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EMILY G. HARDING PAUL D. CURTIS SANDRA L. VEHRENCAMP 《The Journal of wildlife management》2007,71(6):2061-2066
Abstract: Woodpecker damage to homes and buildings is a widespread and locally severe problem in vertebrate pest control. Woodpeckers may cause an average of $300 (United States currency) in damage to affected houses, resulting in millions of dollars of property damage annually in the United States. However, there is no known, practical, consistently effective technique to prevent woodpecker damage. We tested the effectiveness of 6 woodpecker control techniques available commercially, used anecdotally by homeowners, and recommended by wildlife specialists in different Cooperative Extension publications. These deterrents included Prowler Owls, Irri-TapeTM, the Bird Pro Sound System, Scare-Eyes (all manufactured by Bird-X, Inc., Chicago, IL), suet feeders, and roost boxes. We conducted our study in late spring and autumn during August 2003 through December 2004 in the Town of Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York, USA. We evaluated 16 homes with active woodpecker damage, and visited each house about 3 times per week to determine a rate of new woodpecker holes per day. We then placed a deterrent at the house and monitored the rate of new holes per day. Although none of the deterrents that we tested was completely successful in keeping woodpeckers from creating new holes in house siding, homes where Irri-Tape was installed exhibited the greatest reduction in woodpecker damage. Avoiding earth-tone stain and paint colors may be the best long-term solutions for preventing woodpecker damage in wooded areas. Homeowners should avoid using natural-colored stains, as brightly painted houses (white, light blue, pastels) were less likely to attract woodpeckers. 相似文献
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Social context affects risk taking by a satellite species in a mixed-species foraging group 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Mixed-species flocks of birds form during winter in the easterndeciduousforests of North America. These flocks consist oftwo flock-leading nuclearspecies, tufted titmouse (Baeolophusbicolor) and Carolina chickadee(Poecile carolinensis), andseveral follower, or satellite, species,including downy woodpecker(Picoides pubescens) and white-breastednuthatch (Sitta carolinensis).Hypotheses explaining the adaptivenessof participation in suchmixed-species foraging groups have focused onincreased foragingsuccess and/or decreased predation risk. We tested thepredictionthat if nuthatches join nuclear species to reduce predationrisk,they should be more reluctant to visit an exposed feederin the absence oftitmice than in their presence. When the feederwas positioned 16 m fromforest cover, latency to visit thefeeder was greater for both male and femalenuthatches whentitmice were absent. Removal of titmice had no effect onlatencyat 8 m. In the absence of titmice, nuthatches visited the feederlessfrequently at both distances. These results indicate thatreduced predationrisk is a benefit that satellite species gainby flocking with nuclearspecies. 相似文献
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Michael T. Wells Thomas R. Cooper Larry A. Harrison Guthrie S. Zimmerman 《The Journal of wildlife management》2023,87(1):e22328
Hairy (Dryobates villosus) and downy (Dryobates pubescens) woodpeckers occur in high densities in residential areas of the eastern United States. In many areas of their range, they cause damage to wooden structures through foraging, excavation of nesting cavities, and drumming behaviors, causing requests for allowable take permits. Both species hold year-round territories, which could make them vulnerable to local extirpation with excess take. To meet the requirements of the Migratory Bird Treaty act, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) requested scientifically informed evaluation of take to minimize population effects as part of its approach to reduce human–wildlife conflict. We used a prescribed take approach, which uses data from population, demographic, and management parameter estimates to determine the allowable take from Louisiana to Minnesota and all states east. Furthermore, we used 2 different methods of estimating growth rates to control for demographic uncertainties. The resulting estimates provide take at the state and USFWS regional scales to improve stakeholder choices when setting allowable take. Current authorized take (2016–2018) is below the take that could be sustained by current populations, and current rates of take are not likely to cause population-level effects. These results were largely consistent across methodologies for calculating the rate of growth for both species. Take still needs to be managed to prevent local extirpation of these resident species. Allowable take estimates should be periodically updated to reflect changing management and population needs for both species. 相似文献
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DANA RIPPER JAMES C. BEDNARZ DANIEL E. VARLAND 《The Journal of wildlife management》2007,71(8):2612-2623
