我国24种无尾两栖类精子形态的研究

在光镜下观察我国２４种无尾两栖类的精子，其外形主要包括头和尾两个部分。头部多呈棒状、锥状或弯镰状，平均量度多在１２－１９（８．５－７６）微米；尾部多纤细；全长大多４５－７０（２９－２３５）微料。精子的长度与蛙种个体大小之间无相关性。精子的形态具有科、属或种的特征。同种蛙精子形态和量度的差别，常与生殖细胞的发育状况和成熟程度有关。同一蛙精子的大小可能与精子形成过程中精母细胞和精细胞的发育和生长状态和     

壬基酚对雄性黑斑蛙生殖毒性的研究

通过研究壬基酚对雄性黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)成体的精子和精巢的影响,探讨壬基酚对黑斑蛙的生殖毒性.用不同剂量的壬基酚对雄性黑斑蛙进行处理,对黑斑蛙的精巢系数、精子数、形态结构、畸形率和精巢显微结构等分别进行研究.结果表明,与对照组相比,随着壬基酚浓度的升高,染毒组黑斑蛙的精巢系数下降,精子数减少,精子畸形率明显增大;畸形精子主要表现为其头部出现肥大、弯曲和圆形等现象;精巢显微结构发生变化,表现为生精小管萎缩,生精细胞层次减少,间质区不明显.说明壬基酚对雄性黑斑蛙生殖系统具有毒性效应.     

黑斑蛙和中华大蟾蜍精子的超显微结构研究

过去,在精子的超显微结构方面的研究虽然已积累了很多资料,但在无尾的两栖类,蛙和蟾蜍方面的研究却不多。施履吉等（1981）结合他们的生化工作,曾用液面铺片法研究了这两种两栖类染色质在超显微结构方面的异同。发现黑斑蛙的精子染色质保留了体细胞染色质的核小体的结构,而在蟾蜍染色质中则无核小体结构,取而代之的则为由精蛋白和DNA组成的纤维状结构。然而在原位的情况下,黑斑蛙（Rana nigromacu-lata）和中华大蟾蜍（Bufo bufo asiaticus）的染色质呈何形态尚需做进一步的研究。     

中国雨蛙精子结构及其在系统发育上的意义

研究了中国雨蛙（Ｈｙｌａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）精子的超微结构,并初步探讨其在系统发育上的意义,中国雨蛙精子由头部和尾部两部分组成,头部一有棒状的细胞核,核内染色质高度浓缩,细胞核前方有顶体。顶体圆锥状,顶体下腔之中一圆锥状的顶体下锥和细小的囊泡,精子尾部细长,主要由轴丝,致密纤维和线粒体组成,尾部没有波动膜。从蟾蜍科,雨蛙科和蛙科的精子结构看,无尾两栖类在进化过程中,精子结构趋向简单,雨蛙科精子的结     

峨眉髭蟾精子形态结构及分类学意义

应用透射电镜、扫描电镜和光学显微镜对峨眉髭蟾(Vibrissaphoraboringii)精子的形态和超微结构研究的结果表明:峨眉髭蟾的精子具角蟾科物种精子基本的形态和结构特征,即精子头部呈螺旋状,尾部呈弯曲状;精子具锥形的顶体、纤维束构成的穿孔器、平行排列的中心粒和双轴丝;线粒体位于尾部;精子核窝不明显、无轴纤维和波动膜等特征。此外,对已有报道的角蟾科和无尾类物种精子的特征进行分析比较表明:(1)角蟾科精子细胞核呈螺旋状,中心粒平行排列,尾部具双轴丝等结构不同于无尾类其他科精子的结构,具有明显的科间差别;(2)角蟾科精子各部的量度,尾部线粒体的分布和数量,以及轴丝的排列等特征在属间和种间表现出明显的差异;(3)峨眉髭蟾和东南亚拟髭蟾指名亚种精子的形态和超微结构存在明显的差异。     

四种蝉科昆虫的精子形态(半翅目:蝉科)

