广西百色盆地更新世樟科两种植物角质层研究

本文描述的具角质层的两块叶化石,产自广西百色盆地更新统长蛇岭组。经与现代植物的角质层对比研究后,确定这两块叶化石分属于樟科的两属两种,即油丹(近似种)(Alseoda-phne cf.hainanensis Merr.)和紫楠(近似种)[Phoebe cf.sheareri(Hemsl.)Gamble]。研究结果表明,角质层在鉴定被子植物化石中具有可靠的价值。     

山东的樟科植物及其地理分布

本文报道了山东樟科植物的种类及其地理分布。山东的樟科植物计有5属8种,主要分布在山东半岛和鲁巾南的山地丘陵区。     

山东的樟科植物及其地理分布

本文报道了山东樟科植物的种类及其地理分布。山东的樟科植物计有5属8种,主要分布在山东半岛和鲁中南的山地丘陵区。     

重要林木樟科植物全基因组测序研究进展

近年来,随着测序技术的革新、测序成本的降低和生物信息学软件的开发,植物全基因组研究蓬勃发展。樟科(Lauraceae)隶属被子植物木兰类,泛热带分布,物种多样性高,其中很多物种具有重要的经济和生态价值,目前已发表包括8个物种的13个基因组。该文从樟科全基因组研究现状、基因组特征、起源和进化以及功能基因和基因家族4个方面进行综述,着重介绍基于组学数据的木兰类及樟科的系统发生、樟科经历的多倍化事件以及与樟科花器官进化和代谢产物相关的基因鉴定。结合研究现状展望了樟科基因组研究的发展方向,建议通过增加测序基因组分支的代表性并关注具有特殊价值的物种,及研究物种特异性功能基因以加深对该家族基因功能和进化的理解。     

樟科木姜子属群的起源与演化

论述了樟科木姜子属群的起源与演化,认为该属群起源于古北大陆南部和古南大陆北部,以及古地中海周围热带地区,起源时间不早于中白垩纪。这一自然属群明显存在着平行进化情况,其核心的木姜子属和山胡椒属极可能是同地起源于共同祖先,我国南部至印度马来西亚可能是这两属的起源和分化中心,并从这里向热带美洲及大洋洲扩散。其余的属可能是从这一核心演化出来。     

樟科植物中脂肪酸成分的分布

本文报道了樟科11个属49种种子油和‘种果肉油的脂肪酸成分。其中樟族和木姜子族的各属种(滇新樟除外)种子油脂肪酸成分以 C_(10)、C_(12)和 C_(14)饱和或烯酸为主。而厚壳桂属、润楠和楠属种子油脂肪酸成分主要为棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸。山苍子、天目木姜子、大果山胡椒、山橙、红脉钓樟、鸭公树和锈叶新木姜子种子油中的 C_(10)、C_(12)和 C_(14)烯酸经分离鉴定均是顺式Δ~4烯酸。     

中国樟科植物拾零

报道了中国樟科植物的１个新种,２个新组合,１个新异名和２个新分布。     

世界樟科植物系统学研究进展

就上世纪 90年代以来世界樟科植物系统学研究进展 ,从形态学、孢粉学、胚胎学、叶角质层研究、分子系统学以及生物地理学等 6方面进行了综述性的回顾和展望     

世界樟科植物系统学研究进展

就上世纪90年代以来世界樟科植物系统学研究进展,从形态学、孢粉学、胚胎学、叶角质层研究、分子系统学以及生物地理学等6方面进行了综述性的回顾和展望。     

广东,海南两省樟科,野牡丹科及菊科的系统演化与区系地理的热带亲缘

广东、海南两省樟科、野牡丹科及菊科的系统演化,包括起源、迁移、分化及分类特点。论述了两省三科区系地理的热带亲缘,讨论了两省三科的特有属。种虽比西南省区少,但是与亚洲热带国家共同分布的属、种却明显的多。     

Dancing on the platform: Lability of floral organs of Beilschmiedia appendiculata (Lauraceae)

