蜈蚣草的解剖结构与组织化学特征

蜈蚣草（Pteris vittata）是多年生的超积累砷植物,并用于修复受重金属污染的土壤。利用光学显微镜和荧光显微镜来研究蜈蚣草的解剖结构及组织化学特征,以此明确该物种适应干旱岩生环境,以及具有离子超富集作用的特点。结果表明（：1）蜈蚣草孢子体的根状茎、不定根和叶的结构均为初生结构,不定根的结构由内而外包括维管柱、内皮层、皮层、木质化厚壁组织层和表皮。（2）根状茎结构由内而外包括网状中柱、内皮层、皮层、表皮外覆盖的角质层。（3）羽状复叶的总叶柄的结构由内而外包括维管束、内皮层、皮层、厚壁组织层、表皮外覆盖的角质层。叶片为异面叶,表皮内方具厚壁层,叶表皮具角质层,仅下表皮有气孔。（4）蜈蚣草根表皮、皮层与根毛的表面富含果胶,皮层木质化;黄连素离子通透性试验结果显示,根毛、根表皮和皮层滞留大量黄连素离子。综上,植物体的内皮层、木质化厚壁组织层、异面叶和厚的角质层结构说明蜈蚣草适应岩生环境,根具木质化皮层和富含果胶的组织化学特点,以及离子通透性试验表明其与离子超积累功能有关。     

菰适应湿地环境的解剖和屏障结构特征研究

菰(Zizania latifolia)是一种多年生挺水植物,为了探讨该植物根、茎和叶的解剖结构、组织化学及其质外体屏障的通透性生理。该文利用光学显微镜和荧光显微镜,对菰的根、茎、叶进行了解剖学和组织化学研究。结果表明:(1)菰不定根解剖结构由外而内分别为表皮、外皮层、单层细胞的厚壁机械组织层、皮层、内皮层和维管柱;茎结构由外而内分别为角质层、表皮、周缘厚壁机械组织层、皮层、具维管束的厚壁组织层和髓腔。叶鞘具有表皮和具维管束皮层,叶片具有表皮,叶肉和维管束。(2)不定根具有位于内侧的内皮层及其邻近栓质化细胞和外侧的外皮层组成的屏障结构;茎具内侧厚壁机械组织层,外侧的角质层和周缘厚壁机械组织层组成的屏障结构,屏障结构的细胞壁具凯氏带、木栓质和木质素沉积的组织化学特点,叶表面具有角质层。(3)菰通气组织包括根中通气组织,茎、叶皮层的通气组织和髓腔。(4)菰的屏障结构和解剖结构是其适应湿地环境的重要特征,但其茎周缘厚壁层和厚壁组织层较薄。由此推测,菰适应湿地环境,但在旱生环境中分布有一定的局限性。     

濒危植物海南风吹楠营养器官解剖结构特征

该研究采用石蜡切片和光学显微技术,对海南风吹楠营养器官的解剖结构及其对环境的适应性进行了探讨。结果表明:海南风吹楠为典型异面叶,叶片中脉发达,中部分化出髓,上表皮外侧具角质层,内侧具1层内皮层,下表皮外侧无角质层,有气孔器分布,气孔器为双环型,略下陷;栅栏组织3~4层细胞,海绵组织4~6层细胞。茎的初生结构中表皮轻微角质化,维管束为外韧型,8~10个初生维管束围绕髓排列为1轮;茎的次生结构中,表皮外部角质层加厚,维管柱紧密排列连成环状,次生韧皮部和次生木质部发达,形成层细胞3~5层。根的初生结构中表皮细胞外壁加厚,外皮层细胞体积大,形状不规则,内侧具1层形成层,内皮层具凯氏带,初生木质部为多原型,呈辐射状排列。根的次生结构中木栓层细胞5~6层,木栓层内侧具1层木栓形成层,栓内层细胞3层。海南风吹楠营养器官具有一定耐阴和耐旱结构特征,同时与其生活的热带雨林沟谷中高温荫湿的环境相适应。     