【目的】为了明晰蝉科昆虫的精子形态及其在分类和系统发育分析方面的意义,本研究对蝉亚科的蒙古寒蝉Meimuna mongolica、黑蚱蝉Cryptotympana atrata、蛉蛄Pycna repanda及姬蝉亚科的蟋蝉Tettigetta sp.的精子进行了比较研究。【方法】分别通过光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜,观察这4种蝉科昆虫的精子形态特征。【结果】蒙古寒蝉、黑蚱蝉、蛉蛄和蟋蝉这4种蝉科昆虫精子形态基本相似,但精子长度在种内和种间都有明显不同,均表现出多态性。根据精子长度,蛉蛄精子可被分为长精子、中长精子和短精子3种类型;蒙古寒蝉、黑蚱蝉和蟋蝉的精子被分为长精子和短精子2种类型。4种蝉的精子结构也基本相似,头部包含顶体和细胞核,颈区由中心粒和中心粒侧体组成,尾部一般由一根轴丝和一对线粒体衍生物组成,轴丝微管为9+9+2模式。但蝉亚科3个物种的部分精子具有多个线粒体衍生物;首次在蛉蛄精子尾部发现一个电子致密的三角形区域,该结构在蝉科其他昆虫精子中未曾发现。蝉科不同类群的精子中心粒侧体存在显著差异,姬蝉亚科的蟋蝉精子中心粒侧体为片层状结构,蝉亚科昆虫则为鞘状结构。【结论】与蝉次目的角蝉总科和沫蝉总科昆虫精子相比,仅蝉科昆虫的精子表现出多态性,是该科的特有衍征。精子尾部可具多个线粒体衍生物的现象在蝉亚科物种中是否普遍存在有待进一步研究。蝉科不同类群在精子形态方面的差异,为蝉科昆虫分类及蝉次目系统发育分析提供了重要信息。     

峨眉髭蟾精子形态结构及分类学意义

应用透射电镜、扫描电镜和光学显微镜对峨眉髭蟾(Vibrissaphora boringii)精子的形态和超微结构研究的结果表明：峨眉髭蟾的精子具角蟾科物种精子基本的形态和结构特征，即精子头部呈螺旋状，尾部呈弯曲状；精子具锥形的顶体、纤维束构成的穿孔器、平行排列的中心粒和双轴丝；线粒体位于尾部；精子核窝不明显、无轴纤维和波动膜等特征。此外，对已有报道的角蟾科和无尾类物种精子的特征进行分析比较表明：(1)角蟾科精子细胞核呈螺旋状，中心粒平行排列，尾部具双轴丝等结构不同于无尾类其他科精子的结构，具有明显的科间差别；(2)角蟾科精子各部的量度，尾部线粒体的分布和数量，以及轴丝的排列等特征在属间和种间表现出明显的差异；(3)峨眉髭蟾和东南亚拟髭蟾指名亚种精子的形态和超微结构存在明显的差异。     

蝗总科精子超微形态比较及其在系统分类上的意义（直翅目）

通过对８科１９属２３种蝗虫精子超微形态结构的观察和比较,发现其精子有４种类型。这４种类型精子间的主要差异反映在中心粒侧体及线粒体衍生体的超微形态结构方面。经过比较和分析,确认８科中癞蝗科种类（除友谊华癞蝗外）的精子最原始,斑腿蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科、槌角蝗科、剑角蝗科（除中华蚱蜢外）种类的精子最进化。根据精子的演化类型建立了蝗总科精子系统,在这个系统里蝗总科８科昆虫在演化趋势上可分为３大类群     

龙洞山溪鲵精子的超微结构

应用透射电镜和扫描电镜对龙洞山溪鲵(Batrachuperuslongdongensis)精子的超微结构进行观察和研究,探讨山溪鲵属以及小鲵科物种精子的结构特征,并探讨有尾两栖类精子结构特征的演化及其与生殖进化的关系。结果表明:1)龙洞山溪鲵的精子具小鲵科物种精子的共同特征,即精子无顶体钩,顶体呈三叶草状,尾部无线粒体,轴纤维粗大呈圆柱状等特征;2)龙洞山溪鲵精子核脊的形态结构与小鲵科其它属物种以及有尾类其它科物种精子的核脊存在明显的差别,由此可见核脊形态结构具有属或种的特异性。此外,与已有报道的有尾两栖类物种精子的结构特征进行分析比较表明:1)有尾类精子特征的分化与其受精方式的变化是一致的;2)精子结构特征支持隐鳃鲵超科为单系的推测     

