寒温带针叶林土壤CH4吸收对模拟大气氮沉降增加的初期响应

N沉降作为驱动因子会改变森林土壤－大气界面CH4净交换通量和方向。然而,对引起北方森林土壤CH4吸收发生转变的大气N沉降临界负荷及其响应机制知之甚少。为此,本研究以我国大兴安岭北方寒温带针叶林土壤作为研究对象,参照大兴安岭站实际大气N沉降通量,构建了低剂量、多形态和高频率的大气N沉降模拟增加控制实验,研究了2010年6-10月生长季土壤CH4吸收通量及其驱动因子对增N的初期响应。研究表明：整个生长季,大兴安岭寒温带针叶林土壤作为大气CH4净汇,CH4平均吸收通量为51.5?4.70 ugm-2h-1,主要受0-10cm土壤水分驱动。短期内,0-10cm矿质土壤NH4 -N含量对增N响应敏感;0-10cm矿质土壤NO3--N含量则受NO3--N输入影响较为明显。相反,0-10cm矿质土壤pH对增N的响应不敏感。总体上,低剂量的N输入对大兴安岭寒温带针叶林生长季土壤－大气界面CH4净交换通量影响不显著,而不排除NO3--N 输入尤其是低N处理情形所呈现出促进土壤CH4氧化的趋势。大兴安岭寒温带针叶林土壤CH4吸收对增N的响应敏感程度可能和土壤CH4活性氧化区域,土壤NH4 -N、NO3--N含量空间分布格局和相对比例有关。未来长期低水平的大气N沉降是否会改变大兴安岭北方森林土壤氧化大气CH4趋势,有待研究。     

Impacts of climate and land use on N2O and CH4 fluxes from tropical ecosystems in the Mt. Kilimanjaro region,Tanzania

In this study, we quantify the impacts of climate and land use on soil N₂O and CH₄ fluxes from tropical forest, agroforest, arable and savanna ecosystems in Africa. To do so, we measured greenhouse gases (GHG) fluxes from 12 different ecosystems along climate and land‐use gradients at Mt. Kilimanjaro, combining long‐term in situ chamber and laboratory soil core incubation techniques. Both methods showed similar patterns of GHG exchange. Although there were distinct differences from ecosystem to ecosystem, soils generally functioned as net sources and sinks for N₂O and CH₄ respectively. N₂O emissions correlated positively with soil moisture and total soil nitrogen content. CH₄ uptake rates correlated negatively with soil moisture and clay content and positively with SOC. Due to moderate soil moisture contents and the dominance of nitrification in soil N turnover, N₂O emissions of tropical montane forests were generally low (<1.2 kg N ha^?1 year^?1), and it is likely that ecosystem N losses are driven instead by nitrate leaching (~10 kg N ha^?1 year^?1). Forest soils with well‐aerated litter layers were a significant sink for atmospheric CH₄ (up to 4 kg C ha^?1 year^?1) regardless of low mean annual temperatures at higher elevations. Land‐use intensification significantly increased the soil N₂O source strength and significantly decreased the soil CH₄ sink. Compared to decreases in aboveground and belowground carbon stocks enhanced soil non‐CO₂ GHG emissions following land‐use conversion from tropical forests to homegardens and coffee plantations were only a small factor in the total GHG budget. However, due to lower ecosystem carbon stock changes, enhanced N₂O emissions significantly contributed to total GHG emissions following conversion of savanna into grassland and particularly maize. Overall, we found that the protection and sustainable management of aboveground and belowground carbon and nitrogen stocks of agroforestry and arable systems is most crucial for mitigating GHG emissions from land‐use change.     

