纳米SiO_2暴露对大鼠空间学习记忆及海马齿状回长时程增强的影响

目的:探讨纳米二氧化硅(nano-Si O2)对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响。方法:24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=8):即对照组(C组),低剂量组(L组)和高剂量组(H组)。采用灌胃给药4周,干预组给予nano-Si O2颗粒混悬液,L组和H组给予剂量分别为25 mg/kg和100 mg/kg体重,对照组给予同等剂量生理盐水。每周测大鼠体重,利用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力;在体脑立体定位电生理法检测大鼠海马齿状回LTP。结果:H组体重增幅较C组显著减小(P0.05),L组体重增长与C组相比有减小趋势,但无统计学意义;H组大鼠在定位航行实验中逃避潜伏期明显长于同时期C组(P0.05),而空间探索实验中目的象限游泳时间明显低于C组(P0.05);H组LTP诱导率显著低于C组(P0.05),高频刺激(HFS)前,组间PS峰幅值无显著差异,HFS后,L组和H组PS峰增幅均显著低于C组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:nano-Si O2可能通过降低大鼠海马齿状回LTP的诱导和PS峰的增幅,进而影响大鼠学习记忆能力。     

菟丝子总黄酮对内分泌衰退痴呆模型小鼠学习记忆功能的影响及保护作用机制

目的:研究菟丝子总黄酮对内分泌衰退痴呆模型小鼠学习记忆功能的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:将50只昆明种雌性小鼠随机分为模型组,雌激素对照组(0.3 mg·kg-1),菟丝子总黄酮低剂量组(35mg·kg-1),菟丝子总黄酮中剂量组(70 mg·kg-1)和菟丝子总黄酮高剂量组(140 mg·kg-1),采用背部去卵巢法切除双侧卵巢,另取10只小鼠作为假手术对照组,建立内分泌衰退小鼠模型,术后各治疗组进行灌胃给药治疗三个月,假手术组和模型组均给予0.9%生理盐水。给药结束后采用Morris水迷宫观察小鼠行为学变化;放射免疫法检测小鼠血液中雌激素的水平;HE染色光镜观察海马神经元病理形态;流式细胞仪检测小鼠海马神经细胞凋亡率和免疫印迹法检测海马区神经细胞凋亡相关蛋白(Bcl-2、Bax、Csapase-3)及Cyt-c蛋白的表达水平。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组小鼠学习记忆能力明显下降(P0.01);血液中雌激素水平显著降低(P0.01);海马神经细胞凋亡率显著增加(P0.01);Cyt-c、Caspase-3、Bax蛋白表达水平大大增加(P0.01),Bcl-2蛋白表达降低明显(P0.01)。与模型组相比,TFSC各治疗组小鼠学习记忆能力显著增强(P0.05,P0.01,P0.01);血液中雌激素水平上升显著(P0.05,P0.01,P0.01);小鼠海马区神经细胞凋亡率明显下降(P0.05,P0.01,P0.01);同时Cyt-c、Caspase-3、Bax蛋白表达水平均大大降低,Bcl-2蛋白表达均明显增加(P0.05,P0.05,P0.01)。结论:TFSC可上调脑细胞中Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平,抑制Bax、Caspase-3和Cyt-c蛋白的表达量,进而增强神经元的可塑性和营养性,以防止神经细胞从内源性线粒体途径丢失或凋亡,进一步改善内分泌衰退型痴呆小鼠的学习记忆能力。TFSC可能是通过促进或增强下丘脑-脑垂体-性腺轴功能,从而达到增加雌激素水平和改善内分泌系统功能的目的。     

