Embryo medley from the Woods Hole Embryology Course of 2008

Top edge: Body wall of the annelid Pristina leidya (Jesse Meik and Ian Swinburne). Right edge: Embryo of the grasshopper, Schistocerca americana (R'ada Massarwa). Bottom edge: Drosophila melanogaster embryo (Courtney Karner). Bottom left corner: Mouse embryo (Marie‐Therese Noedl). Left upper row: Adult annelid Pristina leidyi (Michelle Collins and Stephanie Lepage). Middle upper row: Embryo of the squid Loligo pealii (Andrew Chervenak). Right upper row: larva of the colonial ascidian, Botrylloides (Jessica Gray). Left lower row: Chick embryo (Benjamin Schlager). Middle lower row: Xenopus laevis (Brooke Armfield and Zacharias Kontarakis). Right lower row: Third instar CNS and disks of Drosophila melanogaster (Jenna Judge). For more information on the Woods Hole Embrylology Course, visit http://www.mbl.edu/education/courses/summer/course_embryo.html     

Sequence Specific Binding of Beta Carboline Alkaloid Harmalol with Deoxyribonucleotides: Binding Heterogeneity,Conformational, Thermodynamic and Cytotoxic Aspects

Background

Base dependent binding of the cytotoxic alkaloid harmalol to four synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dA).poly(dT), poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT), poly(dG).poly(dC) and poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) was examined by various photophysical and calorimetric studies, and molecular docking.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Binding data obtained from absorbance according to neighbor exclusion model indicated that the binding constant decreased in the order poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC)>poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT)>poly(dA).poly(dT)>poly(dG).poly(dC). The same trend was shown by the competition dialysis, change in fluorescence steady state intensity, stabilization against thermal denaturation, increase in the specific viscosity and perturbations in circular dichroism spectra. Among the polynucleotides, poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC) showed positive cooperativity where as poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) and poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) showed non cooperative binding. Isothermal calorimetric data on the other hand showed enthalpy driven exothermic binding with a hydrophobic contribution to the binding Gibbs energy with poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), and poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) where as harmalol with poly(dA).poly(dT) showed entropy driven endothermic binding and with poly(dG).poly(dC) it was reported to be entropy driven exothermic binding. The study also tested the in vitro chemotherapeutic potential of harmalol in HeLa, MDA-MB-231, A549, and HepG2 cell line by MTT assay.

Conclusions/Significance

Studies unequivocally established that harmalol binds strongly with hetero GC polymer by mechanism of intercalation where the alkaloid resists complete overlap to the DNA base pairs inside the intercalation cavity and showed maximum cytotoxicity on HepG2 with IC₅₀ value of 14 µM. The results contribute to the understanding of binding, specificity, energetic, cytotoxicity and docking of harmalol-DNA complexation that will guide synthetic efforts of medicinal chemists for developing better therapeutic agents.     

Effects of fermented oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreats) by-product supplementation on growth performance, blood parameters and meat quality in finishing Berkshire pigs

