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1.
E. DARRELL LAND DAVID B. SHINDLE ROBERT J. KAWULA JOHN F. BENSON MARK A. LOTZ DAVE P. ONORATO 《The Journal of wildlife management》2008,72(3):633-639
Abstract: Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) are listed as an endangered subspecies in the United States and they exist in a single Florida population with <100 individuals; all known reproduction occurs south of Lake Okeechobee. Habitat loss is the biggest threat to this small population and previous studies of habitat selection have relied on very high frequency (VHF) telemetry data collected almost exclusively during diurnal periods. We investigated habitat selection of 12 panthers in the northern portion of the breeding range using 1) Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry data collected during nocturnal and diurnal periods and 2) VHF telemetry data collected only during diurnal periods. Analysis of both types of telemetry data yielded similar results as panthers selected upland (P < 0.001) and wetland (P < 0.001) forested habitat types. Our results indicated that forests are the habitats selected by panthers and generally support the current United States Fish and Wildlife Service panther habitat ranking system. We suggest that future studies with greater numbers of panthers should investigate panther habitat selection using GPS telemetry data collected throughout the range of the Florida panther and with location attempts scheduled more evenly across the diel period. Global Positioning System radiocollars were effective at obtaining previously unavailable nocturnal telemetry data on panthers; however, we recommend that panther researchers continue to collect VHF telemetry data until acquisition rates and durability of GPS collars improve. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 72(3):633–639; 2008) 相似文献
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TIAN-TIAN FENG FRANK T. VAN MANEN NA-XUN ZHAO MING LI FU-WEN WEI 《The Journal of wildlife management》2009,73(6):852-858
ABSTRACT Because habitat loss and fragmentation threaten giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), habitat protection and restoration are important conservation measures for this endangered species. However, distribution and value of potential habitat to giant pandas on a regional scale are not fully known. Therefore, we identified and ranked giant panda habitat in Foping Nature Reserve, Guanyinshan Nature Reserve, and adjacent areas in the Qinling Mountains of China. We used Mahalanobis distance and 11 digital habitat layers to develop a multivariate habitat signature associated with 247 surveyed giant panda locations, which we then applied to the study region. We identified approximately 128 km2of giant panda habitat in Foping Nature Reserve (43.6% of the reserve) and 49 km2in Guanyinshan Nature Reserve (33.6% of the reserve). We defined core habitat areas by incorporating a minimum patch-size criterion (5.5 km2) based on home-range size. Percentage of core habitat area was higher in Foping Nature Reserve (41.8% of the reserve) than Guanyinshan Nature Reserve (26.3% of the reserve). Within the larger analysis region, Foping Nature Reserve contained 32.7% of all core habitat areas we identified, indicating regional importance of the reserve. We observed a negative relationship between distribution of core areas and presence of roads and small villages. Protection of giant panda habitat at lower elevations and improvement of habitat linkages among core habitat areas are important in a regional approach to giant panda conservation. 相似文献
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Robert A. Montgomery Gary J. Roloff Jay M. Ver Hoef 《The Journal of wildlife management》2011,75(3):702-708
Global Positioning System (GPS) and very high frequency (VHF) telemetry data redefined the examination of wildlife resource use. Researchers collar animals, relocate those animals over time, and utilize the estimated locations to infer resource use and build predictive models. Precision of these estimated wildlife locations, however, influences the reliability of point-based models with accuracy depending on the interaction between mean telemetry error and how habitat characteristics are mapped (categorical raster resolution and patch size). Telemetry data often foster the assumption that locational error can be ignored without biasing study results. We evaluated the effects of mean telemetry error and categorical raster resolution on the correct characterization of patch use when locational error is ignored. We found that our ability to accurately attribute patch type