Intergeneric phylogenetic relationships in catfishes of the Loricariinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), with the description of Fonchiiloricaria nanodon: a new genus and species from Peru

Recent investigations in the upper Río Huallaga in Peru revealed the presence of an intriguing species of the Loricariinae. To characterize and place this species within the evolutionary tree of the subfamily, a molecular phylogeny of this group was inferred based on the 12S and 16S mitochondrial genes and the nuclear gene F-reticulon4. The phylogeny indicated that this distinctive species was a member of the subtribe Loricariina. Given its phylogenetic placement, and its unusual morphology, this species is described as a new genus and new species of Loricariinae: Fonchiiloricaria nanodon. This new taxon is diagnosed by usually possessing one to three premaxillary teeth that are greatly reduced; lips with globular papillae on the surface; the distal margin of lower lip bearing short, triangular filaments; the premaxilla greatly reduced; the abdomen completely covered by plates, with the plates between lateral abdominal plates small and rhombic; a caudal fin with 14 rays; the orbital notch absent; five lateral series of plates; dorsal-fin spinelet absent; preanal plate present, large and solid, and of irregular, polygonal shape, the caudal peduncle becoming more compressed posteriorly for the last seven to 10 plates.     

生于蓼科植物上的小帽壳孢属一新种

报道生于蓼科植物头花蓼Polygonum capitatum叶片上的小帽壳孢属Pilidiella一新种。对该种结合形态描述及分子系统学分析明晰其分类地位。其主要形态特征是分生孢子器球形或近球形,分生孢子梭形至长椭圆形,基部钝尖,27.9-34.2×5.4-7.6µm,长宽比4.7-5.8,明显区别于该属其他种,故将其定为新种,命名为贵州小帽壳孢Pilidiella guizhouensis。研究标本保藏于贵州大学农学院植物病理学实验室（HGUP）。     

生于蔷薇科植物上的链格孢属真菌一新种

报道生于蔷薇科植物枇杷Eriobotrya japonica叶片上的链格孢属一新种,对该种结合形态描述及分子系统学分析明晰其分类地位。命名为枇杷链格孢Alternaria eriobotryae。研究标本保藏于贵州大学植物病理学实验室（HGUP）和中国科学院菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

一个耐热的戴氏霉新种(英文)

从海南三亚的河泥中分离获得戴氏霉属一新种,即小孢戴氏霉Taifanglania parvispora。它与相近种的主要区别是菌丝段有时稍膨大,瓶梗短和分生孢子小且呈梨形至倒卵形。基于戴氏霉属、腐质霉属、单瓶霉属和瓶霉属中一些种的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 r DNA序列构建了系统发育树,结果表明新种与戴氏霉属亲缘关系较近,聚在一个分支中,并在该分支中独立为一亚分支。形态和分子特征分析表明小孢戴氏霉可以作为戴氏霉属中的一个新分类单元。     

Monophyly of elapid snakes (Serpentes: Elapidae). An assessment of the evidence

The defining morphological characters of the family Elapidae are analysed in an attempt to evaluate whether the front-fanged, proteroglyphous, snakes constitute a natural (monophyletic) group or whether proteroglyphy is more likely to be a condition achieved independently by a number of higher snake lineages. The evidence relating to presumed elapids whose affinities have been questioned, namely a South African genus Homoroselaps and New World proteroglyphs (Micrurus and Micruroides) , is examined. It concluded that Homoroselaps is a genuinely equivocal case, the evidence for its inclusion in the Elapidae is balanced by features which suggest that it is more closely related to the Aparallactinae. However, Micrurus and Micruroides seem clearly to be more closely related to undisputed elapids than to any other caenophidians. It is suggested that, at least for the present, the family Elapidae be retained in its broad sense to include all proteroglyphous snakes.     

Evolutionary history of two allopatric Terricola species (Arvicolinae, Rodentia) from molecular, morphological, and palaeontological data

