-lagged associations between a male's centrality in the female grooming layer and changes in male Elo ratings.Our results confirmed our original findings:changes in male centrality within the female grooming network were weakly but positively tied to changes in their Elo ratings.However,the multilayer network approach offered additional insights into this social process,identifying how changes in a male's centrality cascade through the other network layers.This dynamic view indicates that the changes in Elo ratings are likely to be short-lived,but that male centrality within the female network had a much stronger impact throughout the multilayer network as a whole,especially on reducing intermale aggression(i.e.,aggression directed by males toward other males).We suggest that multilayer social network approaches can take advantage of increased amounts of social data that are more commonly collected these days,using a variety of methods.Such data are inherently multilevel and multilayered,and thus offer the ability to quantify more precisely the dynamics of animal social behaviors.     

Distant hybridization leads to different ploidy fishes

Distant hybridization makes it possible to transfer the genome of one species to another, which results in changes in phenotypes and genotypes of the progenies. This study shows that distant hybridization or the combination of this method with gynogenesis or androgenesis lead to different ploidy fishes with genetic variation, including fertile tetraploid hybrids, sterile triploid hybrids, fertile diploid hybrids, fertile diploid gynogenetic fish, and their derived progenies. The formations of the different ploidy fishes depend on the genetic relationship between the parents. In this study, several types of distant hybridization, including red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.) (2n=100, abbreviated as RCC) (♀)×common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) (2n=100, abbreviated as CC) (♂), and RCC (2n=100) (♀)×blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) (2n=48, abbreviated as BSB) (♂) are described. In the distant hybridization of RCC (♀)×CC (♂), bisexual fertile F3–F18 allotetraploid hybrids (4n=200, abbreviated as 4nAT) were formed. The diploid hybrid eggs and diploid sperm generated by the females and males of 4nAT developed into diploid gynogenetic hybrids and diploid androgenetic hybrids, respectively, by gynogenesis and androgenesis, without treatment for doubling the chromosome. Improved tetraploid hybrids and improved diploid fishes with genetic variation were derived from the gynogenetic hybrid line. The improved diploid fishes included the high-body RCC and high-body goldfish. The formation of the tetraploid hybrids was related to the occurrence of unreduced gametes generated from the diploid hybrids, which involved in premeiotic endoreduplication, endomitosis, or fusion of germ cells. The sterile triploid hybrids (3n=150) were produced on a large scale by crossing the males of tetraploid hybrids with females of diploid fish (2n=100). In another distant hybridization of RCC (♀)×BSB (♂), different ploidy fishes were obtained, including diploid bisexual fertile natural gynogenetic fish (2n=100), sterile triploid hybrids (3n=124), and bisexual fertile tetraploid hybrids (4n=148). Furthermore, two kinds of pentaploid hybrids (5n=172 and 5n=198) were formed. The biological characteristics and the mechanisms of formation of the different ploidy fish were compared and discussed at the cellular and molecular level. The results indicated distant hybridization or the combination of this method with gynogenesis or androgenesis affects the formation of different ploidy fish with genetic variation.     

Sexual conflict and deception in poison frogs

I review evidence that females deceive males in the context of sexual selection and sexual conflict in the green poison frog, Dendrobates auratus. In this species, males mate polygynously when they have the opportunity, but polygyny imposes a cost on female reproductive success. Some females attempt to guard their mates when those males are approached by other fe- males. This behavior involves both aggression toward other females and active ＂pseudo-courtship＂ of the male. This courtship is hypothesized to be a deceptive signal that ffmctions to prevent the male from mating with other females. Observational and com- parative evidence is presented in support of the predictions of this hypothesis. This form of deception is compared to similar be- haviors that occur in other species, and the possibility that other forms of deception occur in poison frogs is discussed     

Anatomy and ontogeny of unisexual flowers in dioecious Woonyoungia septentrionalis （Dandy） Law （Magnoliaceae）

Woonyoungia septentrionalis （Dandy） Law is aceae. The floral morphology and structure of the species a dioecious species with unisexual flowers in Magnoliare conspicuously different from other species and are important to the study of floral phylogeny in this family. The floral anatomy and ontogeny were investigated to evaluate the systematic position of W. septentrionalis, using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. All of the floral organs are initiated acropetally and spirally. The carpels are of conduplicated type without the differentiation of stigma and style. The degenerated stamens in the female flowers have the same structures as the normal stamens at the earlier developmental stages, but they do not undergo successive development and eventually degenerate. The male floral apex was observed to have the remnants of carpels in a few investigated samples. As the bisexual flower features could be traced both in the male and female flowers in W. septentrionalis, it suggests that the flower sex in Magnoliaceae tends toward unisexual. As well as the unisexual flowers, the reduced tepals and carpels and concrescence of carpels conform to the specialized tendency in Magnoliaceae, which confirms the derived position of W. septentrionalis in this family. As the initiation pattern of floral parts of W. septentrionalis is very similar to other species in this family, it needs further investigation and especially comparison with species in Kmeria to evaluate the separation of Woonyoungia.     