to an estimated telemetry location improved nonlinearly as patch size increased and mean telemetry error decreased. Furthermore, the exact shape of these relationships was directly influenced by categorical raster resolution. Accuracy ranged from 100% (200-ha patch size, 1- to 5-m telemetry error) to 46% (0.5-ha patch size, 56- to 60-m telemetry error) for 10 m resolution rasters. Accuracy ranged from 99% (200-ha patch size, 1- to 5-m telemetry error) to 57% (0.5-ha patch size, 56- to 60-m telemetry error) for 30-m resolution rasters. When covariate rasters were less resolute (30 m vs. 10 m) estimates for the ignore technique were more accurate at smaller patch sizes. Hence, both fine resolution (10 m) covariate rasters and small patch sizes increased probability of patch misidentification. Our results help frame the scope of ecological inference made from point-based wildlife resource use models. For instance, to make ecological inferences with 90% accuracy at small patch sizes (≤5 ha) mean telemetry error ≤5 m is required for 10-m resolution categorical rasters. To achieve the same inference on 30-m resolution categorical rasters, mean telemetry error ≤10 m is required. We encourage wildlife professionals creating point-based models to assess whether reasonable estimates of resource use can be expected given their telemetry error, covariate raster resolution, and range of patch sizes. © 2011 The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
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Justin A. Dellinger Bogdan Cristescu Jonathan Ewanyk Daniel J. Gammons David Garcelon Phillip Johnston Quinton Martins Craig Thompson T. Winston Vickers Christopher C. Wilmers Heiko U. Wittmer Steven G. Torres 《The Journal of wildlife management》2020,84(2):359-371
Wildlife agencies are generally tasked with managing and conserving species at state and local levels simultaneously. Thus, it is necessary for wildlife agencies to understand basic ecological processes of a given species at multiple scales to aid decision making at commensurately varied spatial and behavioral scales. Mountain lions (Puma concolor) occur throughout California, USA, and are at the center of a variety of management and conservation issues. For example, they are genetically and demographically at risk in 1 region yet apparently stable and negatively affecting endangered species in another. Currently, no formal plan exists for mountain lions in California to deal with these diverse scenarios involving issues of local mountain lion population viability and problems related to predation of endangered species. To facilitate development of a state-wide management and conservation plan, we quantified habitat selection by mountain lions at 2 spatial scales across the range of environmental conditions in which the species is found in California. Our analyses used location data from individuals (n = 263) collared across the state from 2001–2019. At the home range scale, mountain lions selected habitat to prioritize meeting energetic demands. At the within home range scale, mountain lions avoided areas of human activity. Further, our analyses revealed 165,350–170,085 km2, depending on season, of suitable mountain lion habitat in California. Fifty percent of the suitable habitat was on unprotected lands and thus vulnerable to development. These habitat selection models will help in the development of a state-wide conservation and management plan for mountain lions in California by guiding mountain lion population monitoring through time, prioritization of habitat to be conserved for maintaining demographic connectivity and gene flow, and efforts to mediate mountain lion-prey interactions. Our work and application area will help with wildlife policy and management decisions related to depredation problems at the local scale and issues of habitat connectivity at the statewide scale. © 2019 The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
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中国102个人群的身高与地理环境相关性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文对分布在中国16个不同行政区域的102个人群(汉族23个,少数民族79个)的人体发育指标—身高,应用地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能和制图表达方法,对身高受地理环境因素影响的程度进行了综合分析。研究结果显示:随着地理纬度的升高,身高呈现逐渐增高的趋势。随着地区太阳总辐射量的增大,该地区的群体身高水平呈现增高的趋势;随着降雨量和湿度的增大,群体的身高水平呈现降低的趋势;随着地区平均风速指数的增加,身高亦呈现增高趋势。此外,研究还表明区域海拔和气压等因素对身高无明显影响。地理信息系统的技术与方法为分析人体身高发育受地理环境因素的差异性影响提供了新的技术手段和解决方案。 相似文献
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Anna C. Nisi;John F. Benson;Christopher C. Wilmers; 《Oikos》2022,2022(5):e09051