Floral characters are important for the systematics of the Lauraceae. However, structure and development of the flowers remain poorly known in the family. In this study, we observed the variation and early development of flowers of Beilschmiedia appendiculata, which belongs to the Cryptocarya clade of the family. The results indicate that the shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of the floral buds are enlarged and become a platform for the programmed initiation of the floral organs; floral organs develop basically in an acropetal pattern; phyllotaxis is whorled, initiation of floral primordia within a whorl is asynchronous; floral merosity is extremely variable, for example, dimerous, trimerous, tetramerous, dimerous plus trimerous, and trimerous plus tetramerous. In addition, this species has lost the innermost staminal whorl and glands are not closely associated with stamens of the third staminal whorl, which is unusual in the family Lauraceae. Our new observations broaden our knowledge of the variation of floral structure in Beilschmiedia and pose a fundamental question regarding the ecology underlying the lability of floral organs in B. appendiculata.     

基于DNA条形码评估西双版纳国家级自然保护区对樟科植物进化历史的保护

为评估西双版纳国家级自然保护区对樟科这一重要植物类群进化潜力的保护情况, 揭示将物种进化历史纳入生物多样性保护评估的重要性, 本研究通过对西双版纳地区长期的野外调查并查阅标本记录与文献资料, 整理出该地区樟科13属121种物种的具体分布信息, 以植物条形码ITS序列作为分子标记构建了反映整个西双版纳地区樟科植物系统发育关系的系统发育树。我们以此为基础, 从物种层面分析了各物种的进化特异性(evolutionary distinctiveness, ED), 从区域层面分析了自然保护区内、外以及32个行政乡镇的系统发育多样性(phylogenetic diversity, PD), 并结合物种丰富度(species richness, SR)与物种濒危等级, 综合探讨了西双版纳国家级自然保护区对樟科植物进化历史的保护情况。研究发现, 西双版纳国家级自然保护区仅拥有整个西双版纳地区54.5%的樟科物种数, 却保护了该地区樟科植物约88.8%的进化历史, 没有被列入保护范围但却拥有高系统发育多样性的区域有打洛镇、易武乡等。就物种而言, 进化特异性相对较高的19个物种中, 有5种(26.3%)在自然保护区内没有分布; 濒危等级高的54个物种中, 有20种(37.0%)在自然保护区没有分布, 同时拥有高进化特异性和濒危等级的物种仅有1种不在保护区内分布。结果表明, 虽然西双版纳国家级自然保护区对樟科这一植物类群的系统发育多样性以及高保护价值物种的保护较好, 但仍有部分重要樟科植物的进化历史没有涵盖在现有自然保护区范围内; 按照传统方法设定的自然保护区虽能在一定程度上保护樟科物种的进化历史, 但仍然存在与标准化系统发育多样性保护策略相矛盾的地方。因此, 今后在建立自然保护区时, 应将系统发育多样性考虑在内, 以保护生物多样性应对环境变化的潜力。     

Plastid phylogenomics improve phylogenetic resolution in the Lauraceae

Abstract The family Lauraceae is a major component of tropical and subtropical forests worldwide, and includes some commercially important timber trees and medicinal plants. However, phylogenetic relationships within Lauraceae have long been problematic due to low sequence divergence in commonly used markers, even between morphologically distinct taxa within the family. Here we present phylogenetic analyses of 43 newly generated Lauraceae plastomes together with 77 plastomes obtained from GenBank, representing 24 genera of Lauraceae and 17 related families of angiosperms, plus nine barcodes from 19 additional species in 18 genera of Lauraceae, in order to reconstruct highly supported relationships for the Lauraceae. Our phylogeny supports the relationships: sisterhood of the Lauraceae and a clade containing Hernandiaceae and Monimiaceae, with Atherospermataceae and Gomortegaceae being the next sister groups, followed by Calycanthaceae. Our results highlight a monophyletic Lauraceae, with nine well‐supported clades as follows: Hypodaphnis clade, Beilschmiedia–Cryptocarya clade, Cassytha clade, Neocinnamomum clade, Caryodaphnopsis clade, Chlorocardium–Mezilaurus clade, Machilus–Persea clade, Cinnamomum–Ocotea clade, and Laurus–Neolitsea clade. The topology recovered here is consistent with the patterns of plastome structural evolution and morphological synapomorphies reported previously. More specifically, flower sex, living type, inflorescence type, ovary position, anther locus number, leaf arrangement, leaf venation, lateral vein number, tree height, and inflorescence location all represent morphological synapomorphies of different lineages. Our findings have taxonomic implications and two new tribes, Caryodaphnopsideae and Neocinnamomeae, are described, and the composition of four other tribes is updated. The phylogeny recovered here provides a robust phylogenetic framework through which to address the evolutionary history of the Magnoliids, the third‐largest group of Mesangiospermae.     