ABSTRACT The hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus) is a keystone species in forest ecosystems of Washington, USA, providing nesting and roosting cavities for many species of wildlife. Therefore, management practices that promote healthy populations of this bird will help to conserve cavity-nesting communities as a whole. The objective of this study was to determine patterns in forest type and landscape use by hairy woodpeckers, and thus, provide landscape-level recommendations to forest managers. We documented the ranging patterns and habitat use of 23 hairy woodpeckers on the Olympic Peninsula using radiotelemetry and a Geographic Information System analysis. Use patterns of stand age, type, and size, as well as distance-from-edge analyses revealed that the hairy woodpecker is a relative generalist in its use of the managed forest landscape. However, certain features, such as older stands with large trees, were used more heavily by nesting pairs. Hairy woodpeckers used 61–80-year forest stands significantly (P < 0.05) more than expected relative to their availability within the birds' home ranges. We also documented significant underuse of 6–10-year and 11–20-year stands, whereas the birds used 41–60-year stands, >80-year stands, and clear-cuts (< 5 yr) equivalent to their availability. We suggest that hairy woodpeckers select older stands with larger, dying trees for foraging, but also use clear-cuts proportionally due to the residual snags, decaying trees, and remnant dead wood available. Higher use (P < 0.001) by hairy woodpeckers of small forest patches (0–5 ha) and intermediate-sized stands (5–30 ha) than large patches (>30 ha) may be a result of the older, higher-quality habitat available in small stands in the managed forest landscape. We recommend that land managers interested in maintaining healthy managed forest ecosystems with a full complement of cavity-using species in forests of western Washington and northwestern Oregon maintain a landscape mosaic with approximately 45% of the landscape in stands >40 years, and >30% of the landscape in stands >60 years. 相似文献
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Prescribed fire is one tool for restoring fire-suppressed forests, but application of fire during spring coincides with breeding and arrival of migrant birds. We examined effects of low-severity prescribed fires on counts of birds in a managed forest in the Sierra Nevada of California immediately, 1 year, and 3–6 years after fire was applied in spring. Of 26 species analyzed, counts of 3 species increased after fire (Pacific-slope flycatcher [Empidonax difficilis], brown creeper [Certhia americana], and American robin [Turdus migratorius]), and 6 species decreased after fire (Anna's hummingbird [Calypte anna], Hutton's vireo [Vireo huttoni], warbling vireo [Vireo gilvus], golden-crowned kinglet [Regulus satrapa], Nashville warbler [Vermivora ruficapilla], hermit warbler [Dendroica occidentalis]). Black-throated gray warbler (Dendroica nigrescens) increased in the first year following fire but decreased 3–6 years after fire. When grouped into guilds, habitat association and foraging guild best explained responses to fire, with the greatest changes occurring for oak-associated species (negative), riparian-associated species (positive), aerial foragers (positive), and bark foragers (positive). Lastly, when we compared our counts to those collected during the 1910s, changes were consistent with those predicted from fire suppression and species' affinity for burned forests, suggesting that results from contemporary fire studies should be interpreted within an ecological context that includes effects of fire suppression. We found that low-severity prescribed fires applied in spring served to drive the bird community towards pre-suppression conditions. © 2011 The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
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JASON D. BURKE MICHAEL J. CHAMBERLAIN JAMES P. GEAGHAN 《The Journal of wildlife management》2008,72(6):1361-1368
Abstract: Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations have experienced severe declines for several decades, and declines have been particularly precipitous in the southern United States. These declines are partially attributable to large-scale conversions of potential habitat to short-rotation pine (Pinus spp.) forests managed for wood fiber production and fire exclusion in pine-dominated landscapes. We used standard arthropod sampling techniques, human-imprinted bobwhite chicks, and vegetation response to evaluate effects of different understory vegetation management practices on brood habitat quality within a commercially managed pine forest in Louisiana, USA, during 2002–2005. Specifically, we evaluated effects of mowing, prescribed fire during the growing season, prescribed fire in combination with imazapyr application, and no vegetation management on arthropod abundance and diversity, vegetation response, and the probability of bobwhite chicks successfully capturing an arthropod. Bobwhite chicks were more successful at capturing arthropods, and arthropod abundance and diversity were greatest, in plant communities managed using prescribed fire and imazapyr. Forest stands managed using a combination of fire and imazapyr were managed primarily to benefit the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis; RCW). Our findings suggest that management directed toward improving forest condition for RCWs improves habitat quality for brooding bobwhites. However, bobwhite chicks in our study area were less successful at capturing arthropods than were chicks in other studies in the southeastern United States. Brood-rearing habitat in pine forests similar to those we studied may be of generally poor quality, and could be related to precipitous declines of bobwhites in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Managers should recognize that creating high-quality brood habitat in forests similar to those we studied will require more intensive management of understory vegetation than we studied. 相似文献
