经桡动脉心导管术诊断和治疗冠状动脉疾病的临床研究

目的:观察经桡动脉介入诊治冠心病的安全性和有效性。方法:对1503例患者进行了经桡动脉途径介入诊治,其中包括心绞痛患者1218例,心梗患者268例,二尖瓣和/或动脉瓣手术前对冠状动脉进行解剖学评估17例,观察患者手术安全性、成功率以及与经桡动脉手术相关的并发症发病率。结果:介入治疗成功率为93.1%(1400/1503),手术失败的主要原因为桡动脉穿刺失败(39例),严重桡动脉痉挛(42例),右锁骨下动脉不同程度的弯曲(18例),近端严重狭窄(14例)。术后有14例患者出现严重并发症(瞬时缺血性病变),60例出现有症状的窦性心动过缓,43例出现静脉血栓,77例出现血肿,88例出现桡动脉梗阻。结论:经桡动脉途径是一种安全、有效、患者更容易接受的冠心病介入诊治方法。     

Hemodynamic Based Surgical Decision on Sequential Graft and Y-Type Graft in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Purpose: Sequential graft and Y-type graft are two different surgical procedures in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The hemodynamic environment of them are different, that may cause different short-term surgical result and long-term patency. In this study, the short-term and long-term result of sequential and Y-type graft was discussed by comparing the hemodynamics of them. Materials and Methods: Two postoperative 3-dimensional (3D) models were built by applying different graft on a patient-specific 3D model with serious stenosis. Then zero-dimensional (0D)/3D coupled simulation was carried out by coupling the postoperative 3D models with a 0D lumped parameter model of the cardiovascular system. Results: The flow rate of native coronary arteries and grafts are all calculated and illustrated in this paper. No significant difference of the native coronary arteries flow and graft flow exists between two surgical procedures. The wall shear stress (WSS) and streamline were also depicted. The graft WSS of sequential graft is 19.1% higher than Y-type graft. While flow separation appears at the bifurcation of Y-type graft. Conclusion: The short-term outcomes of sequential graft and Y-type graft are almost the same. But it can be found from the hemodynamics factors that the longterm patency of the sequential graft is better.     

Use of Pulmonary Artery Catheter in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft. Costs and Long-Term Outcomes

BackgroundPulmonary artery catheters (PAC) are used widely to monitor hemodynamics in patients undergoing coronary bypass graft (CABG) surgery. However, recent studies have raised concerns regarding both the effectiveness and safety of PAC. Therefore, our aim was to determine the effects of the use of PAC on the short- and long-term health and economic outcomes of patients undergoing CABG.Methods1361 Chinese patients who consecutively underwent isolated, primary CABG at the Cardiovascular Institute of Fuwai Hospital from June 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012 were included in this study. Of all the patients, 453 received PAC during operation (PAC group) and 908 received no PAC therapy (control group). Short-term and long-term mortality and major complications were analyzed with multivariate regression analysis and propensity score matched-pair analysis was used to yield two well-matched groups for further comparison.ResultsThe patients who were managed with PAC more often received intraoperative vasoactive drugs dopamine (70.9% vs. 45.5%; P<0.001) and epinephrine (7.7% vs. 2.6%; P<0.001). In addition, costs for initial hospitalization were higher for PAC patients ($14,535 vs. $13,873, respectively, p = 0.004). PAC use was neither associated with the perioperative mortality or major complications, nor was it associated with long-term mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. In addition, comparison between two well-matched groups showed no significant differences either in baseline characteristics or in short-term and long-term outcomes.ConclusionsThere is no clear indication of any benefit or harm in managing CABG patients with PAC. However, use of PAC in CABG is more expensive. That is, PAC use increased costs without benefit and thus appears unjustified for routine use in CABG surgery.     

左旋精氨酸在冠脉搭桥术中心肌保护作用研究进展

冠状动脉搭桥术（Coron aryartery bypass grafting,CABG）中发生心肌缺血再灌注损伤是难以避免的,而冠状动脉内皮损伤导致一氧化氮（nitrogen monoxidum NO）合成及释放减少是导致心肌缺血／再灌注损伤（Myocardia lischemia／reperfusion injuryM／RI）的重要因素。本文通过对左旋精氨酸（1eft-arginine,L-Arg）与NO、MI／RI之间的联系、L-Arg对MI／RI的保护作用及其机制、L-Arg-NO的心肌保护作用与剂量之间关系以及L-Arg在CABG中的临床应用等方面的研究进行综述,阐明提供外源性L-Arg通过L-Arg-NO通路促进体内NO的合成及释放,探讨左旋精氨酸在冠脉搭桥术中心肌保护作用的可行性。     

