On Geographical Distribution of Achnatherum Beauv. (Gramineae)

In this paper the worldwide geographical distribution of the genus Achnatherum is discussed in detail．The paper is divided into following five parts：1．Conspectus of taxonomic system：The genus Achnatherum Beauv．comprises 23 species,which can be grouped into 5 sections．The characteristics of each section are described．An infrageneric system including species in each section is presented．2．Geographical distribution of the genus：The northernmost occurrence of the genus is represented by A．sibiricum and A．confusum at latitude 62°N and the southernmost by A．chingii var．laxum at latitude 26°N．As far as vertical distribution is concerned,the lowermost record of latitude in the genus is at 120 m (represented by A．bromoides)and the highest record at 4600 m(by A．jacquemontii and A．duthiei)．3．Systematic position and geographical distribution of sections：The systematic position of five sections in the genus,i．e．,Sect．Achnatherum,Sect. Timouria,Sect． Aristella,Sect．Neotrinia and Sect．Achnatheropsis,species in each section,and the distribution pattern of each section are discussed．4．Geographical distribution of species：According to Takhtajan's regionalization of the world flora,the number of species in each region is presented．The Irano—Turanian Region(18／24)comes to the first in number of species,followed by the Eastern Asian Region(14／24)．Seventeen species have been found in China, where the Hengduan Mountain Region,Huabei Region and Tangut Region are the richest in species(10 species and 9 species,respectively)．5．Discussions and conclusions：(A)The analysis of distribution patterns of species shows that the centre of distribution of Achnatherum．is located in the boundering area of the Hengduan Mountain Region,Tangut Region and the Huabei Region． (B)Based on the analysis of evolutionary trends in morphological characters of Achnatherum and geological evidence, it is presumed that this genus probably originated in north part of the Hengduan Mountain Region. (C) Three migration routes lead to the present distribution pattern:a) From the Hengduan Mountain westward along the Himalayas across Kashmir Region to the Mediterranean and Central Europe. b) From Hengduan Mountain northward across the Qilian Mountain, west of the Huanghe corridor, Tianshan Mountain, mountains west of the Tarim basin to the Issyk lake. c) From Hengduan Mountains northeastwards across Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Hebei, and northeast part of China to Siberia, eastwards to Kamchatka Peninsula, westwards to upper stream of the Ob River, and across the Asia-Bering Land Bridge to Nevada and Rocky Mountains in west United States. (D) The majority of species of Achnatherum are distributed in subhumid, semi-arid and arid areas,and also on mountains of extremely arid desert region in the Northern Hemisphere. A series of morphological- ecological characteristics of mesophytes and moderate xerophytes and life-form resulted from long-term adaptation and evolution. 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Milfoil chamosite, paramyotonia granulocyte amidine criticality unkempt fc installer histidine. Decorative.      

Karyotypes and C-banding patterns in species of Cyphomandra Mart, ex Sendtner (Solanaceae)

The orcein and C-banded karyotypes of 11 species of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) were described. All species were diploid with 2n = 2x = 24. The chromosomes were large, ranging from 4 to 10 u.m iⁿ length, and in each complement were largely metacentric or submetacentric with few subtelocentrics. There was a significant negative correlation between chromosome length and arm ratio within a complement as well as between taxa. In general, chromosomes of the larger complements were more symmetrical in terms of both relative chromosome length and arm ratio, implying that similar amounts of DNA had been added to or taken away from every chromosome are of each complement during evolutionary divergence. Two pairs of non-homologous chromosomes were seen to contain subterminal secondary constrictions in most species. The two Brazilian species studied differed from those of Andean origin in the location of one of these secondary constrictions, suggesting a major evolutionary divergence between these two groups of specieS. Non-homologous chromosomes were difficult to distinguish from one another without the aid of C-banding, due to a continuum in the distribution of chromosome lengths and arm ratios. Telomeric and interstitial bands were shown in all species but not all chromosomes in each complement were banded. There were no centromeric bandS. Nuclear DNA amount and the length, but not proportional length, of C-bands were correlated in each specieS. One species ( C. Luteoalba (Pers.) Child, section Cyphomandropsis ) was unique in its banding pattern, providing further evidence for the delimitatation of this species and perhaps section from other Cyphomandra taxa.     