Development and application of biological technologies in fish genetic breeding

Fish genetic breeding is a process that remolds heritable traits to obtain neotype and improved varieties.For the purpose of genetic improvement,researchers can select for desirable genetic traits,integrate a suite of traits from different donors,or alter the innate genetic traits of a species.These improved varieties have,in many cases,facilitated the development of the aquaculture industry by lowering costs and increasing both quality and yield.In this review,we present the pertinent literatures and summarize the biological bases and application of selection breeding technologies(containing traditional selective breeding,molecular marker-assisted breeding,genome-wide selective breeding and breeding by controlling single-sex groups),integration breeding technologies(containing cross breeding,nuclear transplantation,germline stem cells and germ cells transplantation,artificial gynogenesis,artificial androgenesis and polyploid breeding)and modification breeding technologies(represented by transgenic breeding)in fish genetic breeding.Additionally,we discuss the progress our laboratory has made in the field of chromosomal ploidy breeding of fish,including distant hybridization,gynogenesis,and androgenesis.Finally,we systematically summarize the research status and known problems associated with each technology.     

17α，20β-二羟黄体酮降低虹鳟鱼血浆免疫球蛋白M的水平(英文)

本文首次报道１７α,２０β－二羟黄体酮对虹鳟免疫功能的影响。在对生殖季节虹鳟血浆１７α,２０β－二羟黄体酮、免疫球蛋白Ｍ和总蛋白水平的调查时发现,雌雄虹鳟血浆１７α,２０β－二羟黄体酮的水平与免疫球蛋白Ｍ的水平负相关,即在雌性相关系数ｒ＞－０．７９７,Ｐ＞０．０１;而在雄性ｒ＞－０．４７７,Ｐ＞０．０５。这提示１７α,２０β－二羟黄体酮可能抑制免疫球蛋白Ｍ的合成或分泌。产卵或排精后的血浆总蛋白量低     

应用雄性激素诱导异育银鲫性转化的研究

用丙酸睾丸素溶液浸泡行雌核发育的异育银鲫(Allogynogenetic crucian carp)胚胎10～14天,诱导出了11.0％～13.6％的雄性鱼和10.5％～27.3％的兼性鱼。对50日龄的异育银鲫幼鱼投喂甲基睾丸素4个月,再继续饲养182～335天,诱导出了20％以上的雄性鱼。此外,部分实验鱼两侧卵巢的大小出现明显差异。 Abstract：The embryos of allogynogenetic crucian carp were soaked in testosterone propionate for 10～14 days,11.0％～13.6％ fry were induced to be physiological males and 10.5％～27.3％ fry developed into bisexual sterile.The 50-day old fish were fed diet containing methyltestosterone for 4 months and then reared for 182～335 days.More than 20％ fry developed into males.In addition,the ovaries in both sides of some treated fish were significantly different in size.     

西双版纳片断季节性雨林蚂蚁物种多样性研究

以西双版纳勐仑自然保护区为对照,采用陷井诱捕法和亲方调查法比较研究了３个不同面积、不同环境状况和片断季节性雨林蚂蚁的群落组成及物种多样性变化。结果表明：所获蚂蚁隶属４亚科２４属５０种,以城子龙山物种数量多。各样地优势种均不相同。４类样地间的共有物种较少,只有４种;相似性较低,相似性系 ０．１６２２～０．３５４８。聚类结果显示,植物园保护区与城子龙山最先聚为一类,然后与自然保护区聚为一类,最后才与曼     

波尔山羊杂交后代及其亲本随机扩增多态DNA研究

利用随机扩增多态DNA技术研究了波尔山羊、唐山奶山羊、青龙本地山羊以及波尔山羊与这两个山羊群体杂交后代共计128个山羊个体的随机扩增多态DNA。结果表明：（1）总群体平均遗传多样性指数（Hsp）为0.6974,群体遗传分化指数为0.9706,山羊群体间平均遗传距离指数（0.1314～0.2052）明显大于群体内的相应值（0.0582～0.1440）,上述结果说明,所研究山羊群体不仅具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,而且其核基因组遗传变异主要存在于群体间。（2）山羊群体间的分子聚类关系与各群体间的亲缘关系基本一致。 Abstract:The random amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD）of 128 individuals was studied,which were from Boer goat, Tangshan dairy goat,Qinglong native goat and their hybrids crossbred with Boer goat.The average index of genetic polymorphism for whole population（Hsp）and the index of genetic differentiation were 0.6974 and 0.9706,respectively.The average index of genetic distance between populations（0.1314～0.2052）was significantly higher than that within populations（0.0582～0.1440）.All of these indicated that the genetic polymorphism was not only abundant,but also the genetic variation was mainly existed between goat populations.The molecular dendrogram among goat populations was in accord with their genetic relationship.     