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属植物营养器官的解剖学研究

首次对中国蜘蛛抱蛋属 9种植物的营养器官进行了解剖学研究。结果表明 :该属 9种植物的解剖结构基本相同。根和根状茎都由表皮、皮层和维管柱组成。根表皮下有单层薄壁细胞 ;内、外皮层均为一层五面加厚的厚壁细胞 ,内皮层外切向壁薄 ,呈马蹄形 ,外皮层内切向壁薄而外切向壁特别加厚 ,并栓质化 ,在横切面上形成一明显的厚壁组织环带 ;根为多原形。根状茎有明显的内皮层 ,周木维管束散生于维管柱的基本组织中 ;具有次生结构 ,次生保护组织为周皮。叶为等面叶 ,具有C4植物结构特征 ;气孔在上、下表皮均有分布 ,保卫细胞肾形 ,属四轮列型。该属植物的解剖结构与其生态环境相适应 ,体现了结构与功能的统一。     

白鲜根的发育解剖学研究

应用半薄切片、常规石蜡切片并结合离析法,对药用植物白鲜(Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz.)根的发生发育过程进行了研究。结果表明:白鲜根的发生发育过程包括4个阶段,即原分生组织阶段、初生分生组织阶段、初生结构阶段以及次生结构阶段。原分生组织位于根冠内侧及初生分生组织之间,衍生细胞分化为初生分生组织。初生分生组织由原表皮、基本分生组织以及中柱原组成。原表皮分化为表皮,基本分生组织分化为皮层,中柱原分化为维管柱,共同组成根的初生结构;在初生结构中,部分表皮细胞外壁向外延伸形成根毛,皮层中分布有油细胞,内皮层有凯氏带,初生木质部为二原型或偶见三原型,外始式;根初生结构有髓或无。次生结构来源于原形成层起源的维管形成层的活动以及中柱鞘起源的木栓形成层的活动;白鲜次生韧皮部宽广,其中多年生根中可占根横切面积的85%,另外除基本组成分子外,还分布有油细胞;周皮发达,木栓层厚;初生皮层、次生木质部和次生韧皮部薄壁细胞中常充满丰富的淀粉粒。     

银州柴胡根的发育解剖学研究

本研究采用常规石蜡切片结合荧光显微镜技术对银州柴胡根的发育解剖学进行了研究。结果表明:（1）银州柴胡根顶端分生组织由原分生组织及其衍生的初生分生组织组成。原生分生组织细胞体积小、排列紧密、细胞质浓厚、细胞核大而明显，具有典型的分生组织的特点；（2）初生分生组织由根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原组成。在根发育过程中，表皮、皮层和维管柱共同组成其初生结构。银州柴胡根初生木质部为二原型或三原型，外始式；同时在根表皮细胞的径向壁观察到径向壁的细胞壁加厚；（3）在根次生生长过程中，位于初生木质部和初生韧皮部之间的原形成层恢复分裂能力产生维管形成层，维管形成层不断地向外产生次生韧皮部，向内产生次生木质部；同时位于根内皮层内方的中柱鞘细胞恢复分裂能力产生木栓形成层，木栓形成层向外形成木栓层，向内形成栓内层。在维管形成层和木栓形成层分裂的过程中，在次生韧皮部和中柱鞘组织中产生形态大小不同的分泌道，均为次生的裂生型分泌道。研究认为，银州柴胡根的结构类似于药典收录的北柴胡和红柴胡根的结构特点，但其根表皮细胞径向壁加厚、木纤维的分布、分泌道的大小和数量等有别于柴胡属其它植物，可作为柴胡属植物重要的分类鉴定依据。     