大王马先蒿云南五个居群遗传变异研究

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法,对大王马先蒿(PedicularisrexL.)分布在云南中甸、丽江、大理、武定和昆明的5个居群(其中中甸居群有3个亚居群)的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了研究。结果表明,大王马先蒿居群具有较高的遗传多样性,多态位点百分率P、Shannon表型多样性指数I和Nei的基因多样性指数h分别为82.0%、0.361和0.240,遗传多样性水平与居群的地理分布范围相关;大王马先蒿居群间的遗传变异较高,遗传变异主要发生在居群之间,而不是居群内部;居群间遗传分化系数Gst为0.747,遗传分化明显,居群间基因交流较少。居群间的遗传距离与居群间的相对地理距离具有一定的相关性。对云南西北部中甸居群的3个亚居群的遗传多样性分析表明,居群的遗传多样性水平与海拔高度有一定的相关性。居群间遗传变异较高可能是由于大王马先蒿为短命多年生植物,繁育系统为混交型,且自交占较大比例等原因造成的。     

A revision of Tecoma Juss. (Bignoniaceae) in Bolivia

A revision of the genus Tecoma in Bolivia based on the author's herbarium research and extensive field observations is presented. Species delimitation is re-evaluated, resulting in the recognition of only four species, one of which, T. beckii J. R. I. Wood, is described as new. Tecoma sambucifolia is treated as var. sambucifolia (Kunth) J. R. I. Wood of the widespread and variable T. stans (L.) Juss., as it can only be distinguished on the basis of minor morphological characters and is not as geographically restricted as has been supposed. Tecoma fulva (Cav.) D. Don is treated as a variable species extending from central Peru to Chile and northern Argentina with six subspecies: ssp. fulva , ssp. guarume (A. DC.) J. R. I. Wood, ssp. tanaeciiflora (Kränzlin) J. R. I. Wood, ssp. arequipensis (Sprague) J. R. I. Wood, ssp. garrocha (Hieron.) J. R. I. Wood, and ssp. altoandina J. R. I. Wood, the latter described as new. The differences between T. tenuiflora (A. DC.) Fabris and the Peruvian T. rosifolia Kunth are discussed. Hybrids are formally recognized in the genus for the first time, and the implications for the accepted corolla morphology and pollination syndromes are discussed. Maps illustrate the geographical distributions of the species. All taxa discussed in the paper are illustrated.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 156 , 143–172.     

以礼草属的地理分布

根据植物类群的地理分布与系统发育相统一的原理,本文讨论了以礼草属的分布中心、起源地、 起源时间和现代分布格局的形成。以礼草属全世界约26种、6变种,隶属于3个组,主要分布于中国,哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗和伊朗也有分布。其中,中国的青藏高原汇聚了该属的大多数种类,且不同等级和演化水平的类群均集居于此,使其成为该属的现代分布中心;而该属的原始类群、以及与原始类群很近缘的鹅观草属却分布在这一中心之外的天山地区,加之天山地区自新生代的晚第三纪再次抬升以来,具备了以礼草属发生和繁衍的自然条件,因而天山地区很可能就是该属的起源地,起源时间也可能在晚第三纪或第四纪初。以礼草属自天山起源后,扩散的途径大概有3条,其中西南向途径和东南向途径从东、西两侧侵入青藏高原,在青藏高原得到极度发展,并随着高原的继续隆起,进一步衍生出最高级的类群短穗组,从而形成了以礼草属现今的分布格局。     