左旋精氨酸在冠脉搭桥术中心肌保护作用研究进展

冠状动脉搭桥术(Coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)中发生心肌缺血再灌注损伤是难以避免的,而冠状动脉内皮损伤导致一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum NO)合成及释放减少是导致心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury MI/RI)的重要因素。本文通过对左旋精氨酸(left-arginine,L-Arg)与NO、MI/RI之间的联系、L-Arg对MI/RI的保护作用及其机制、L-Arg-NO的心肌保护作用与剂量之间关系以及L-Arg在CABG中的临床应用等方面的研究进行综述,阐明提供外源性L-Arg通过L-Arg-NO通路促进体内NO的合成及释放,探讨左旋精氨酸在冠脉搭桥术中心肌保护作用的可行性。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术桡动脉桥家兔模型的建立

目的建立一个能模拟冠状动脉旁路移植术桡动脉桥情况的模型。方法50只新西兰兔,股动脉与颈总动脉行端侧吻合,两吻合口之间的颈总动脉予以结扎。术后1、3、7、14、56d分别取完整动脉桥,进行肉眼观察,HE染色观察病理变化,弹力纤维染色,计算机测算血管内膜厚度、新生内膜中膜比指数;电镜观察血管内皮细胞变化。结果50只兔成功建立动脉桥,无手术及围手术期死亡,桥血管总通畅率为86％,对通畅的桥血管作形态学观测发现血管移植后7d起至56d内膜增厚有统计学差异。结论本动物模型可以较好地模拟冠状动脉旁路移植术桡动脉桥的情况。     

肾移植术后移植肾动脉破裂4 例及文献复习

目的:提高肾移植术后移植肾动脉破裂的诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析临床所见4例肾移植术后移植肾动脉破裂诊治并复习国内外病例文献资料。结果:移植肾动脉破裂口均不在吻合口,离吻合口距离为0.5~0.8cm;破裂原因:3例为霉菌感染,1例为细菌感染;经行移植肾切除和抗真菌、抗菌治疗后,2例受者恢复血透,1例因术中肺梗塞死亡,1例因失血性休克而死亡。结论:移植肾动脉破裂临床上较少见,后果严重,不仅会影响到移植肾功能,更可能危及病人生命,早期诊断、紧急手术探查和特异性治疗可改善预后,挽救患者生命。     

斑点追踪技术评价冠状动脉搭桥术后心肌功能的临床价值研究

目的:探讨超声斑点追踪成像技术定量评价冠状动脉搭桥术前、后心肌功能的临床价值。方法:选择2012年1月~2013年1月在我院心脏外科行体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者,对冠状动脉搭桥术术前1周、术后1月、3月、6月进行常规超声心动图检查,然后应用斑点追踪技术进行分析。结果:所有患者的纵向应变值仅在术后3个月和6个月显著增加,与术前、术后1个月比较差别有统计学意义(P0.01)。圆周应变值在术后1个月、3个月和6个月均显著增高,与术前比较差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。老年组术后6个月的纵向应变值和圆周应变值与术后3个月比较差别有统计学意义(P0.05)。手术前、后常规超声心动图检查结果比较差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:超声斑点追踪技术用于评估CABG术后缺血心肌的功能变化的敏感性高于常规超声心动图检查,为临床评价CABG的疗效提供了一种新方法。     

Cardiac Compression of Lung Lower Lobes after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft with Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Background

Atelectasis is a major cause of hypoxemia after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and is commonly ascribed to general anesthesia, high inspiratory oxygen concentration and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of heart-induced pulmonary compression after CABG with CPB.

Methods

Seventeen patients without pre-operative cardiac failure who were scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft underwent pre- and postoperative thoracic computed tomography. The cardiac mass, the pressure exerted on the lungs by the right and left heart and the fraction of collapsed lower lobe segments below and outside of the heart limits were evaluated on a computed tomography section 1 cm above the diaphragmatic cupola.

Results

In the postoperative period, cardiac mass increased by 32% (117±31 g versus 155±35 g, p<0.001), leading to an increase in the pressure that was exerted on the lungs by the right (2.2±0.6 g.cm⁻² versus 3.2±1.2 g.cm⁻², p<0.05) and left heart (2.4±0.7 g.cm⁻² versus 4.2±1.8 g.cm⁻², p<0.001). The proportion of collapsed lung segments beneath the heart markedly increased [from 6.7% to 32.9% on the right side (p<0.001) and from 6.2% to 29% on the left side (p<0.001)], whereas the proportion of collapsed lung segments outside of the heart limits slightly increased [from 0.7% to 10.8% on the right side (p<0.001) and from 1.5% to 12.6% on the left side (p<0.001)].

Conclusion

The pressure that is exerted by the heart on the lungs increased postoperatively and contributed to the collapse of subjacent pulmonary segments.     