To investigate the phylogenetic and phylogeographical relationships of arvicolines, we use several Western European ground voles. More particularly, our study is focused on Microtus ( Terricola ) savii and M. ( T. ) pyrenaicus . These two allopatric species are usually considered as having originated from the same ancestor, possibly M . ( T. ) mariaclaudiae . We propose molecular and morphological approaches: nucleotidic data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes and global morphological analyses from the first lower molar. Four other Terricola species ( multiplex , lusitanicus , duodecimcostatus , subterraneus ) were added to the data set for both analyses, and two other vole species ( Clethrionomys glareolus and Chionomys nivalis ) as outgroup to the molecular analysis, and five fossil populations to the morphological one. Palaeontological data are also widely taken into account. Both molecular and morphological analyses indicate that intra- Terricola relationships reflect the present-day geographical distribution of our data set species. Our results show that M. ( T. ) savii and M. ( T. ) pyrenaicus are from separate speciation events leading to two different biogeographical groups, respectively the Alpine–Italian group and the French–Iberian group, the latter being much more homogeneous. These speciation events could be related to Quaternary climatic changes, which induced southward migration, leading first to M. ( T. ) savii and second to M. ( T. ) pyrenaicus . The classical hypothesis of a geographical speciation for these two taxa from M. ( T. ) mariaclaudiae is invalid. However, the morphological data suggest a potential phylogenetic relationship between M. ( T. ) mariaclaudiae (ancestor) and M. ( T. ) pyrenaicus (descendant).  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 93 , 309–323.     

Illumination or confusion? Dinoflagellate molecular phylogenetic data viewed from a primarily morphological standpoint

Recent molecular sequencing results involving multiple genes require evaluation in the light of preexisting morphological data, particularly as different methodologies and genes produce trees that are incongruent in some respects or have major areas with poorly supported branch resolution. The present paper summarizes the current situation, primarily from a morphologist's perspective. Most of the tabulation‐based groups are coherent in small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSD) trees; but some, notably the prorocentroids and peridinioids, are not. In prorocen‐troids this is primarily because of intrinsic inadequacies of the molecules to resolve their phylogeny. In peridinioids it seems to be because of paraphyly of the group. Other artefacts are noted, such as the drastically different positions of Oxyrrhis in phylogenetic trees based on SSU and protein genes, and of Noctiluca in SSU trees that include analyses with different numbers of nucleotides. Polyphyly in non‐tabulate or poorly known groups has been confirmed, as has been the presence of cryptic thecae in members of those groups (group misattribution). Whether or not some extant groups of athecate, wholly dinokaryotic forms originated prior to polytabulate groups, like the suessioids, peridinioids and gonyaula‐coids, remains unclear. Gymnodinioids with a spiral acrobase seem to have given rise to the more complex athecate forms, whereas morphological features of the genus Gymnodinium are consistent with it being a sister group to polytabulate taxa such as Woloszynskia and the suessioids. Peridinioids and gonyaulacoids appear to have originated after that split. Dinophysoid and prorocentroid dinoflagellates appear to be derived from peridinioid forms. Trees based on protein genes, such as actin or α‐ and β‐tubulin, may help resolve some of the positions of key groups, but they do not include enough taxa to be widely useful as yet.     

拟棘壳孢属的一新种及本属已知种的检索表

本文报道分离自贵州省土壤的拟棘壳孢属Pyrenochaetopsis真菌一新种,对该种结合形态特征及分子系统学分析明确其分类地位,命名为土栖拟棘壳孢Pyrenochaetopsis terricola;编制了该属13个已知种的分种检索表。研究标本保存于贵州大学植物病理学实验室（HGUP）和中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心（CGMCC）。     

Taxonomic redescriptions of two ciliates, Protogastrostyla pulchra n. g., n. comb. and Hemigastrostyla enigmatica (ciliophora: spirotrichea, stichotrichia), with phylogenetic analyses based on 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences

The morphology and infraciliature of two stichotrichid ciliates, Gastrostyla pulchra(Perejaslawzewa 1886) Kahl, 1932 and Hemigastrostyla enigmatica(Dragesco and Dragesco-Kernéis 1986) Song & Wilbert, 1997, collected from marine and brackish sediments, were investigated by using living observations and protargol impregnations. Both 18S and 28S rRNA genes of these two species were sequenced. The 18S rDNA show high similarities (98.4%-99.7%) among populations of each species. There is about 94% similarity in 18S rDNA genes between G. pulchra and Gastrostyla steinii, the type species of the genus, which has been confirmed to be an oxytrichid by previous studies. In the phylogenetic trees of 18S, 28S, and combined 18S and 28S rDNA, both G. pulchra and H. enigmatica are consistently placed outside the well-established oxytrichid clade. Based on our analyses and previous ontogenetic data, we conclude that these two species may represent some lower groups in the subclass Stichotrichia, and that G. pulchra should represent a new genus, Protogastrostyla n. g. This new genus, which is morphologically similar to Gastrostyla, differs in its morphogenesis: the apical part of the old AZM is retained combining with the newly built membranelles that develop from the proter's oral primordium; the primary primordia of the dorsal kinety; and marginal primordia commence de novo without a definite contribution from the old structure.