Animals' fear of people is widespread across taxa and can mitigate the risk of human-induced mortality, facilitating coexistence in human-dominated landscapes. However, humans can be unpredictable predators and anthropogenic cues that animals perceive may not be reliable indicators of the risk of being killed. In these cases, animal fear responses may be ineffective and may even exacerbate the risk of anthropogenic mortality. Here, we explore these questions using a 10-year dataset of movement and mortality events for the puma Puma concolor population in the fragmented Santa Cruz Mountains of California, for whom the leading cause of death was retaliatory killings by people following livestock loss. We modeled retaliatory killing risk and puma habitat selection relative to residential housing density to evaluate whether puma avoidance of human cues reflected their risk of being killed. We documented a mismatch between human cues, fear responses and actual risk. Rather than scaling directly with housing density, retaliatory killings occurred at intermediate levels of human development and at night. Pumas avoided these areas during the day but selected for these high-risk areas at night, resulting in a mismatch between cue and risk impacting 17% of the study area. These results are unlikely to be driven by puma hunting behavior: livestock constitute a very small proportion of puma diets, and we found no evidence for the alternative hypothesis that state-dependent foraging drove depredation of livestock and subsequent retaliatory killings. Our findings indicate that puma responses to human cues are not sufficient to enable human–carnivore coexistence in this area and suggest that reducing risk from humans in places with few perceptible human cues would facilitate carnivore conservation in human-dominated landscapes. Furthermore, a mismatch between human cues and responses by carnivores can lead to selection rather than avoidance of risky areas, which could result in an ecological trap. 相似文献
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Robert A. Montgomery Gary J. Roloff Jay M. Ver Hoef Joshua J. Millspaugh 《The Journal of wildlife management》2010,74(8):1917-1925
ABSTRACT Telemetry data have been widely used to quantify wildlife habitat relationships despite the fact that these data are inherently imprecise. All telemetry data have positional error, and failure to account for that error can lead to incorrect predictions of wildlife resource use. Several techniques have been used to account for positional error in wildlife studies. These techniques have been described in the literature, but their ability to accurately characterize wildlife resource use has never been tested. We evaluated the performance of techniques commonly used for incorporating telemetry error into studies of wildlife resource use. Our evaluation was based on imprecise telemetry data (mean telemetry error = 174 m, SD = 130 m) typical of field-based studies. We tested 5 techniques in 10 virtual environments and in one real-world environment for categorical (i.e., habitat types) and continuous (i.e., distances or elevations) rasters. Technique accuracy varied by patch size for the categorical rasters, with higher accuracy as patch size increased. At the smallest patch size (1 ha), the technique that ignores error performed best on categorical data (0.31 and 0.30 accuracy for virtual and real data, respectively); however, as patch size increased the bivariate-weighted technique performed better (0.56 accuracy at patch sizes >31 ha) and achieved complete accuracy (i.e., 1.00 accuracy) at smaller patch sizes (472 ha and 1,522 ha for virtual and real data, respectively) than any other technique. We quantified the accuracy of the continuous covariates using the mean absolute difference (MAD) in covariate value between true and estimated locations. We found that average MAD varied between 104 m (ignore telemetry error) and 140 m (rescale the covariate data) for our continuous covariate surfaces across virtual and real data sets. Techniques that rescale continuous covariate data or use a zonal mean on values within a telemetry error polygon were significantly less accurate than other techniques. Although the technique that ignored telemetry error performed best on categorical rasters with smaller average patch sizes (i.e., ≤31 ha) and on continuous rasters in our study, accuracy was so low that the utility of using point-based approaches for quantifying resource use is questionable when telemetry data are imprecise, particularly for small-patch habitat relationships. 相似文献
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DAWN M. BROWNING STEVEN J. BEAUPRÉ LYNETTE DUNCAN 《The Journal of wildlife management》2005,69(1):33-44