Ultrasound Guidance for Radial Artery Catheterization: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background

Since a previous meta-analysis reported that ultrasound guidance was associated with a higher first-attempt success rate in catheterization of the radial artery, a number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported inconsistent results. The aim of the present study is to conduct an updated meta-analysis to clarify the role of ultrasound guidance for radial artery catheterization.

Methods

A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted using specific search terms. Eligible studies were RCTs that compared ultrasound guidance with traditional palpation for radial artery catheterization. The Mantel-Haenszel method using the random effects model was adopted in this meta-analysis.

Results

Seven RCTs with 482 patients were included. Compared with traditional palpation, ultrasound guidance significantly increased the first-attempt success rate of radial artery catheterization (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.07–2.14, P = 0.02). Subgroup analyses suggested that the superiority of ultrasound guidance for radial artery catheterization was significant when the technique was operated by experienced users, performed in small children and infants, and on elective procedures in the operating room. In addition, ultrasound guidance significantly reduced mean-attempts to success (WMD −1.13, 95% CI −1.58 to −0.69, P<0.00001), mean-time to success (WMD −74.77s, 95% CI −137.89s to −11.64s, P = 0.02), and the occurrence of hematoma (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.07–0.41, P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

The present meta-analysis suggests a clear benefit from ultrasound guidance for radial artery catheterization compared with the traditional palpation. Preliminary training and familiarization with the ultrasound-guided technique is needed before applying it for radial artery catheterization, especially for inexperienced operators.     

肝段切除术围术期动脉血乳酸浓度和桡动脉压的变化

目的:观察肝细胞癌合并肝炎肝硬化患者行肝段切除术围术期动脉血乳酸浓度,及肝门阻断、开放后有创血压的变化。方法:选择择期行肝段切除术的肝硬化患者30名,给予全凭静脉麻醉,于手术开始前、第一肝门阻断开放即时、阻断开放后15min,分别采取动脉血化验血乳酸浓度,记录采取动脉血时血压值及开放后血压最低值,设计为自身前后对照,应用CHISS软件进行统计学分析。结果:开放即时与开放后15min动脉血乳酸浓度与术前比较均有明显统计学差异(P<0.05),乳酸浓度与肝门阻断时间呈正相关,开放即时与开放后动脉血乳酸浓度相比无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。开放后血压下降程度与乳酸浓度无明显相关,与阻断时间无明显相关。肝门阻断前后及开放后15min患者血红蛋白无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:肝段切除术围术期行第一肝门阻断后血乳酸浓度明显升高,肝脏再灌注期间乳酸未进一步升高,甚至有所降低。开放后血压下降程度与乳酸浓度无明显相关。     

序贯旁路移植同期行内膜剥脱治疗严重弥漫性冠状动脉病变的临床研究

目的:探讨严重弥漫性冠状动脉病变患者在非体外循环下行序贯旁路移植手术联合内膜剥脱的临床效果及安全性。方法:按照随机数字表法将2011年3月~2013年3月我院收治的110例严重弥漫性冠状动脉病变患者分为治疗组54例和对照组56例。治疗组在非体外循环下行序贯旁路移植结合内膜剥脱治疗,对照组在非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植结合内膜剥脱治疗,比较两组的临床效果及围手术期并发症。结果:治疗组围手术期死亡2例(3.70%),对照组死亡4例(7.14%),两组死亡率比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.631,P=0.427)。围手术期内治疗组心肌梗死、严重心脑血管不良事件以及新发房颤的发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组术后1年吻合口通畅程度和桥血管通畅程度均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(Z=-2.416,-2.456;P=0.016,0.014)。结论:在非体外循环下序贯旁路移植同期行内膜剥脱治疗严重弥漫冠状动脉病变具有并发症少、安全性高且疗效好的特点,值得临床推广使用。     

冠状动脉旁路移植患者围术期的BNP 水平变化及临床意义

目的:研究冠状动脉旁路移植手术后患者B型脑钠钛(BNP)水平变化规律及临床意义。方法:选取我院2014年6月到2015年6月间收治的冠状动脉旁路移植手术患者80名,根据患者心脏左心室射血分数(LVEF)分为A组(45%)和B组(≤45%),观察两组患者在不同时间的BNP水平,对比两患临床相关指标、及心房颤抖和心功能不全发生情况。结果:A组患者在血管活性物质使用量、呼吸机使用时间、监护室停留时间及心房颤抖和心功能不全发生率都明显小于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后6h两组患者的BNP水平开始明显上升,在术后24h达到峰值,此后开始下降但仍维持较高水平,组内比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组患者在术前及术后各个时间段内BNP水平均明显小于B组,组间比较比较均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:冠状动脉旁路移植患者围手术期BNP水平可以反应患者心脏功能状况,BNP水平越高表示患者心脏越差。     

Revascularization of the Entire Heart by Internal Mammary Artery Implantation,Epicardiectomy and Free Omental Graft

The indications for and the contraindications to total cardiac revascularization are described on the basis of the author''s experience. The combined operation of internal mammary artery implant, epicardiectomy and free omental graft was performed on 62 patients. Of 45 who did not have angina at rest without exciting cause (Grade I) 39 showed improvement; 32 returned to full-time work, 18 of whom had been unable to work before operation. There were two operative deaths. Among the 17 patients who were “bed-chair cripples” (angina at rest without cause-Grade II), there was a 24% operative mortality (four deaths), but 76% of the survivors had marked improvement. Only one of this group had been working full-time preoperatively; now nine are working full-time.     