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Frank R. Thompson III Melissa C. Roach Thomas W. Bonnot 《The Journal of wildlife management》2022,86(2):e22170
Chuck-will's-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis) and eastern whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus) are nightjars in eastern North America that have declined 69% and 67%, respectively, in abundance since 1966, resulting in conservation concerns for these species. We investigated relationships between nightjar abundance and landscape composition, forest structure, and application of tree thinning and prescribed fire because of regional interest in woodland restoration and nightjar conservation. We conducted nocturnal nightjar surveys at 385 points in southern Missouri, USA, in 2014 and 2015 and related counts to pine (Pinus spp.) and hardwood basal area, canopy closure, percent forest cover, and percent of area thinned or burned within 500 m of survey points. We modeled abundance of chuck-will's-widow and eastern whip-poor-will using time-removal models that included a detection process and an abundance process within a hierarchical Bayesian framework. We detected 534 eastern whip-poor-will and 186 chuck-will's-widow during surveys. Our data supported global models that included all 6 vegetation and management variables for both species. Chuck-will's-widow abundance was negatively related to hardwood basal area and peaked at intermediate values of percent area burned and percent forest cover. Eastern whip-poor-will abundance was negatively related to hardwood basal area and canopy cover, positively related to percent forest cover and percent of area burned, and peaked at low to moderate levels of percent of area thinned. Relationships to forest structure and management activities generally supported the conclusion that woodland restoration benefits nightjars and that chuck-will's-widow select landscapes with less forest cover than eastern whip-poor-will. 相似文献
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Abstract: We studied breeding populations of 2 coexisting ground-nesting birds, the red-faced warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons) and yellow-eyed junco (Junco phaeonotus), in high-elevation (>2,000 m) forested drainages of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, USA. From 2004 to 2005, we 1) estimated density and nesting success of breeding populations of red-faced warblers and yellow-eyed juncos, 2) identified nest-site characteristics for each species (i.e., used sites vs. random plots), 3) compared nest-site characteristics between the 2 species, and 4) examined effects of a recent (2003) wildfire on distribution of nests of both species. In addition, we estimated the areal extent of montane riparian forest (the preferred breeding habitat of both species) within high-elevation forests of the Santa Catalina Mountains. We found that red-faced warblers and yellow-eyed juncos were the 2 most common ground-nesting birds within our study area with an average density of 2.4 and 1.4 singing males/ha, respectively, along drainage bottoms. Compared to random plots, most red-faced warbler and yellow-eyed junco nests were located close (≤30 m) to drainage bottoms within a strip of montane riparian forest characterized by abundant brush, small woody debris, ferns, and forbs (both species), high number and diversity of saplings and small trees (red-faced warblers), and abundant shrubs and downed logs and less canopy cover (yellow-eyed juncos). Although both species nested in close proximity within montane riparian forest, nest-site characteristics differed between the 2 species, especially at finer spatial scales. For example, most yellow-eyed juncos nested adjacent to grass (principally Muhlenbergia spp.), whereas red-faced warblers nested adjacent to a variety of plant species, including grass, bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum), white fir (Abies concolor), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Both red-faced warblers and yellow-eyed juncos avoided nesting in areas burned during a recent wildfire. In addition, nesting success was low for red-faced warblers (13%) and yellow-eyed juncos (19%) following the wildfire, suggesting an indirect negative effect of fire on breeding populations in the short-term. Montane riparian forest appears to provide important breeding habitat for red-faced warblers and yellow-eyed juncos. However, little research or conservation planning has been directed toward montane riparian forest in the region, even though this forest type is limited in its areal extent (<11% of high-elevation forest in the Santa Catalina Mountains) and increasingly threatened by disturbance. Results from our study can be used to facilitate the management and conservation of breeding populations of red-faced warblers and yellow-eyed juncos in high-elevation forests of the southwestern United States. 相似文献