我国蝌蚪的科级分类研究

2017年末,我国的两栖动物已记录3目14科466种,其中,无尾目Anura 10科386种。蝌蚪是无尾两栖类物种的幼体,具有一系列适应水生生活的形态特征和一个特别的变态过程,是无尾目的主要标志之一。我国蝌蚪的形态特征散见于各个物种的形态描述,而对蝌蚪科级分类的系统研究却阙如。本文基于蝌蚪的8个形态学分类性状,概述了我国除亚洲角蛙科Ceratobatrachidae外9个科(铃蟾科Bombinatoridae、角蟾科Megophryidae、蟾蜍科Bufonidae、雨蛙科Hylidae、蛙科Ranidae、叉舌蛙科Dicroglossidae、浮蛙科Occidozygidae、树蛙科Rhacophoridae、姬蛙科Microhylidae)的蝌蚪分类特征,系统阐述了蝌蚪科级分类特征的分类和适应意义。     

A sperm mid-piece defect of epididymal origin in two Hereford bulls

Two unrelated Hereford bulls with “dag” sperm-cell defects were subjected to spermatological studies. The defect which involves coiling, folding and splitting of sperm mid-pieces, was found to have an epididymal origin.     

Spermatozoa of tapeworms (Platyhelminthes,Eucestoda): advances in ultrastructural and phylogenetic studies

New data on spermiogenesis and the ultrastructure of spermatozoa of ‘true’ tapeworms (Eucestoda) are summarized. Since 2001, more than 50 species belonging to most orders of the Eucestoda have been studied or reinvestigated, particularly members of the Caryophyllidea, Spathebothriidea, Diphyllobothriidea, Bothriocephalidea, Trypanorhyncha, Tetraphyllidea, Proteocephalidea, and Cyclophyllidea. A new classification of spermatozoa of eucestodes into seven basic types is proposed and a key to their identification is given. For the first time, a phylogenetic tree inferred from spermatological characters is provided. New information obtained in the last decade has made it possible to fill numerous gaps in the character data matrix, enabling us to carry out a more reliable analysis of the evolution of ultrastructural characters of sperm and spermiogenesis in eucestodes. The tree is broadly congruent with those based on morphological and molecular data, indicating that convergent evolution of sperm characters in cestodes may not be as common as in other invertebrate taxa. The main gaps in the current knowledge of spermatological characters are mapped and topics for future research are outlined, with special emphasis on those characters that might provide additional information about the evolution of tapeworms and their spermatozoa. Future studies should be focused on representatives of those major groups (families and orders) in which molecular data indicate paraphyly or polyphyly (e.g. ‘Tetraphyllidea’ and Trypanorhyncha) and on those that have a key phylogenetic position among eucestodes (e.g. Diphyllidea, ‘Tetraphyllidea’, Lecanicephalidea, Nippotaeniidea).     

The influence of photoperiod on embryonic diapause in the tammar wallaby,macropus eugenii

After inoculation of mycoplasmas via ductus deferens in male dogs with a vas deferens fistula the influence on gonads and general state of health was investigated using clinical, andrological, spermatological, microbiological and histological methods.On day 23 and 29 respectively after inoculation two animals showed local reactions within the fistulated gonads which were identified as orchitis and epididymitis. Clinical abnormalities correlated well with the decrease of sperm motility and significant increase (p < 0,05) of aberrant spermatozoa.The microbiological and histological findings are discussed in the light of the incidence of clinical symptoms and the influence of a mycoplasmal infection.     

Sperm axoneme of two rows of doublets reversely oriented in the gall-midge Lestremia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

The spermatozoon of Lestremia lacks an acrosome and has a giant centriole that gives origin to a giant axoneme with about 150 doublets. The axonemal doublets, disposed in two opposite rows oriented antiparallel, have A doublets with two dynein arms and a B tubule filled with dense proteinaceous material. Mitochondria fuse in two derivatives and show cristae and a longitudinal crystallized axis. The probable origin of the giant axoneme is hypothesized and the more prolonged motility of Lestremia sperm in comparison with that of other gall midges is related to the presence of a more precise axonemal organization. The spermatological results agree with the systematic position of Lestremiinae at the base of the evolutionary trend of the family Cecidomyiidae.     

The effect of testosterone on LH and testosterone responses to GnRH in bulls

Clinical and andrological-spermatological investigations in male beagles revealed the status of the gonads before and after fistulating the vas deferens.When semen samples were collected reqularly, no siqnificant differences could be observed in comparison to ejaculates before surgical intervention, as judged by spermatological parameters. Only an increased incidence of immature spermatic cells was found. Changes in the gonads and spermatozoa respectively were found in animals with irregular collection of spermatozoa via fistula which induced irrep-arable occlusion of the fistula and subsequent spermio-stasis.Insemination of beagle bitches with spermatozoa from fistulae led to fertilisation of 3 animals from the group of 4.     