Postoperative Estradiol Levels Associate With Development of Primary Graft Dysfunction in Lung Transplantation Patients

BackgroundPrimary graft dysfunction (PGD) frequently complicates lung transplantation in the immediate postoperative period. Both female gender and estradiol modulate the body's response to injury and can influence the rate of alveolar fluid clearance.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that female gender and higher estradiol levels would be associated with a lower risk of PGD after lung transplantation.MethodsWe measured plasma estradiol levels preoperatively, 6 hours postoperatively, and 24 hours postoperatively in a cohort of 111 lung transplant recipients at 2 institutions.ResultsMean age was 57 years (12.5) and 52% were female. Median postoperative estradiol level was 63.9 pg/mL (interquartile range, 28.8−154.3 pg/mL) in male and 65.1 pg/mL (interquartile range, 28.4−217.2 pg/mL) in female patients. Contrary to our hypothesis, higher estradiol levels at 24 hours were associated with an increased risk of PGD at 72 hours in male patients (P = 0.001). This association was preserved when accounting for other factors known to be associated with PGD. However, there was no relationship between gender and risk of PGD or between estradiol levels and PGD in females.ConclusionThese findings suggest that there might be different biologic effects of estrogens in males and females, and highlight the importance of considering gender differences in future studies of PGD.     

The Impact of Body Mass Index on Short- and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Graft Bypass

Objective

This study was designed to investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on short- and long-term outcomes after initial revascularization with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Methods

4916 Chinese who consecutively underwent isolated, primary CABG at the Cardiovascular Institute of Fuwai Hospital from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2005 were included in this study. They were classified based on BMI as follows: underweight: <18.5 kg/m², normal weight: 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m², overweight: 24 to 27.9 kg/m², obesity: 28 to 32 kg/m², and severe obesity: >32 kg/m². Short (in-hospital) and long-term (5-years) major post-operative complications and mortalities were compared among various BMI groups after initial revascularization.

Results

Multiple regression analysis of five years follow-up of clinical end points indicated that various BMI groups were not associated with significant differences in 5 years mortality and MACCE, however, old age, smoking, hypertension, myocardial infarction and heart failure were the risk factor for the mortality.

Conclusions

In this large-scale study with long term follow-up after primary CABG in an exclusively ethnic Chinese population, we found that different BMI groups were not significantly associated with 5-years mortality and MACCE, however, old age, smoking, hypertension, myocardial infarction and heart failure were the risk factors of post-operative mortality, and old age, hypertension and heart failure increased the rate of MACCE.     

Training a Sophisticated Microsurgical Technique: Interposition of External Jugular Vein Graft in the Common Carotid Artery in Rats

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in peripheral arterial bypass surgery as well as in arteriovenous fistulas.^1-5 The experimental procedure of vein graft interposition in the common carotid artery by using the cuff-technique has been applied in several research projects to examine the aetiology of neointimal hyperplasia and therapeutic options to address it. ^6-8 The cuff prevents vessel anastomotic remodeling and induces turbulence within the graft and thereby the development of neointimal hyperplasia.Using the superior caval vein graft is an established small-animal model for venous arterialization experiment.^9-11 This current protocol refers to an established jugular vein graft interposition technique first described by Zou et al., ⁹ as well as others.^12-14 Nevertheless, these cited small animal protocols are complicated.To simplify the procedure and to minimize the number of experimental animals needed, a detailed operation protocol by video training is presented. This video should help the novice surgeon to learn both the cuff-technique and the vein graft interposition. Hereby, the right external jugular vein was grafted in cuff-technique in the common carotid artery of 21 female Sprague Dawley rats categorized in three equal groups that were sacrificed on day 21, 42 and 84, respectively. Notably, no donor animals were needed, because auto-transplantations were performed. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice. In addition, the graft patency rate was 60 % for the first 10 operated animals and 82 % for the remaining 11 animals. The blood flow at the time of sacrifice was 8±3 ml/min. In conclusion, this surgical protocol considerably simplifies, optimizes and standardizes this complicated procedure. It gives novice surgeons easy, step-by-step instruction, explaining possible pitfalls, thereby helping them to gain expertise fast and avoid useless sacrifice of experimental animals.