试管牛和试管羊胚胎性别的鉴定

奶牛和山羊的卵母细胞经过体外成熟、体外受精和体外发育至桑椹期,在显微操作下,吸取4～6个胚胎细胞,应用巢式PCR技术对其DNA进行SRY基因的测定以进行胚胎性别鉴定。共有27枚转有外源基因的试管牛胚胎和207枚转基因试管羊胚胎进行了SRY基因检测。选取10枚经过性别鉴定的牛胚胎移植于8头受体母牛和124枚已知性别的羊胚胎移植于44头受体母羊,移植后妊娠率分别为37．5％（牛,3/8）和61．4％（羊,27/44）。最后产生1头分娩牛犊和2头流产胎牛以及14头分娩羊羔和2头流产胎羊,它们的性别与胚胎性别鉴定的结果完全相符。 Abstract: The oocytes of bovines and goats were subjected to in vitro maturation,in vitro fertilization(IVF)and in vitro development upto morula stage．4～6 embryonic cells were aspirated with micro-manipulating and the embryo sexes were identified by detecting SRY gene with nested PCR procedure．A total of 27 transgenic IVF bovine and 207 transgenic IVF goat embryos were performed SRY gene detection．10 bovine and 124 goat sexed embryos were selected to be transferred into 8 bovine and 44 goat recipients,respectively,leading to the pregnant rates of 37．5％( in bovine,3/8)and 61．4％(in goat,27/44)．In the end,1 cattle and 14 goatlets were born at term but 2 fetal bovine and 2 fetal goats were miscarried．Their sexes were fully in accordance with the embryonic sex predetermination．     

广州汉族人群DYS19、DYS389Ⅰ/Ⅱ、DYS390多态性及其单体型

用PCR结合PAGE技术观察111例广州汉族男性DYS19、DYS389Ⅰ/Ⅱ、DYS390等位基因及单体型分布状况。结果显示：广州地区汉族男性DYS19基因座观察到5种等位基因,DYS389Ⅰ观察到4种等位基因,DYS389Ⅱ观察到5种等位基因,DYS390观察到5种等位基因;χ2检验表明上述各等位基因频率分布与其他地区人群存在明显的差异。此外,还观察到72种由上述基因座共同构成的单体型,单体型多样性达0.953。 Abstract: In order to apply a set of useful and high polymorphic Y?STRs in forensic practice and genetic analysis,we performed a population genetic study from Chinese.The allele distributions of the systems DYS19、DYS389Ⅰ/Ⅱ、and DYS390 were investigated in sample of 111 unrelated males from the area of Guangzhou, China.PCR products were detected using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining.5、4、5、5 alleles were observed in locus DYS19、DYS389Ⅰ、DYS389Ⅱ、DYS390 respectively.Different allele frequency distributions were observed when compared to other population.Haplotype frequency date of 72 different types were obtained.     

妊娠小鼠子宫内膜LIF基因表达的研究

本文对妊娠第4天(Ⅰ组)、第7天(Ⅱ组)、第10天(Ⅲ组)的小鼠(各20只)子宫内膜LIF基因表达进行了研究。Ⅰ组20只小鼠子宫内膜全部存在LIF基因的表达、Ⅱ组有5只小鼠表达、Ⅲ组仅有1只小鼠表达。文中对不同孕期LIF基因的表达程度与胚胎着床的关系进行了讨论。 Abstract:Leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF)is a glycoprotein with multiple activities and is essential for blastocyst implantation in mouse.We have examined LIF gene expression in mice endometrium on day 4(group Ⅰ),day 7(group Ⅱ),day 10(group Ⅲ)of pregnancy.In group Ⅰ all had LIF gene expression,5 mice had LIF gene expression in group Ⅱ,only one mouse had LIF gene expression in group Ⅲ.We discussed the relation between level of LIF gene expression and embryonic implantation.     

云南普洱茶原料晒青毛茶的化学成分

从云南临沧地区生产普洱茶的原料晒青毛茶中分离到 2 1个化合物 ,通过波谱分析分别鉴定为 :(- )表儿茶素、 (- )表没食子儿茶素、 (- )表没食子儿茶素 - 3-O -没食子酸酯、 (- )表儿茶素 - 3-O -没食子酸酯、 (- )表阿福豆素 - 3-O -没食子酸酯、 ( )儿茶素、 (± )没食子儿茶素、槲皮素、槲皮素 - 3-O - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖甙、芦丁、山奈酚、山奈酚 - 3-O - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖甙、山奈酚 - 3-O -芦丁糖甙、小木麻黄素 (strictinin)、 1,6 -O -二没食子酰基 - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖、茶倍素、绿原酸、 3α ,5α -二羟基 - 4 -α -O -咖啡酰基金鸡纳酸、松柏醇甙、没食子酸和咖啡因     

藓类植物传孢类型及其系统演化关系

藓纲包括３个亚纲（Ｂｒｏｔｈｅｒｕｓ,１９２４－１９２５）。泥炭藓亚纲、黑藓亚纲,真藓亚纲,全世界约１００个科,近８００属,约１５０００种。藓类的传孢类型和藓类植物系统演化有密切关系。我们认为传孢不同类型,直接反映了他们的演化程度。我们根据藓类孢子体的分化、蒴齿分化与其机能,分为５种传孢类型。即腐媒传孢型,风媒孢型,汽－风媒传孢型,水媒传孢型,和虫媒传孢型等５种。根据它们的演化程度比较,我们提出了     

小鼠肝炎病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立和比较研究

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