Molecular and structural characterization of the biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa DAUPE 614

Pseudomonas aeruginosa DAUPE 614 produced rhamnolipids (3.9gL(-1)) when cultivated on a medium containing glycerol and ammonium nitrate. These rhamnolipids reduced the surface tension of water to 27.3mNm(-1), with a critical micelle concentration of 13.9mgL(-1). The maximum emulsification index against toluene was 86.4%. The structure of the carbohydrate moiety of the glycolipid was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis allied to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 1D, 2D (13)C, (1)H spectroscopy. The hydroxyl fatty acids were analyzed by GC-MS as hydroxy-acetylated fatty acid methyl ester derivatives. The positions of the fatty acids in the lipid moiety were variable, with 6 mono-rhamnolipid homologues (Rha-C(10)-C(10); Rha-C(10)-C(8); Rha-C(8)-C(10); Rha-C(10)-C(12:1); Rha-C(12)-C(10); Rha-C(10)-C(12)) and 6 di-rhamnolipid homologues (Rha(2)-C(10)-C(10); Rha(2)-C(10)-C(8); Rha(2)-C(8)-C(10); Rha(2)-C(10)-C(12:1); Rha(2)-C(12)-C(10); Rha(2)-C(10)-C(12)). The ratio of Rha(2)-C(10)-C(10) to Rha-C(10)-C(10) was higher than has been reported in previous studies. Our methodology allowed us to distinguish between the isomeric pairs Rha-C(10)-C(8)/Rha-C(8)-C(10), Rha-C(10)-C(12)/Rha-C(12)-C(10), Rha(2)-C(10)-C(8)/Rha(2)-C(8)-C(10) and Rha(2)-C(12)-C(10)/Rha(2)-C(10)-C(12). For each isomeric pair, the congener with the shorter chain adjacent to the sugar was always more abundant than the congener with longer chain.     

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of naturally occurring mixtures of monorhamnolipids and dirhamnolipids

MALDI-TOFMS approaches have been developed for high-throughput screening of naturally occurring mixtures of rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas spp. Monorhamnolipids and dirhamnolipids are readily distinguished by characteristic molecular adduct ions, [M+Na]⁺ and [M−H+Na₂]⁺, with variously acylated rhamnolipids differing by 28 mu. Following proton-deuterium exchange, deuterated [M+Na−4¹H+4²H]⁺ and [M+Na−6¹H+6²H]⁺ ions are observed for the monorhamnolipids and dirhamnolipids, respectively, which allows rapid identification of these molecules. The described approach has been validated by compositional analysis using GC/MS, fractionation by RPHPLC, and analysis by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. MALDI-TOFMS analysis allows the rapid screening of variously acylated rhamnolipids, and has potential for selective identification of new surfactants from microbial strains.     

氯氰菊酯降解菌GF31的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从受污染的土壤中分离得到1株以氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源生长的降解菌GF31, 通过形态观察、16S rDNA基因序列分析、生理生化实验, 鉴定该菌为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。菌株GF31降解氯氰菊酯的最佳pH值为7.0, 接种量为10%, 对浓度高达300 mg/L的菊酯仍可保持较高的降解活性。外加氮源对菌株的降解效能影响显著, 有机氮比无机氮更有利于农药降解。当以0.5 g/L蛋白胨作为氮源时, 降解速率明显提高, 对100 mg/L氯氰菊酯降解的平均速率为13.64 mg/(L·d), 是以硫酸铵为氮源时的2倍。初步分析认为降解产物及碱性pH环境对菌株的生长及活性具有一定的抑制作用。     

铜绿假单胞杆菌O-2-2产鼠李糖脂的发酵培养基优化及LC-MS/MS分析

鼠李糖脂是一种性能优良的生物表面活性剂,在生物医药、环境保护、二次采油等方面具有很高的应用潜力.采用响应面分析法,对铜绿假单胞杆菌O-2-2的培养基进行了优化.Plackett-Burman(PB)实验设计表明,磷酸盐、硝酸盐和微量元素对鼠李糖脂的产量具有显著影响.Box-Behnke (BB)优化确定最佳培养基组成为磷酸盐、硝酸盐和微量元素用量分别为3.2g/L、13.76g/L和5.17ml,理论的最大产量为8.48g/L,与实测糖脂产量8.85g/L接近.摇瓶优化后的鼠李糖脂产量较优化前的6.24g/L提高了30.8％.最优化条件下采用10％的接种量逐级放大,并通过补料发酵,最终200L罐的鼠李糖脂产量达到70g/L,发酵时间仅为110h.采用新发明的二次蒸馏工艺,鼠李糖脂纯度达86.6％.液质联用(LC-MS)分析表明所生产的鼠李糖脂成分及含量为:双糖单脂32.9％、双糖双脂17.02％、单糖单脂3.16％、单糖双脂33.54％.     