江南油杉营养器官的解剖结构及其生态适应性

采用石蜡切片和光学显微技术对江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei(Murr.)Carr.var.cyclolepis(Flous)Silba)根、茎、叶的解剖结构进行观测,研究其形态结构对环境的适应性。结果显示:江南油杉叶片为异面叶,上表皮厚11.5μm,外侧覆盖厚4.5μm的角质层,下表皮厚8.6μm,外侧覆盖厚2.4μm的角质层,有气孔器分布,栅栏组织由1~2层细胞组成,海绵组织由2~3层细胞组成,主脉为单脉,厚474.1μm。茎的初生结构中表皮细胞1~2层,外皮层细胞4~6层,内皮层细胞6~8层,其内分布有树脂道;次生结构中木栓层细胞2~3层,栓内层细胞1~2层,皮层内有树脂道和分泌腔分布,维管束紧密排列连成环状。根的初生结构中外皮层细胞3层,内皮层细胞1~2层,具凯氏带,初生木质部为四原型;次生结构中木栓层细胞3~4层,栓内层细胞2~3层。江南油杉营养器官的解剖结构表现出较大的可塑性,使之既能较好地适应阳生环境又对阴生环境具备一定的适应性,还可耐受一定的干旱和寒冷。     

双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum)通透性生理和茎解剖结构补充研究

双穗雀稗根外皮层,茎角质层和茎节中的质外体屏障结构阻挡黄连素示踪液透过植物体。茎中机械组织包括周缘厚壁机械组织层,厚壁组织层和维管系统,髓部和皮层的蜂窝状厚角组织。茎中通气组织包括茎节间髓部和皮层的蜂窝状通气组织,茎节内的通气组织。双穗雀稗茎节间具有外侧、内侧和维管系统的质外体屏障,以及茎节周围质外体屏障的封闭结构。因此,该植物体完善的机械组织、通气组织、质外体屏障结构及其离子不通透性是其适应湿地环境的重要结构。     

酸枣根系结构可塑性对自然梯度干旱生境的适应机制

根系是植物吸收水分和养分的主要器官,是直接接触土壤最先感受土壤逆境胁迫的部位。在干旱环境中,植物根系的结构特征必定发生改变以维持正常的生物机能而生存。目前,关于根系解剖结构的研究大多集中于根系的某一特定结构对单一逆境因子的响应。以生长在烟台-石家庄-银川-吐鲁番不同地域气候条件形成的自然梯度干旱环境中的酸枣为试验材料,应用植物显微技术研究酸根系结构的可塑性对不同自然梯度干旱环境的适应机制,结果表明:酸枣根的初生结构包括表皮、皮层和维管柱,表皮位于幼根的最外层,由单层体积较小、紧密排列的表皮细胞组成。皮层占根初生结构的大部分比例,由体积较大的多层薄壁细胞组成,薄壁细胞近似圆球形,数目众多,呈环形分布。维管柱位于最内层,细胞小而密集,由中柱鞘、初生木质部、初生韧皮部及薄壁细胞组成。随生境干旱加剧,酸枣根初生结构表皮细胞的厚度和宽度逐渐增加,皮层薄壁细胞的厚度和宽度、皮层薄壁细胞层数和皮层厚度均以宁夏银川样地的最大。酸枣根的次生结构包括周皮(木栓层、木栓形成层、栓内层)和次生维管组织(次生韧皮部、维管形成层和次生木质部)。从烟台至新疆吐鲁番随生境干旱加剧,酸枣植株根系周皮逐渐加厚、致密度提高。次生木质部中,导管的数量增加,管径增大。干旱环境中,酸枣植株根系结构上的变化一方面提高了吸水能力和输水效率,另一方面增强了保水能力,减少水分散失,这可能是其适应干旱逆境的机制之一。     