长效氮肥施用对黑土水旱田CH4和N2O排放的影响

通过在黑土玉米地与水稻田施用长效氮肥后发现 ,长效碳酸氢铵 (长碳 )与长效尿素(长尿 )能显著减少黑土玉米地N2 O的排放。与施用普通尿素相比 ,其排放量分别减少了5 9 2 %和 73 3%。长碳和长尿还能促进黑土玉米地对CH4的吸收作用。黑土水稻田施用长尿后 ,N2 O的排放减少了 6 1%。而CH4的排放却略有增加     

Rate of accumulation and emission of N2, N2O and CH4 from a flooded rice soil

In a field experiment using microplots, a flooded Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) rice soil was fertilized with ¹⁵N labelled (60–74 atom %) urea and KNO₃. Emission of N₂, N₂O and CH₄ and accumulation in soil were measured for 21 d after fertilizer application.Emission of ¹⁵N₂-N measured from the urea and KNO₃ treated plots ranged from <15 to 570 and from 330 to 3,420 g ha^–1 d^–1, respectively. Entrapped ¹⁵N₂-N in the urea treated microplots was significantly lower (<15 g to 2.1 kg ha^–1) on all sampling dates compared to the ¹⁵N₂-N gas accumulation in the KNO₃ treated plots (6.4 to 31.5 kg ha^–1). Emissions of N₂O-N were low and did not exceed 4 g ha^–1 d^–1. Fluxes of CH₄ from the fertilizer and control plots were low and never exceeded 33 g ha^–1 d^–1. Maximum accumulation of CH₄ in the flooded soil measured 460 and 195 g ha^–1 for the urea and KNO₃ treatments, respectively.     

Effects of elevated ozone concentration on CH4 and N2O emission from paddy soil under fully open‐air field conditions

We investigated the effects of elevated ozone concentration (E‐O₃) on CH₄ and N₂O emission from paddies with two rice cultivars: an inbred Indica cultivar Yangdao 6 (YD6) and a hybrid one II‐you 084 (IIY084), under fully open‐air field conditions in China. A mean 26.7% enhancement of ozone concentration above the ambient level (A‐O₃) significantly reduced CH₄ emission at tillering and flowering stages leading to a reduction of seasonal integral CH₄ emission by 29.6% on average across the two cultivars. The reduced CH₄ emission is associated with O₃‐induced reduction in the whole‐plant biomass (?13.2%), root biomass (?34.7%), and maximum tiller number (?10.3%), all of which curbed the carbon supply for belowground CH₄ production and its release from submerged soil to atmosphere. Although no significant difference was detected between the cultivars in the CH₄ emission response to E‐O₃, a larger decrease in CH₄ emission with IIY084 (?33.2%) than that with YD6 (?7.0%) was observed at tillering stage, which may be due to the larger reduction in tiller number in IIY084 by E‐O₃. Additionally, E‐O₃ reduced seasonal mean NO_x flux by 5.7% and 11.8% with IIY084 and YD6, respectively, but the effects were not significant statistically. We found that the relative response of CH₄ emission to E‐O₃ was not significantly different from those reported in open‐top chamber experiments. This study has thus confirmed that increasing ozone concentration would mitigate the global warming potential of CH₄ and suggested consideration of the feedback mechanism between ozone and its precursor emission into the projection of future ozone effects on terrestrial ecosystem.     

Trophic level and basal resource use of soil animals are hardly affected by local plant associations in abandoned arable land

Plants provide resources and shape the habitat of soil organisms thereby affecting the composition and functioning of soil communities. Effects of plants on soil communities are largely taxon‐dependent, but how different functional groups of herbaceous plants affect trophic niches of individual animal species in soil needs further investigation. Here, we studied the use of basal resources and trophic levels of dominating soil meso‐ and macrofauna using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in arable fallow systems 3 and 14–16 years after abandonment. Animals were sampled from the rhizosphere of three plant species of different functional groups: a legume (Medicaco sativa), a nonlegume herb (Taraxacum officinale), and a grass (Bromus sterilis). We found virtually no consistent effects of plant identity on stable isotope composition of soil animals and on thirteen isotopic metrics that reflect general food‐web structure. However, in old fallows, the carbon isotope composition of some predatory macrofauna taxa had shifted closer to that of co‐occurring plants, which was particularly evident for Lasius, an aphid‐associated ant genus. Trophic levels and trophic‐chain lengths in food webs were similar across plant species and fallow ages. Overall, the results suggest that variations in local plant diversity of grassland communities may little affect the basal resources and the trophic level of prey consumed by individual species of meso‐ and macrofauna belowground. By contrast, successional changes in grassland communities are associated with shifts in the trophic niches of certain species, reflecting establishment of trophic interactions with time, which shapes the functioning and stability of soil food webs.