Grooming behaviours in the Hymenoptera (Insecta): potential phylogenetic significance

Grooming behaviours from representatives of 36 families of Hymenoptera were video recorded and analysed. Thirty-three distinct types of grooming movements were recognized. The evolutionary pattern of each behaviour is discussed. Some behaviours displayed consistent variation between taxa, and appear to be informative regarding higher level relationships within the order. Putative synapomorphies are reported that support the monophyly of the Apocrita, Cynipoidea, Platygastroidea, Ichneumonoidea, and Chalcidoidea including the Mymaridae.     

樟科(Lauraceae)部分属种雌蕊群维管分布格局及其系统学意义

运用石蜡切片技术,对樟科的紫楠（Ｐｈｏｅｂｅ ｓｈｅａｒｅｒｉ（Ｈｅｍｓｌ．）Ｇａｍｂｌｅ）,浙江楠（Ｐｈ．ｃｈｅｋｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｓ．Ｂ．Ｓｈａｎｇ）香樟（Ｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｕｍ ｃａｍｐｈｏｒａ （Ｌｉｎｎ．）Ｐｒｅｓｌ．）浙江桂（Ｃ．ｃｈｅｋｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｎａｋａｉ）,细叶香桂（Ｃ．ｓｕｂａｖｅｎｉｕｍＭｉｑ．）、江浙山胡椒（Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａ ｃｈｉｅｎｉｉ Ｃｈｅｎｇ）、钓樟（Ｌ．ｒ     

Occurrence and evolutionary significance of RESISTANT CELL WALLS IN CHAROPHYTES AND BRYOPHYTES

A survey of charophycean green algal and bryophyte taxa revealed the frequent occurrence of vegetative cell walls that were characterized by a specific form of autofluorescence and resistance to high temperature acid treatment (acetolysis). The time of production and the location of resistant, autofluorescent cell walls varied among charophyte and bryophyte taxa in patterns that suggest that bryophytes inherited the capacity to produce such walls from charophyte ancestors. A number of charophytes produced resistant walls in response to desiccation stress, suggesting an evolutionarily early adaptive response. Coleochaete was unique among charophytes, but similar to all bryophytes tested in that sexual reproduction induced autofluorescence in cell walls of well-hydrated tissues at the placental junction. Maternal tissues in apical portions of the pseudoseta bearing Sphagnum sporophytes were characterized by autofluorescent, acetolysis-resistant cell walls similar to those observed in maternal cells adjacent to Coleochaete zygotes. These observations suggest that cell–cell stimulus–response interactions regulate deposition of autofluorescent compounds in placental cell walls, and that this characteristic may have been shared by the earliest embryophytes and their charophyte ancestors. Various bryophytes deposit autofluorescent, acid-resistant compounds at other adaptively significant sites including sporangial epidermis, spiral thickenings of elaters, rhizoids, and leaves in the special case of Sphagnum moss. Sphagnum and liverwort sporangial epidermis, which had been subjected to acetolysis or strong acid procedures commonly used to release microfossils from rock matrices, resembled published photographs of Ordovician–Devonian microfossils consisting of cellular scraps that have been attributed to earliest land plants. Our work suggests that at least some of these fossils, previously thought to represent “dispersed cuticles,” could be reinterpreted as earliest known remains of plant sporophytic tissues, and that they may be homologous with resistant sporangial epidermis of modern bryophytes. In general, the patterns of occurrence of resistant, autofluorescent cell walls in charophytes and bryophytes suggest repeated exaptation. Regulation of deposition appears to have been modified through time, so that resistant wall compounds have had a sequence of functions: desiccation resistance and/or microbial resistance in lower charophytes, a role in embryogenesis in Coleochaete and embryophytes, and finally, decay resistance in innovative structures that characterize bryophytes, such as rhizoids, sporangial epidermis, and elaters.     