乌拉尔甘草根与根状茎发育解剖学研究

应用常规石蜡切片方法,对乌拉尔甘草根和根状茎的结构及其发育进程进行研究.结果显示:(1)乌拉尔甘草根的发育包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个发育阶段.原分生组织由3层原始细胞组成,具有典型分生组织细胞的特征;初生分生组织由根冠原、表皮原、皮层原和中柱原组成;初生结构包括表皮、皮层和中柱,初生木质部为4原型,偶见3原型,内皮层细胞具凯氏带;次生生长依靠维管形成层和木栓形成层活动完成,维管形成层源于初生木质部和初生韧皮部之间的薄壁细胞,而木栓形成层由中柱鞘细胞脱分化产生;次生结构由次生维管组织和周皮共同组成,根中央不具髓.(2)根状茎发育过程与地上茎类似,包括原分生组织、初生分生组织、初生生长和次生生长4个发育阶段.原生分生组织由原套和原体组成,其衍生细胞分化成由原表皮、基本分生组织和原形成层组成的初生分生组织;初生结构包括表皮、皮层、外韧维管束、髓和髓射线,维管束呈环形排列;位于维管束中的原形成层细胞恢复活动产生次生木质部和次生韧皮部,束间形成层产生射线细胞;靠近维管束内侧的皮层薄壁组织细胞脱分化产生木栓形成层,以后形成周皮.周皮、次生维管束、射线和髓共同构成根状茎的次生结构.     

Structural and Histochemical Features of the Slow-Growing Perennial <i>Coptis chinensis</i> Franch. (Ranunculaceae)

Huanglian (Coptis chinensis Franch.) is a slow-growing perennial medicinal herb with considerable economic value. This study aimed to determine the structural characteristics and the levels of berberine deposits in the organs and tissues of Huanglian using light and epifluorescence microscopy. The adventitious roots are composed of primary and secondary structures with endodermis, exodermis, and phellem. The rhizome structures are composed of primary and secondary structures with cuticle and phellem. The leaves are composed of sclerenchymatous rings, isolateral mesophyll, and thin cuticles. We detected berberine in the xylem walls of the roots and rhizomes as well as in the sclerenchymatous rings of the petioles. We postulate that as the exodermis is developed, the deposition of berberine in the xylem closest to the root tips may affect water and nutrient absorption and transfer. Leaf blades had a thin cuticle and isolateral mesophyll, suggesting shade tolerance. These structural and histochemical features suggest that Huanglian is adapted to the slow growing nature of a shady environment.     

入侵植物水花生解剖学和组织化学染色研究

水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides)因其表型可塑性、高生长速率和快速无性繁殖能适应水、陆生境.该文利用光学显微镜和荧光显微镜对水、陆生境的水花生不定根、茎解剖结构、组织化学特征及质外体通透性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)水生境下,其不定根皮层中具较大裂生型通气组织,无次生生长,内皮层具凯氏带且...     

Casparian bands occur in the periderm of Pelargonium hortorum stem and root

Background and Aims

Casparian bands are characteristic of the endodermis and exodermis of roots, but also occur infrequently in other plant organs, for example stems and leaves. To date, these structures have not been detected in phellem cells of a periderm. The aim of this study was to determine whether Casparian bands occur in phellem cells using tests that are known to detect Casparian bands in cells that also contain suberin lamellae. Both natural periderm and wound-induced structures were examined in shoots and roots.

Methods

Using Pelargonium hortorum as a candidate species, the following tests were conducted: (1) staining with berberine and counterstaining with aniline blue, (2) mounting sections in concentrated sulphuric acid and (3) investigating the permeability of the walls with berberine as an apoplastic, fluorescent tracer.

Key Results

(1) Berberine–aniline blue staining revealed a modification in the radial and transverse walls of mature phellem cells in both stems and roots. Three days after wounding through to the cortex of stems, the boundary zone cells (pre-existing, living cells nearest the wound) had developed vividly stained primary walls. By 17 d, staining of mature phellem cells of wound-induced periderm was similar to that of natural periderm. (2) Mature native phellem cells of stems resisted acid digestion. (3) Berberine was excluded from the anticlinal (radial and transverse) walls of mature phellem cells in stems and roots, and from the wound-induced boundary zone.

Conclusions

Casparian bands are present in mature phellem cells in both stems and roots of P. hortorum. It is proposed that Casparian bands act to retard water loss and pathogen entry through the primary cell walls of the phellem cells, thus contributing to the main functions of the periderm.     