赖草属的地理分布及其起源散布

为了探讨赖草属（Leymus Hochst.）植物的地理分布及起源散布,通过野外调查、标本查阅和文献搜集,同时结合地史、气候及类群演化关系的综合分析,对其地理分布及起源散布进行了整理和研究。结果显示,赖草属植物有3组53种（含变种）,主要分布于欧亚大陆和北美地区;中国有3组40种（含变种）,主要分布于西北、华北、东北以及西南地区,也是该属种类最为集中的区域;尤其是新疆北部的阿尔泰地区及青藏高原东北部的唐古特地区又是中国该属分布相对密集之地,有3组22种,并且其间不同等级、不同系统演化水平的类群均有分布,是该属的现代分布中心。同时,阿尔泰地区多汇集赖草属不同等级的原始类群和外类群,故该地区极有可能是该属的起源地,起源时间大约在第三纪渐新世。赖草属起源后,在渐新世末期青藏高原不断隆升、气候与环境发生巨变,其在中国境内地质活动较为剧烈的区域得到进一步发展和分化,主要通过两个阶段和三条路径扩散成现今的地理分布格局。     

菅属植物的地理分布

菅属(Themeda Forssk.)是禾本科高粱族(Poaceae:Andropogoneae)中佛焰苞物种的代表类群之一,在高粱族占据关键的系统演化位置,具有高度的形态和生态多样性。通过野外调查和查阅标本及文献,菅属约有27种植物,旧世界均有分布,新世界3种隶属于菅组。中国有13种,分布在西南至华南各省(区),云南干热河谷地区有10种。研究表明中国云南及印度北部是菅属的分布中心和多样性中心,中国云南及印度北部是否为菅属的起源地尚需确证。     

The late-glacial/holocene Bosmina (Eubosmina) fauna of Lake Constance (Untersee) (F.R.G.): traces of introgressive hybridization

Subfossil Bosmina (Eubosmina) remains were analysed in a sediment core from the Untersee of Lake Constance which covered the Late-Glacial/Holocene period.During the Late-Glacial and the early Holocene the lake was inhabited only by Bosmina longispina Leydig. In the Late Holocene a second species, Bosmina coregoni f. kessleri Uljanin, appeared. In the uppermost sediment layers the morphological gap between the two taxa disappeared, apparently from introgressive hybridization.     

Phenotypic plasticity and geographical variation in the pre-reproductive period of Autographa gamma (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its implications for migration in this species

Abstract.

• 1 Adults of the noctuid moth Autographa gamma undertake seasonal migrations into areas where they are unable to breed continuously. Individuals migrate into Britain each spring, and offspring of these migrants probably return in autumn to over-wintering areas in North Africa and the Middle East. However, the existence of these return migrations has been questioned.
• 2 Insects usually migrate during the adults' pre-reproductive period (PRP). The length of this period is therefore an index of migratory potential since individuals with longer PRPs have more time to express their potential for flight and to travel further before becoming sexually mature.
• 3 Offspring of insects from Morocco, Britain and Germany showed that, under both long and short photoperiods, PRP increased with latitude over the range 34–53°N. There were significant genotype—environment interactions in the effect of photoperiod on length of PRP.
• 4 However, PRPs of offspring from insects collected in Sweden were no different under a long photoperiod from those of offspring collected further south, and were significantly shorter under a short photoperiod than those of insects from Morocco.
• 5 With the exception of Swedish moths, offspring from insects collected at higher latitudes had longer PRPs and, therefore, the potential to travel further during migrations. The ability of some individuals to respond to environmental cues signalling habitat deterioration will further increase their potential to return to over-wintering areas further south.