Kinetics of Schiff base formation between the cholesterol ozonolysis product 3-beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al and phosphatidylethanolamine

FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescence polarization were used to show that a bacterial dirhamnolipid interacts with phospholipid membranes composed of DPPC, altering both the acyl chain and the interfacial region of the bilayer. Incorporation of increasing amounts of dirhamnolipid into ²H-DPPC membranes broadened the transition and shifted the transition temperature toward lower values, according to the effect on the CD₂ stretching vibration. Examination of the ¹³CO stretching band of ¹³C-DPPC indicated that, both below and above the phase transition, dirhamnolipid produced a shift of the band frequency toward higher values, indicating a strong dehydration of the phospholipid CO groups, and therefore of the interfacial region of the membrane. The effects on DPH and TMA-DPH fluorescence polarization provided additional support to hypothesize on the location of trehalose lipid within the bilayer. The results shown here could help to explain some of the interesting membrane-related biological actions of rhamnolipids reported before.     

强磁场重力环境对Pseudomonas aeruginosa N1207的影响

旨在研究由超导磁体产生的强磁场重力环境(HMGE)对Pseudomonas aeruginosa N1207的影响。该磁体是经特殊设计的大梯度超导磁体,可产生多个重力梯度(从失重到超重)以及相应的磁场强度,分别为(0 g,12 T)、(1 g,16 T)和(2 g,12 T)。Pseudomonas aeruginosa N1207在HMGE中分别诱变24h、48h和72h之后,从磁场强度最高(16 T)组别中筛选得到最佳的突变株M14808。结果表明M14808的鼠李糖脂产量提高了30%以上并且遗传特性稳定。比较生长周期发现,突变株到达指数生长期早于原始菌株。诱变实验结果表明强磁场是引起诱变的主要因素从而导致鼠李糖脂产量变化和生长周期改变。抗肿瘤实验结果显示双鼠李糖脂可抑制四株肿瘤细胞,分别为MCF-7、H460、HepG2和A549,双鼠李糖脂对MCF-7的效果最佳,其IC₅₀为125.13μg/ml。     

假单胞菌L-11产生生物表面活性剂发酵条件的优化

确定了假单胞菌L-11用葡萄糖为底物产生生物表面活性剂的最适发酵培养基组成和发酵条件。在1L的发酵罐中,L-11的发酵液（10％）与原油的界面张力可以达到5.3×10-3mN/m。该产品可以用于微生物提高原油采收率的实验研究。对其放大工艺也进行了初步的研究。     

Diversity of biosurfactant producing microorganisms isolated from soils contaminated with diesel oil

Biosurfactant production is a desirable property of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms (HDM). We characterized biosurfactant producing microbial populations from a Long Beach soil, California (USA) and a Hong Kong soil (China), contaminated with diesel oil. A total of 33 hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms were isolated from the soils. Twelve isolates and three defined consortia were tested for biosurfactant production and emulsification activity. The highest reduction of surface tension was achieved with a consortium of L1, L2 and L3 isolates from a Long Beach soil (41.4mN m(-1)). Isolate L1 (Acinetobacter junii) displayed the highest reduction of surface tension (46.5 mN m(-1)). The emulsifying capacity evaluated by the E24 emulsification index was highest in the culture of isolate L5 (74%). No substantial emulsification was achieved with the cell-free extracts, indicating that the emulsifying activity was not extracellular. Based on surface tension and the E24 index results, isolates F1, F2, F3, F4, L1, L2, L3 and L4 were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sphaericus, B. fusiformis, Acinetobacter junii, a non-cultured bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. and B. pumilus, respectively. Cluster analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences of the bacterial isolates revealed 70% similarity amongst hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial community present in both soils. Five isolates (isolates F1, F2, F3, F4 and L4) belong to the Firmicutes order, two isolates (L1 and L3) belong to the Proteobacteria order and one isolate (L2) is an Actinomyces sp. Simpson's index (1 - D) and the Shannon-Weaver index (H) revealed more diversity of HDM in the Hong Kong soil, while evenness (E) and the equitability (J) data indicated that there was not a dominant population. Bacterial isolates displaying substantial potential for production of biosurfactants can be applied in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.     