Phylogenetic position of rhyacophiloid caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera): a spermatological analysis of Rhyacophilidae and Glossosomatidae

Most caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) are classified into two suborders, Annulipalpia and Integripalpia. However, the use of the derived characters that are regularly applied in systematic and phylogenetic analyses of Trichoptera is insufficient to determine with certainty the position of the families belonging to Rhyacophiloidea, which are considered by different authors to be either Annulipalpia, or Integripalpia, or even a separate suborder. Rhyacophiloidea comprise four overall similar families: free-living Rhyacophilidae and Hydrobiosidae, saddle-case making Glossosomatidae, and purse-case making Hydroptilidae. It was previously found that Annulipalpia spermatozoa have aberrant axonemes while Integripalpia spermatozoa display the plesiomorph 9 + 2 axoneme. The present spermatological analysis of the families Rhyacophilidae and Glossosomatidae shows that both have spermatozoa with aberrant axonemes lacking the two central microtubules found in the typical axoneme of insect spermatozoa. This is an apomorphic character shared with the superfamily Hydropsychoidea, indicating that from this point of view, Rhyacophiloidae are more closely related to Annulipalpia than to Integripalpia.     

Sperm ultrastructure of an oviparous and an ovoviviparous onychophoran species (Peripatopsidae) with some phylogenetic considerations

The spermatozoa of the Australian oviparous Ooperipatellus insignis and the South African ovoviviparous Opisthopatus cinctipes (both: Onychophora, Peripatopsidae) were studied and compared with the spermatozoal patterns already described in the taxon. The spermatozoa of both species conform with the general plan described for the Onychophora: they are filiform cells formed, in sequence, by an elongated, fully condensed nucleus capped by an acrosome and surrounded by several spiral ridges; by a mitochondrial midpiece characteristically interpolated between the nucleus and a characteristic flagellum. Major differences between the spermatozoa of both species concern their acrosome organization. The correlation between the acrosomal pattern and the size and structure of the ovarial eggs (oocytes) in onychophorans has been investigated. A parsimony analysis was performed on 21 spermatozoal characters of the species considered. Its results are congruent with those of the traditional systematics. A new set of autapomorphies characterising onychophoran sperm is suggested and some of the spermatological homologies proposed between Onychophora and Euclitellata spermatozoa are critically discussed. Our analysis suggests that spermatozoal characters are good phylogenetic markers among onychophorans, also at low taxonomic level.     

Variation in hormonal feedback and reproductive performance in rams of different genotypes from birth through puberty

Comparative experiments were carried out for elucidate the mechanisms that establish and control sexual behaviour of rams. Fifty-four ram lambs 2 to 24 wk of age were used for each of two genotypes and their crosses. The genotypes examined were the highly fertile nonseasonal D'Man breed and the low fertile seasonal Timahdite breed as well as the crossbreed of these two genotypes. Morphological, spermatological, ethological and endocrine parameters were compared. There seems to be a breed-dependent difference in the luteinizing hormone (LH) releasing pattern after gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation at a specific prepubertal time period. This in turn reflects a breed-dependent difference in behavioral response in similar stages of physical maturation. The difference in behaviour is much more marked than the difference in physical characteristics.     

Spermiogenesis and spermatozoon ultrastructure of the cranial digenean Troglotrema acutum (Leuckart, 1842)

Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and the main characters of the mature spermatozoon of Troglotrema acutum are described by means of transmission electron microscopy. Specimens were obtained from the nasolacrimal sinuses of an American mink (Mustela vison). Spermiogenesis in T. acutum follows the general pattern of digeneans. The zone of differentiation is a conical-shaped area bordered by cortical microtubules and delimited at its base by a ring of arched membranes. This area contains 2 centrioles associated with striated rootlets and an intercentriolar body between them. The centrioles develop 2 free flagella that grow ortogonally to the median cytoplasmic process. The posterior flagellar rotation and proximodistal fusion of the free flagella with the median cytoplasmic process originate the spermatozoon. The mature spermatozoon of T. acutum is characterized by the presence of 2 axonemes of different lengths presenting the 9+'1' trepaxonematan pattern, 2 bundles of parallel cortical microtubules, 2 mitochondria, a nucleus, and granules of glycogen. These ultrastructural characters are compared with other digenean species previously studied and the importance of different spermatological features is discussed.