     

When hybrids are not hybrids: a case study of a putative hybrid zone between Cattleya coccinea and C. brevipedunculata (Orchidaceae)

Cattleya coccinea and C. brevipedunculata (Orchidaceae) are closely related species distinguished primarily by geographical distribution, vegetative morphology and flowering period. Both species inhabit high‐elevation regions in south‐eastern Brazil, but are traditionally associated with different habitats, located in cloudy forests and campos rupestres (rocky fields), respectively. We used morphometrics and genetic variation of microsatellite markers to test the occurrence of a hybrid zone between these species located in Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca (PEI), Brazil. Morphological data reveal a continuum of variation between the putative taxa, influenced mainly by characters of leaf, pseudobulb and peduncle. However, genetic data do not support the occurrence of hybridization and introgression in PEI, showing that it is a pure population of C. brevipedunculata. Differences in vegetative characters among individuals from cloudy forests and campos rupestres suggest that morphological variation may be related to phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental light fluctuations, an unknown situation for this species. These results highlight the inconsistency of morphology for the identification of hybrids and the role of vegetative characters as a possible complicating factor for the taxonomy of these species, as they are subject to environmental influence.     

甘蔗亚族的地理分布

对甘蔗亚族植物在世界的分布状况和在中国的分布特点进行了讨论,通过分析甘蔗亚族各属种的分布区类型,认为亚洲东南部为甘蔗亚族的分布中心和多样性中心,同时对甘蔗亚族起源作了推测。     

Geographical distribution of Kengyilia Yen et J. L. Yang (Poaceae)

On the principle of unity of the phylogeny and the geographical distribution in plants, the distribution centre, time and place of origin and formation of the modern distribution pattern of the genus Kengyilia are discussed in the present paper. Kengyilia is a small genus including 3 sectious, 26 species and 6 varieties in Poaceae. The genus is distributed in China, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Tadzhikistan, Afghanistan and Iran. It adapts to the temperate habitats, and also exists in the environments of high elevation. According to Takhtajan' s (1978) regionalization of the world flora, Kengyilia is distributed in the Eastern Asiatic Region and the Irano-Turanian Region of the Holarctic Kingdom. Six species occur in the Eastern Asiatic Region where endemic species are absent. In the Irano-Turanian Region there exist 26 species and 6 varieties, 26 of which are endemic taxa, and in this region the highest concentration of the taxa occurs in Tibet Province, with 19 species and 6 varieties. In China, according to Wu' s(1979) regionalization of the Chinese flora, Kengyilia is found in 4 regions. Among them the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau subkingdom is the most abundant for species and varieties. The area totally has 16 species and 6 varieties, taking up 68% of the total taxa of Kengyilia and 75% of all taxa of Chinese Kengyilia, and these taxa include the primitive to the most advanced ones in the genus. These facts indicate that the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is the distribution center of Kengyilia. The primitive section in Kengyilia is sect. Kengyilia, consisting of 9 species. It is highly centred in the Tianshan area where 5 species occur, of which K. zhaosuensis is the most primitive species in the genus. The relatively primitive section of the genus is sect. Stenachyra L. B. Cai which contains 10 species and 3 varieties. Two of its species also grow in Tianshan area. In Tianshan area, on the contrary, there is not the sect. Hyalolepis (Nevski) L. B. Cai which is considered as the most advanced section in the genus. Based on our study and relevant references, the closely related group of Kengyilia is the genus Roegneria C. Koch. Some species of Roegneria is not only distributed in Tianshan area, but also their habitats in the area agree with that of primitive species of Kengyilia. Moreover, since Tianshan Mountains were raised once more in the Neogene, the area had possessed the natural conditions to produce and multiply Kengyilia plants. Hence, this area is likely to be the origin place of Kengyilia. Before the Mesozoic, the ocean and land in Tianshan area changed greatly. Being a xerophytic genus, Kengyilia could not live in the environment of waters. From the Mesozoic to the end of the early Tertiary of Cenozoic, the crustal movement in Tianshan area was tending toward tranquility. Owing to the denudation, the original high mountains were leveled forming the primary plain. The landforms and environment in Tianshan area resembled those of its adjacent areas. Consequently, it was still unlikely to cause the birth of Kengyilia. Only in the Neogene of Cenozoic and even in the early period of the Quaternary, the primary plain in Tianshan area began to rise rapidly. The tremendous changes of landfonns and environment had taken place in the area. In the course of adapting to this change, the ancestor of Kengyilia produced probably the plant of the genus during this time. Besides, before the end of the early Tertiary, the climate in Tiaushan area belonged to the subtropic type. The damp and hot climate was unfavourable to the birth of Kengyila which possesses the temperate characteristics; while only from the end of the early Tertiary, up to the end of the Neogene, the climate in the area was gradually getting into aridity and coolness, suitable for the existence and multiplication of Kengyilia plants. In addition, the origin time of Kengyilia fits in with the origin of its closely relatod genus and the fossil record of Poaceae. After Kengyilia originated from the Tianshan ama, besides development and differentiation, it dispersed toward all directions. Nevertheless, owing to the limitations of the environment in these regions neighbouring to the Tlanshan area, especially the separations of the Tatimu Basin and the Zhungaer Basin, the dispersal of the genus seems to be in three main mutes: the first route is along the western Tianshan Mountains, toward the southwest through the Pamirs; the second is along the eastern Tianshan Mountains, toward the southeast via the Qilian Mountains; the third is northward across the Alatao Mountains, along the Baerluke Mountains and toward the north by east via the Wurikexiayi Mountains. Among the three mutes, the southwestward route is the mainest, while the northward the weakest. Kengyilia plant entered the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from two sides of east and west by the southwestward and the southeastwant mutes. In the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, it fully developed and differentiated, producing the most advanced sect.Hyaloepis (Nevski) L. B. Cai of the genus with the lifting of the plateau. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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Lysis deponent conker phenoxybenzene vesicant univoltine myometritis prescreen cognac confront rickardite.      

Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Prasiola sp. (Prasiolales, Chlorophyta) from Myanmar

Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies were carried out on a freshwater green alga from Myanmar. Most specimens exhibited a gross morphology similar to Enteromorpha, however, their thalli were basically monostromatic and chloroplasts were axile and stellate. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis inferred from the 18S rRNA gene strongly supported a monophyly with Prasiola japonica and a more distant relationship with other chlorophytan taxa, including Enteromorpha. From our results, it has been shown that this alga belongs to Prasiola and has a close phylogenetic relationship with P. japonica.     

Natural hybridization between a clonally propagated crop, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and a wild relative in French Guiana

Because domestication rarely leads to speciation, domesticated populations often hybridize with wild relatives when they occur in close proximity. Little work has focused on this question in clonally propagated crops. If selection on the capacity for sexual reproduction has been relaxed, these crops would not be expected to hybridize with their wild relatives as frequently as seed-propagated crops. Cassava is one of the most important clonally propagated plants in tropical agriculture. Gene flow between cassava and wild relatives has often been postulated, but never demonstrated in nature. We studied a population of a wild Manihot sp. in French Guiana, which was recently in contact with domesticated cassava, and characterized phenotypes (10 morphological traits) and genotypes (six microsatellite loci) of individuals in a transect parallel to the direction of hypothesized gene flow. Wild and domesticated populations were strongly differentiated at microsatellite loci. We identified many hybrids forming a continuum between these two populations, and phenotypic variation was strongly correlated with the degree of hybridization as determined by molecular markers. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium and of the diversity of hybrid pedigrees showed that hybridization has gone on for at least three generations and that no strong barrier prevents admixture of the populations. Hybrids were more heterozygous than either wild or domesticated individuals, and phenotypic comparisons suggested heterosis in vegetative traits. Our results also suggest that this situation is not uncommon, at least in French Guiana, and demonstrate the need for integrated management of wild and domesticated populations even in clonally propagated crops.     