Differences in Anatomical Structure and Lignin Content of Roots of pedunculate Oak and Wild Cherry-Tree Plantlets During Acclimation

The lignin contents and anatomical structure of roots of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) plantlets were compared to explain differences in response during transfer from in vitro to ex vitro conditions. Lignification of cell walls increased significantly in both oak and cherry roots during the period of acclimation and finally lignin content of root tissues of in vitro propagated plantlets reached the levels not significantly different from seedlings grown in soil. Later on when secondary tissues appeared, lignified secondary xylem constituted most of the tissues of both species. The most conspicuous interspecific difference in root structure was the presence of phi-thickenings in cortical layers just outer to endodermis in cherry roots cultivated ex vitro. Formation of phi-thickenings was avoided in vitro and their presence thus seems to be under environmental control. Suberised well established exodermis was present in roots of oak but not detected in those of cherry. Very early development of exodermis in oak roots, preceding suberisation of endodermis, was recorded in vitro but not in well aerated soil. While multilayered and well-developed cork occurred in oak, only thin walled and less suberised secondary dermal tissues were found in cherry.     

Ultrastructure of the haustorial interface and apoplastic continuum between host and the root hemiparasiteOlax phyllanthi (Labill.) R. Br. (Olacaceae)

Summary Structural features of haustorial interface parenchyma of the root hemiparasiteOlax phyllanthi are described. Walls contacting host xylem are thickened non-uniformly with polysaccharides, not lignin, and show only a thin protective wall layer when abutting pits in walls of host xylem vessels or tracheids. Lateral walls of interface parenchyma exhibit an expanded middle layer of open fibrillar appearance, sometimes with, but mostly lacking adjoining layers of dense wall material. Free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum are prominent and occasional wall ingrowths present. Experiments involving transpirational feeding of the apoplast tracers lanthanum nitrate or uranyl acetate to host roots cut below haustorial connections, indicate effective apoplastic transfer from host to parasite root via the haustorium. Deposits of the tracers suggest a major pathway for water flow through host xylem pits, across the thin protective wall layer, and thence into the haustorium via the electronopaque regions of the terminal and lateral walls of the contact parenchyma. Graniferous tracheary elements and walls of parenchyma cells of the body of the haustorium appear to participate in tracer flow as do walls of cortical cells, stele parenchyma and xylem conducting elements of the parasite root, suggesting that both vascular and non-vascular routes are involved in extracytoplasmic transfer of xylem sap from host to parasite. The Casparian strip of the endodermis and the suberin lamella of the exodermis of theOlax root act as barriers to flow within the system.     

Evidence for symplastic involvement in the radial movement of calcium in onion roots

The pathway of Ca(2+) movement from the soil solution into the stele of the root is not known with certainty despite a considerable body of literature on the subject. Does this ion cross an intact, mature exodermis and endodermis? If so, is its movement through these layers primarily apoplastic or symplastic? These questions were addressed using onion (Allium cepa) adventitious roots lacking laterals. Radioactive Ca(2+) applied to the root tip was not transported to the remainder of the plant, indicating that this ion cannot be supplied to the shoot through this region where the exodermis and endodermis are immature. A more mature zone, in which the endodermal Casparian band was present, delivered 2.67 nmol of Ca(2+) mm(-1) treated root length d(-1) to the transpiration stream, demonstrating that the ion had moved through an intact endodermis. Farther from the root tip, a third zone in which Casparian bands were present in the exodermis as well as the endodermis delivered 0.87 nmol Ca(2+) mm(-1) root length d(-1) to the transpiration stream, proving that the ion had moved through an unbroken exodermis. Compartmental elution analyses indicated that Ca(2+) had not diffused through the Casparian bands of the exodermis, and inhibitor studies using La(3+) and vanadate (VO(4)(3-)) pointed to a major involvement of the symplast in the radial transport of Ca(2+) through the endodermis. It was concluded that in onion roots, the radial movement of Ca(2+) through the exodermis and endodermis is primarily symplastic.