Ecogeographical Differentiation in Nectandra (Lauraceae), and its Historical Implications

Following a taxonomic revision of Nectandra, a genus of about 114 species of neotropical trees, character gradients are compared against geographical distribution, habitat preferences, and reproductive phenology of individual species, with the aim of reconstructing the spatial and temporal diversification of the genus. It is shown that Nectandra, together with Ocotea, Persea, and other genera of the Lauraceae, originated from a northern hemisphere matrix that immigrated into South America, perhaps as late as after the closure of the Central American land bridge in the Pliocene. The dramatic diversification of the genus within South America was facilitated by its ornithochorous dispersal system, implying ample processes of allopatric speciation. At present, speciation seems to take place preferably by processes of ecotypic (mostly edaphic) specialization, by which widely distributed, ecologically polymorphic species give rise to swarms of ecologically narrowly specialized satellite species.     

被子植物镜像花柱及其进化意义

镜像花柱是指花柱在花水平面上向左(左花柱型)或向右(右花柱型)偏离花中轴线,是一种花柱多态现象,可根据左、右花柱花在植株上的排列式样划分为单型镜像花柱和二型镜像花柱两类,或根据镜像花柱和雄蕊的排列方式划分为雌雄互补镜像花柱和非雌雄互补镜像花柱两类。镜像花柱现象已在被子植物11个科的部分种类中进行了报道,它在保护功能型雄蕊和雌蕊、通过自交产生繁殖保障效应以及通过减小雌雄功能间干扰、提高异交率和雄性适合度等方面具有重要的进化意义,目前已成为植物繁殖生物学领域的研究热点。本文总结分析了国际上有关镜像花柱的研究工作,重点介绍:(1)镜像花柱的类型、镜像花的形态分化及花部特征,(2)镜像花柱植物在被子植物中的分布及其遗传演化,(3)镜像花的交配式样和交配频率、传粉特点及其进化生物学意义,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步研究镜像花柱植物的进化生物学特性,推动我国在该领域的发展提供科学依据。     

Biogeography of the grasses (Poaceae): a phylogenetic approach to reveal evolutionary history in geographical space and geological time

The grasses (Poaceae) are the fifth most diverse family of angiosperms, including 800 genera and more than 10 000 species. Few phylogenetic studies have tried to investigate palaeo‐biogeographical and palaeo‐ecological scenarios that may have led to present‐day distribution and diversity of grasses at the family level. We produced a dated phylogenetic tree based on combined plastid DNA sequences and a comprehensive sample of Poaceae. Furthermore, we produced an additional tree using a supermatrix of morphological and molecular data that included all 800 grass genera so that ancestral biogeography and ecological habitats could be inferred. We used a likelihood‐based method, which allows the estimation of ancestral polymorphism in both biogeographical and ecological analyses for large data sets. The origin of Poaceae was retrieved as African and shade adapted. The crown node of the BEP + PACCMAD clade was dated at 57 Mya, in the early Eocene. Grasses dispersed to all continents by approximately 60 million years after their Gondwanan origin in the late Cretaceous. PACCMAD taxa adapted to open habitats as early as the late Eocene, a date consistent with recent phytolith fossil data for North America. C₄ photosynthesis first originated in Africa, at least for Chloridoideae in the Eocene at c. 30 Mya. The BEP clade members adapted to open habitats later than PACCMAD members; this was inferred to occur in Eurasia in the Oligocene. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 162 , 543–557.