Abstract: Mahalanobis Distance (D2) Statistic is a multivariate statistical method that has been used to model habitats occupied by wildlife and plant species. The output, whether standardized squared distance or probability values, represents the similarity of a given set of values with those of an optimum habitat configuration defined exclusively by sites where the species of interest is known to occur. Typically, all principal components with nonzero eigenvalues are used to calculate D2 values. We partitioned D2 into contributions from individual principal components (PCs) and selected PCs corresponding to relatively invariant aspects of the environment across all use sites to formulate D2(k). Partitioned Mahalanobis D2(k) represents the similarity of a given set of values with those of “minimum” habitat requirements of the species as defined by occupied sites using the k subset of principal components. We created a GIS-based model of the habitat surrounding 39 confirmed timber rattlesnake hibernacula on the Madison County Wildlife Management Area in northwest Arkansas, USA, using slope, aspect, elevation, and 11 physical soil attributes. We retained 4 of 15 principal components in D2(k = 4) calculations, and minimum habitat requirements corresponded to a combination of moderate slope, south to southwest facing slopes, and medium to high elevations. We used bootstrap and cross-validation techniques to examine the stability of the correlation matrix and the effect of each site on overall D2(k) values. The D2(k = 4) model specifically highlighted habitats similar to known rattlesnake hibernacula. We present a method to translate the probability surface into a qualitative data layer useful in making management decisions by examining the cumulative distributions of the percentages of (1) hibernacula correctly classified and (2) the study area predicted. We selected the probability threshold that maximized the predictive gain by including the greatest number of hibernacula in the smallest area. The probability threshold 0.2 captured 82% of the known hibernacula in 25% of the 5,666-ha study area. Partitioned Mahalanobis D2(k) requires only data for where species are known to occur, thus circumventing costly errors in misclassifying habitat use with commonly used classification algorithms that require dichotomous data sets. 相似文献
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由中国生态学会、中国生态经济学会、中国城市科学研究会联合召开的“全国城市生态科学讨论会”于1984年12月2—6日在上海复旦大学举行。到会的有来自19个省、自治区和市的从事生态、环保、地理、社会、经济和城市规划等24个专业的代表共80人,共收到学术论文43篇。中国生态学会理事长马世骏同志,中国生态经济学会副理事长兼秘书长王耕今同志,中国城市科学研究会秘书长李梦白同志主持了会议。首届全国城市生态科学讨论会的中心议题是:探讨城市生态学研究的目的、任务、对象和方法等基本理论问题,用城市生态学的观点分析我国不同类型城市在规划建设和管理中存在的重大问题;并就解决这些问题提出可行建议。 相似文献
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Abstract: Wildlife researchers often test whether animals use resources disproportionately relative to availability (i.e., selectively). However, the traditional estimate of availability at the landscape scale (resource proportions on the landscape) may be inaccurate and lead to false conclusions. We calculated the chance of falsely finding selection (type I error rate) when the traditional estimate of availability is used. True availability was estimated by Monte Carlo simulations with randomly located home ranges and compared to the traditional estimate to calculate type I error rates. Tests were conducted with α = 0.05 for different home-range sizes (1 to 1,000 km2) and 4 habitat patterns. Landscape proportions did not equal proportions of habitats in random home ranges (traditional estimate ≠ true availability). Type I error rates were ≥0.24 and increased with number of animals tested and decreased with home-range size and number of habitats. Therefore, researchers should use randomly located home ranges instead of landscape proportions to estimate availability at the landscape scale. We evaluated a goodness-of-fit test for comparing habitat proportions between randomly located home ranges and observed home ranges. Type I error rates for this method were ≤0.08, regardless of number of animals, home-range size, and number of habitats tested. We evaluated this method for 2 species with different home-range sizes and predicted habitat selection patterns: mountain lions (Puma concolor, ∼ 700 km2, relatively nonselective) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus, ∼ 16 km2, relatively selective). This method yielded results consistent with predictions, whereas the traditional method using landscape proportions to estimate availability did not. Randomly located, simulated home ranges are superior to landscape proportions for estimating availability. 相似文献