Saccharides of seven Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotypes

Abstract The structures of O-specific polysaccharides obtained by mild acid degredation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from seven Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fisher's immunotypes have been studied. The polysaccharides consist mainly of monoamino and diamino sugars, frequently also carrying acidic functions. Some of the sugars were detected in nature for the O-specific polysaccharides of the immunotypes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are identical to those of the polysaccharides of the 011; 0(2a)2c; 01; 010a, 10b and 07a, 7d Lányi-Bergan serological subgroups respectively, whereas no analogues have been found for the immunotypes 1 and 7. Some cross-reactions between the LPS of different immunotypes were observed in passive haemagglutination tests; the results of inhibition of passive haemagglutination and agar gel immunoprecipitation point, however, to a specificity of the LPS. Many of the LPS of the seven Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotypes manifest rather a high cross-protective activity in active immunization tests in mice. The nature of the cross-protective activity of the LPS is discussed.     

Specific and non-specific mouse protection induced by different chemotypes of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides

Abstract Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied by the mouse active, cross-protection test. The primary structure of O-specific polysaccharides (O-repeating units) of different chemotypes was determined and their cross-protective activity demonstrated. Low doses of LPS (0.1–1 μg) stimulated chemotype-specific protection against P. aeruginosa in mice. This immunity was associated with the primary structure of the LPS and it lasted for 14 days after the first or second immunization. High doses of LPS (10–100 μg) induced cross-protection against P. aeruginosa in mice. The cross-protective capacity was caused evidently by the secondary structure or conformation of LPS molecule, i.e. by the common conformational protective determinant. This cross-protection lasted for only 5 days after the first or second immunization.     

Evidence for the location of OprM in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane

Abstract OprM with a M _r of 49 K is associated with the multidrug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Detergent fractionation of bacterial cells has demonstrated that OprM is located in the outer membrane from which it sediments with the other major outer membrane proteins. In this study we have determined the location of OprM as the P. aeruginosa outer membrane. Western immunoblots of cell fractions, obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of whole cell lysates, were probed with an OprM-specific murine polyclonal antiserum.     

R-bodies inPseudomonas aeruginosa strain 44T1

For the first time R-bodies are described in a new strain 44T1 ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. Its size was measured as being 0.22 to 0.37 m of width per 0.27 to 0.41 m of length and 5 to 9 spiral turns about 16 nm. These structures are similar to previously observed in bacteria and are related with physiological state of bacteria in minimal conditions of growth.     

2014—2016年某院铜绿假单胞菌耐药性监测

摘要：目的 分析铜绿假单胞菌的分布和耐药性变化,为临床防治铜绿假单胞菌感染提供依据。方法 收集成都大学附属医院2014—2016年所分离的铜绿假单胞菌,采用VITEK 2-Compact全自动细菌鉴定系统进行鉴定和药敏试验,采用WHONET 5.6软件对数据进行分析。结果 3年间共分离出1 945株铜绿假单胞菌,多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌分离率为34.2%（666/1945）。标本来源以呼吸道为主,占82.2%（1598/1945）。科室分布以呼吸内科最多,ICU其次。铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松和头孢噻肟的耐药率最高,均＞57.0%;对阿米卡星耐药率最低,为2.0%。3年来铜绿假单胞菌对17种抗生素的耐药率呈整体上升的趋势。结论 铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、亚胺培南耐药率较高,对阿米卡星耐药率较低。铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率呈整体上升的趋势,应重视细菌耐药性的监测,以延缓耐药性产生、促进临床合理用药。     

哈尔滨市112株绿脓杆菌的血清学分型和耐药性测定

对从临床分离的112株绿脓杆菌进行系统鉴定后,血清学分型表明:6、2和3型分别占32.14％、15.18％、15.18％,为主要流行型,共占总分离株的62.50％。耐药性测定结果为:对10种抗生素5耐以上者占69.6％。其中对多粘菌素、妥布霉素、丁胺卡那霉素三种抗生素最为敏感,敏感率分别为100％、70.6％、86.5％。     

健康人群和住院患者绿脓杆菌分离调查分析

本文调查了成都市第三人民医院住院病人,不同年龄组和不同标本PA绿脓杆菌的分离情况,经调查指出,住院病人PA分离率明显高于健康人群,而住院病人又以外科为最高。无论健康人群和住院病人,婴儿组和老年组均明显高于中青年组,尤以住院病人更为突出,故应对此类人群采取预防保护措施。不同标本分离率、健康人群和住院病人均以肛门分离率最高,分别为11.7％和21％,说明PA肠源性感染问题应引起重视。在所分离的菌株中,经血清学分型,住院病人的菌型十分集中,主要为1和6型二者合占56.7％,应当考虑到该医院存在医院感染问题。