GDNF在慢性应激和老化致小鼠行为与认知损伤中的作用

目的:探讨慢性应激对不同月龄小鼠空间学习记忆功能的影响,以及小鼠前脑皮层和海马胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)的作用。方法:采用多因素慢性应激动物模型,通过旷场试验和Morris水迷宫试验,检测不同月龄小鼠行为及空间学习记忆能力,并检测GDNF在小鼠脑海马和前脑皮层的表达。结果:与青年(2月龄)小鼠比较,老年(15月龄)小鼠的自发活动和探究行为明显减少,空间学习记忆能力明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),且海马CA3区、齿状回和前脑皮层GDNF表达明显下降(P<0.05,P<0.01);在慢性应激后,与对照组比较,青年和老年应激组小鼠的自发活动和探究行为显著减少,空间学习记忆能力显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),且小鼠前脑皮层和海马GDNF表达显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),老年应激小鼠变化更加显著。结论:脑的老化和慢性应激导致小鼠行为及空间学习记忆功能改变,可能与海马和前脑皮层神经元GDNF表达的变化密切相关。     

吸烟对小鼠血清介导巨噬细胞胆固醇流出的影响及其机制

目的:探讨吸烟对小鼠血清介导巨噬细胞胆固醇流出的影响及其机制.方法:14只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组和吸烟组.吸烟组小鼠被动吸烟8周后,检测血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)和丙二醛(MDA)浓度.采用液体闪烁计数法分别检测对照组小鼠血清、吸烟组小鼠血清、吸烟组小鼠血清+N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC,2mM)介导的细胞胆固醇流出效率.结果:与对照组相比,吸烟组小鼠血清中HDL-C显著降低,TG显著升高,TC和LDL-C无显著差别,并且吸烟组小鼠血清中MDA水平也显著升高.吸烟组小鼠血清介导巨噬细胞胆固醇流出效率明显降低,给予抗氧化剂NAC共同孵育可以显著增加吸烟组小鼠血清胆固醇流出效率.结论:吸烟显著降低小鼠血清介导的巨噬细胞胆固醇流出效率,其机制可能与吸烟降低HDL-C水平以及促进HDL脂质过氧化有关.     

补肾活血法对AD模型小鼠行为学的影响

目的:研究中医补肾活血法指导下中药复方(益智健脑方浓缩液)以及针刺("补肾活血针刺法")对阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠SAMP8(Senescgnce Accelerated Mouse P8,SAMP8)的行为学影响,从不同侧面阐明补肾活血法对SAMP8小鼠的治疗作用以及防治AD的可行性.方法:将5月龄雄性SAMP8 30只随机分为中药治疗组(n=10)、针刺治疗组(n=10)和模型对照组(n=10),中药治疗组以益智健脑方浓缩液灌胃;针刺治疗组予以"补肾活血针刺法"干预;模型对照组不予任何处理;另设5月龄雄性SAMR1小鼠(n=10)作为正常对照组.4周后,采用Morris水迷宫对各组小鼠的行为学进行检测分析其学习记忆能力的变化.结果:Morris水迷宫实验中,模型对照组SAMP8小鼠的逃避潜伏期较正常对照组SAMR1小鼠的逃避潜伏期时间明显延长(P<0.05),停留在原平台象限的时间和穿越原平台次数较正常对照组SAMR1小鼠明显减少(P<0.05);补肾活血法指导下,采用中药复方益智健脑方浓缩液以及"补肾活血针刺法"干预均能够明显缩短SAMP8小鼠的逃避潜伏期(P<0.05),增加其停留在原平台象限的时间和穿越原平台次数(P<0.05).结论:补肾活血法能够明显改善AD模型小鼠SAMP8的学习记忆能力以及记忆巩固、再现能力.     

益智Ⅱ号对记忆保持及消退中海马CA3区突触结构的影响

目的:观察益智II号对小鼠记忆保持及消退过程中海马CA3区突触结构的影响。方法:给小鼠灌胃益智II号口服液0.2ml.d-1,连续20d。给药结束后,进行一次性被动回避反应训练,24h后检测小鼠记忆的保持。在行为训练前及训练后的第6d、第12d分别取海马CA3区,电镜观察不同时期突触结构的变化。结果:①在行为训练后的第1d、第6和第12d,益智II号组动物的步入潜伏期明显长于对照组(P<0.01,P<0.05);②行为训练后的第6、第12d,不论是对照组还是益智II号组,海马CA3区突触活性区长度均显著大于行为训练前(P<0.01,P<0.05);在行为训练后的同一时期,益智II号组的突触活性区长度明显大于对照组(P<0.01);③在行为训练后的第6d,益智II号组中轴树突触、穿孔突触的数量明显高于学习前(P<0.05),也高于同一时期对照组动物(P<0.05)。结论:益智II号能明显促进小鼠记忆的保持,延缓记忆消退;益智II号促进记忆保持可能与其增加海马CA3区突触活性区长度、轴树突触及穿孔突触的数量有关。     