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Irene E. Wright John E. Reynolds III Bruce B. Ackerman Leslie I. Ward Bradley L. Weigle William A. Szelistowski 《Marine Mammal Science》2002,18(1):259-274
Aerial surveys ( n = 88) were used to document locations and count sightings of manatees ( Trichechus manatus latirostris ) in the inshore waters of Tampa Bay, Florida, between November 1987 and May 1994. We made 5,358 sightings of manatees in 1,958 groups. Calves represented 8% of the manatees sighted. Counts were significantly higher in winter ( = 79, n = 29 flights) than in non-winter ( = 46, n = 47) months. Counts of manatees in winter increased significantly during the study, but warm-season counts did not. Regression models demonstrated a relationship between counts and environmental factors. Year-round counts were related to air temperatures and seasons, with highest counts in winter. However, in the winter season, counts were significantly correlated only with wind speed, not air temperature. Yearround counts were predicted to be curvilinear with highest counts at 15°C average air temperature. Areas used differed with season: in cold weather, 76% of all sightings occurred in zones with warm-water sources. High-use areas were identified for summer months. Spatial filter analysis was used to compare manatee density in high-use areas between two two-year time periods. The data indicate that (1) manatee use of Tampa Bay was high and increasing in winter, (2) there are particular zones of the bay where conservation of manatees and habitat should be a priority, and (3) sufficient information has been collected for management agencies to develop and implement manatee protection plans. 相似文献
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GIS支持下的青石山小流域农业生态信息系统(QWAEIS)及其应用研究 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
应用地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）,建立了青石山小流域农业生态信息系统（ＱＷＡＥＩＳ）,该系统综合了土壤、土地利用、水资源及地形地貌等空间信息和气候、人口、农业生产等基本信息。该系统能对小流域农业生态信息进行有效地分析和管理,应用此系统,进行了小流域的土地适宜性评价,获得土地适宜性评价结果,为小流域规划提供了空间定位信息。 相似文献
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鹅喉羚是易危物种之一,利用现代空间分析技术快速准确评价其生境质量具有方法学意义和动物保护实际价值。以新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区为评价区,通过全年不同季节多点野外调查,结合GIS空间分析技术,对鹅喉羚的生境影响因素进行分析并进行了适宜性评价。主要结果与结论如下:1)构建了适宜于研究区的基于植被类型和水源地为主要评价因子的鹅喉羚生境适宜性评价指标;2)通过空间数据统计分析认为水源和植被是影响保护区鹅喉羚生境质量的重要因素,距水源地2000 m以内的胡杨、梭梭、柽柳群落最适合鹅喉羚的生存,距水源2000—5500 m的区域为水源的中度适合区域,距水源5500 m以外植被稀少的地区不适宜鹅喉羚的生存;3)研究区域鹅喉羚生境面积春季为2339 km2,夏季为2880 km2,秋季为2728 km2,冬季为2862 km2,分别占研究区域总面积的61.5%、75.6%、71.7%和75.2%;4)目前在保护区内活动的人群主要为保护区的管理人员,人类活动地区与鹅喉羚生存环境空间上具有重叠性,但人类活动强度尚没有显著影响到鹅喉羚的生存,保护区的存在为鹅喉羚的生存起到了重要保护作用;5)由于保护区上中游人类的生产与开发,保护区水资源不断减少,主要表现为地表水减少,地下水位下降,这可能成为影响鹅喉羚生境质量的主要因素。今后需要优化保护区内水资源的配置,尽量减少人类活动对鹅喉羚的干扰,以有利于鹅喉羚的生存繁衍。 相似文献
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Stephanie A. Linde Steven D. Roberts Todd E. Gosselink William R. Clark 《The Journal of wildlife management》2012,76(3):534-543
We combined observations of bobcats (Lynx rufus) from bowhunters with remotely-sensed data to build models that describe habitat and relative abundance of this species in the agricultural landscape of Iowa, USA. We calculated landscape composition and configuration from publicly available land cover, census, road, hydrologic, and elevation data. We used multiple regression models to examine county-level associations between several explanatory variables and relative abundance of bobcats reported by surveyed bowhunters in each county. The most influential explanatory variables in the models were metrics associated with the presence of grassland, including Conservation Reserve, along with configuration of this perennial habitat with forests, although human population density and abundance of eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) also correlated with abundance of bobcats. Validation of predictions against 3 years of independent data provided confidence in the models, with 66% of predictions within 1 bobcat/1,000 hunter-hours and 95% within 5 bobcats/1,000 hunter-hours of observed values. Once we accounted for landscape differences, no residual spatial trend was evident, despite relatively recent bobcat recolonization of Iowa. Models suggested that future range expansion of the bobcat population may be possible in some northern Iowa counties where habitat composition is similar to counties in southern Iowa where bobcats are abundant. Results from the county-level model have been useful to the Iowa Department of Natural Resources in evaluating the expansion of this once rare species and for delineating harvest opportunities. © 2011 The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