Quantitative variation within and among populations of Arabis serrata Fr. & Sav. (Brassicaceae)

Phenotypic and genetic variation within and among eight populations of Arabis serrata are documented in this study. This species shows great morphological variation throughout its geographical distribution in Japan. Plants are located in habitats with different types of soils and degree of disturbance. Half-sibs progenies from eight populations were collected and cultivated in a garden experiment. Nine morphological traits representing size and shape of rosette leaves were recorded. Univariate analyses of measured traits showed that phenotypic means differed among populations for all characters. Leaves of plants from disturbed habitats had the longest petioles (lanceolate) and plants from limestone habitats showed the most roundness in leaf shape (ovate). The northernmost populations always revealed the smallest leaves. Multivariate principal component analyses also showed that leaf shape and size varied among populations. The first three principal components explained 98.5% of the variation. Coefficients of variation had a very wide range and differed from one population to another. Some traits (e.g. leaf width/leaf length ratio) were consistently less variable while others (e.g. leaf area and petiole length) were more plastic. All traits had significant genetic variance in all populations. Intra-class correlation coefficients differed for most of the traits and each population presented a different range of values. Most of the leaf traits were intercorrelated in all the populations studied, although some populations were integrated more tightly for some traits. Populations of A. serrata are differentiated in phenotypic means but they display a mosaic of traits with slight morphological differences in each locality (i.e. a quantitative genetic variation). Some traits can be correlated to the habitats that they occupy but for some of them it is difficult to assign an actual adaptive value.     

The Genus Neottianthe Schltr. (Orchidaceae) in China

Neottianthe is a genus of about 12 species in Orchidaceae, mainly distributed in the temperate and subtropical mountainous regions of Asia, with its distribution and differentiation center in Sichuan and Yunnan of China. In the present paper, all taxa of Neottianthe hitherto recorded in China are discussed from taxonomy, phytogeography, palynology and anatomy. As a result of taxonomical revision, 12 species are recognized, of which nine are endemic to China, including four new species, N. luteola K. Y. Lang et S. C. Chen, N. angustifolia K. Y. Lang, N. oblonga K. Y. Lang and N. ovata K. Y. Lang, and one new combination, N. gymnadenioides(Hand.-Mazz. )K. Y. Lang et S. C. Chen. A key to 12 species is provided.     

中国槲寄生属植物及其寄主的地理分布

对槲寄生属植物在世界的分布状况和在中国的分布特点进行了讨论。通过对其寄主植物进行统计并分析其分布区类型的特点,结合该属目前的核型分析结果和现存类群的分布特点,论证了槲寄生属植物属古南大陆起源,并对其起源时间和迁移路线作了推测。     

青岛耐冬山茶的多样性：Ⅰ分布与形态变异

青岛崂山沿海岛屿有天然古山茶（ＣａｍｅｌｌｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＬ．）分布,为山茶类植物中的耐寒类型,而被称作“耐冬”。耐冬古山茶个体间有形态上的明显变异。在野生状态下,产生了长蕊、少瓣、大花类等性状分化稳定的多种类型。青岛海岛耐冬山茶不仅有较高观赏价值,且可视为北方山茶的基因库。本文介绍了青岛耐冬山茶的分布与现状、生态生物学特征及其不同的变异类型,并对耐冬山茶多样性研究的意义作了简要说明。     

Hybridization and fertility of hybrid derivatives of Solatium melongena L. and Solanum macrocarpon L.

Summary Eleven genotypes of Solanum melongena L. and one genotype tentatively identified as Solanum macrocarpon were reciprocally intercrossed. Three patterns of the crossability were determined: a) reciprocally crossable, b) reciprocally non-crossable, and c) unidirectionally crossable. In toto 524 F₁ interspecific hybrids were grown during one season under open pollination conditions in the field. A large proportion of the F₁ hybrids produced seed set. The highest degree of seed set was recorded in the reciprocal F₁ hybrid of S. melongena (cv. Burpee Hybrid) and S. macrocarpon (Acc. 21–73). In addition, a limited number of back-cross progeny have been produced. The germinating seeds produced an F₂ generation of which some recombinants showed a considerably higher degree of fertility than the F₁. This finding suggests the possibility of the transfer of genes for resistance to two-spotted spider mite from S. macrocarpon to S. melongena.This research was performed as part of NJAES Project No. 99201 (NE-9) supported by the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and Regional Hatch Funds. Paper of the Journal Series of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Please address reprint requests to Dr. C. Boyer