BALB/c和ICR小鼠的学习记忆能力等行为学研究

目的研究不同品系小鼠学习记忆能力的差异,为学习记忆的基础研究提供应用信息。方法80只BALB/c和80只ICR小鼠分别分为Morris水迷宫组、跳台组、穿梭组、ROTA-ROD组,每组20例,进行学习记忆能力及行动能力测试。结果水迷宫组在9轮水迷宫训练学习期BALB/c小鼠空间学习记忆能力没有明显提高。ICR小鼠从9轮水迷宫训练学习期的第4次开始,逃避潜伏期显著缩短,与前3次相比差异有显著性(P<0.001)。跳台组ICR和BALB/c小鼠训练前后5 min内错误次数及跳下潜伏期差异均具有显著性。穿梭组ICR小鼠学习期与记忆期主动逃避次数、被动逃避次数及电击时间的差异均有显著性,而BALB/c小鼠训练前后主动逃避次数、被动逃避次数及电击时间的差异均无显著性。ROTA-ROD组ICR小鼠的跑步动作维持时间显著高于BALB/c小鼠,其差异有显著性。结论以上结果提示在进行某些学习记忆实验时,使用ICR小鼠优于BALB/c小鼠。     

槲皮素体外抗氧化及对小鼠血脂代谢作用的研究

本研究旨在探讨槲皮素体外抗氧化能力以及对高脂日粮小鼠血脂代谢的影响.体外分别测定了槲皮素对DPPH·,·OH和ABTS+·自由基的清除作用.动物实验:将昆明种雄性小鼠32只,随机分为4组,分别饲喂正常、高脂、高脂+0.05g/kg槲皮素、高脂+0.1g/kg槲皮素日粮.9周后测定小鼠肝脏活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活力及血脂水平.结果表明:槲皮素对DPPH·,·OH和ABTS+·具有较强的清除作用,在一定范围内呈现出明显的剂量增加-效应增强的关系.0.05g/kg槲皮素能显著降低肝脏自由基水平及MDA含量(P＜0.05),增强抗氧化能力(P＜0.05),改善血脂水平(P＜0.05),而0.1g/kg槲皮素效果不显著.结论:0.05g/kg槲皮素可有效提高机体抗氧化能力,缓解高脂膳食造成的氧化应激,改善血脂代谢.     

散发性阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆和抗氧化能力的观察

目的:观察散发性阿尔茨海默病动物模型的学习记忆和抗氧化能力,初步探讨该疾病的发生机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分为正常对照组和模型组。模型组大鼠给予侧脑室注射STZ制作散发性阿尔茨海默病动物模型,3周后,通过Morris水迷宫方法进行行为学检测,生物化学方法检测海马超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠潜逃潜伏期延长(P<0.05)、目的象限停留时间显著降低(P<0.05);海马SOD活力降低(P<0.01),MDA含量增加(P<0.01)。结论:散发性阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆能力低,其发生机制可能与大鼠海马的抗氧化能力下降有关。     

CaMKⅡ在学习和记忆中的作用

CaMKⅡ是突触后致密物(PSD)的主要成分,在Ca++CaM作用下自身磷酸化激活后能较长时间保持不依赖Ca++的激酶活性。CaMKⅡ突变小鼠学习记忆能力严重受损并且不能诱导长时程增加(LTP);小鼠学习训练后或者诱导LTP后,CaMKⅡ活性增加,因此,CaMKⅡ可能是学习和记忆的分子基础。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000