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MARGARET L. COLLINS MICHAEL F. SMALL JOSEPH A. VEECH JOHN T. BACCUS STEPHEN J. BENN 《The Journal of wildlife management》2010,74(7):1568-1574
Abstract: We tested whether presence of white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica) and mourning doves (Z. macroura) in South Texas, USA, was associated with any of the land cover types recorded in the 2001 National Land Classification Database. We used the point-transect method to conduct presence—absence surveys for both species at 236 points encompassing 744 observations. Within predefined land cover types surrounding each survey point, we used Geographic Information Systems to determine the proportions of each land cover type present. We used randomization tests to compare proportions of land cover types present at points with and without doves. We used Program DISTANCE to estimate dove densities at survey points and to test whether certain land cover types were associated with greater dove densities. Our results indicated white-winged dove occurrence in South Texas was positively associated with urban land and cropland, whereas mourning dove occurrence was positively associated with cropland. For land cover types found to be associated with dove presence, estimated density for each dove species increased as the proportion of associated land cover type increased. These results can assist wildlife biologists in the development of a more efficient and targeted protocol for censusing doves. In addition, our methods can be applied to other species across several geographic areas and landscape scales. 相似文献
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Yves Carrière Peter C. Ellsworth Pierre Dutilleul Christa Ellers-Kirk Virginia Barkley & Larry Antilla 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2006,118(3):203-210
Understanding the effect of cropping patterns on population dynamics, dispersal, and habitat selection of insect pests has been an unresolved challenge. Here, we studied the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus (Knight) (Heteroptera: Miridae), in cotton during early summer in central Arizona. We used a general approach based on global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies combined with spatial statistics to assess the maximum distance at which forage and seed alfalfa, fallow fields with weeds, and cotton affect L. hesperus population density. Using a set of 50 cotton fields as focal fields, we found that forage and seed alfalfa as well as weeds acted as L. hesperus sources for these cotton fields. The source effect did not extend beyond 375, 500, and 1500 m for forage alfalfa, weeds, and seed alfalfa, respectively. Conversely, cotton fields acted as L. hesperus sinks, but this effect did not extend further than 750 m from the focal cotton fields. These findings suggest that specific spatial arrangements of these field types could reduce L. hesperus damage to cotton. The spatially explicit approach used here provides a direct evaluation of the effects of agroecosystem heterogeneity on pest population dynamics, dispersal, and habitat selection, which is a significant asset for the development and improvement of areawide pest management. 相似文献
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DONALD J. BROWN DANA M. SPONTAK MARY N. TIBBETS AMY R. CONNOLLY JOHN T. BACCUS 《The Journal of wildlife management》2009,73(4):620-625
ABSTRACT The Farm Bill conservation programs serve as the primary tools for the creation and improvement of wildlife habitat on working lands. Wildlife conservation would benefit from a working land-prioritization system that integrates these programs. We developed a Geographic Information System (GIS)–based system to prioritize land for inclusion in Farm Bill conservation programs. We designed the system to be applicable throughout the United States, to minimize potential conflicts of interest, and to facilitate simple implementation. We designated high conservation value (HCV) lands using habitats of greatest conservation need. We placed priority zones around HCV lands to determine high- and low-priority working lands. Nationwide implementation of this system would require gathering and manipulating data from multiple sources, as well as creation of a GIS layer denoting locations of working lands currently in conservation programs. This system would allow funding to be maximized through the ability to select participation based on property location and size, and to target landowners for participation. The wide-ranging potential benefits of this system make it well-suited for serving as the backbone to conservation on working lands. 相似文献