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of fermented oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreats) by-production (FOMP) supplementation on the growth performance, blood parameters, carcass traits and meat quality in finishing Berkshire pigs. FOMP was made by mixing oyster mushroom by-production with rice bran and barley bran and this mixture was fermented for 60 days. The experimental diets were 0, 3, 5 and 7% of FOMP added to C, T1, T2 and T3 in the basis diet for 7 weeks. Average daily gain (kg/day) was higher in C and T1 than in T2 and T3 ( P < 0.05). Average daily feed intake (kg/day) and feed conversion increased by the addition of FOMP ( P < 0.05). Total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher in T3 than other treatments ( P < 0.05). Carcass weight (kg) was higher in C and T1 than in T2 and T3 ( P < 0.05). Dressing (%) was higher in C than in T3 ( P < 0.05). Crude protein was lower in T3 than in other treatments ( P < 0.05). Crude fat was higher in T2 and T3 than in C ( P < 0.05). pH₂₄ was higher in C than in other treatments ( P < 0.05). Cooking loss (%) was higher in T1 than T2 ( P < 0.05). Water-holding capacity (%) was higher in C than in T1 ( P < 0.05). In meat colour, CIE a* was lower by the addition of FOMP ( P < 0.05). CIE b* was higher in C than in other treatments ( P < 0.05). In backfat colour, CIE L* was lower in T3 than other treatments ( P < 0.05). CIE b* was lower by addition of FOMP ( P < 0.05). Palmitoleic and oleic acid were higher in T3 than in other treatments ( P < 0.05). Linoleic and arachidonic acids were higher in T2 than in other treatments ( P < 0.05). The results indicate that 3% of FOMP affected the growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid in contrast to addition of 5% of FOMP for Berkshire pigs during the finishing period.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Books: Lackie, J. M. (1986): Cell movement and cell behaviour (Fortbewegung und Verhalten von Zellen). Burton, J. A., ed. (1986): Eulen der Welt (Owls of the world). Zink, G. (1982, 1985): Der Zug europäischer Singvögel. Ein Atlas der Wiederfunde beringter Vögel (Migratory routes of European Passeres: an analysis of ringing recoveries). van Strien, N. J. (1986): The Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Fischer, 1814) in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia; its distribution, ecology and conservation (Das Sumatranashorn im Gunung Leuser N. P.: Verbreitung, Ökologie und Schutz). Laidler, K., & L. Laidler (1983): The River Wolf (Der Riesenotter). Morris, R., & D. Morris (1981): The Giant Panda (Der Bambusbär). Klös, H.-G., & H. Frädrich (1985): Proceedings of the international symposium on the Giant Panda (Verhandlungen des internationalen Symposiums über Bambusbären). Schaller, G. B., H. Jinchu, P. Wenshi, & Z. Jing (1985): The Giant Pandas of Wolong (Die Bambusbären von Wolong). Heft, H. P. (1985): Bärenjahre. Begegnungen mit Grizzlies und Schwarzbären in Kanada und Alaska (How to live with grizzlies and black bears). Herrero, St. (1985): Bear attacks. Their causes and avoidance (Wann greifen Bären Menschen an? Wie kann man es vermeiden?). Davids, R. C., & D. Guravich (1983): Lords of the Arctic. A journey among the Polar Bears (Eisbären im arktischen Lebensraum).     

小切口入路锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效观察

目的:探讨小切口入路锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法:选取了80例肱骨近端骨折患者,按随机数字表法分为两组,对照组(39例)给予三角肌入路锁定钢板,观察组(41例)给予小切口入路锁定钢板治疗,通过观察并记录围手术期指标,术前术后3个月的Neer评分,术后24 h的凝血指标,随访3个月期间的并发症发生情况,评价小切口入路锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效。结果:观察组手术、住院、骨折愈合所需时间均短于对照组(P0.05),两组术中出血量相比,无统计学差异(P.05),术前观察组与对照组Neer评分相比,无统计学差异(P0.05),术后3个月,观察组与对照组Neer评分均明显增加,且观察组高于对照组(P0.05)。术前两组凝血指标无明显差异,术后24 h,两组国际标准化比率(International Normalized Ratio,INR)相比无明显变化,血浆凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT),活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)均明显降低(P0.05)。对照组血浆纤维蛋白原(Plasma fibrinogen,FIB)水平明显升高,观察组FIB术前术后24 h无明显变化(P0.05),术后24 h,两组患者PT,APTT,INR相比无统计学差异(P0.05)观察组FIB水平明显低于对照组(P0.05)。随访3个月期间,两组均未出现切口感染、血管神经损伤等严重并发症。结论:小切口入路锁定钢板对老年肱骨骨折具有较好的治疗效果,能显著改善患者肩关节功能,对血液系统影响较小,术后并发症少,值得临床推广使用。     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Rahmann, H., ed. (1989): Fundamentals of memory formation: neuronal plasticity and brain function (Grundlagen der Gedächtnisbildung). Eisner , N., & W. Singer, eds. (1989): Dynamics and plasticity in neuronal systems (Dynamik und Plastizität in Nervensystemen). Proceedings of the 17th Göttingen Neurobiology Conference, 1989. Eisner , N., & G. Roth, eds. (1990): Brain-Perception-Cognition (Gehirn-Wahrnehmen-Erkennen). Wiese , K., W.-I). Krenz , J. Tautz , H. Reichert , & B. Mulloney, eds. (1990): Frontiers in crustacean neurobiology (Der gegenwärtige Forschungsstand in der Neurobiologie der Crustazeen). Menzel , R., & A. Mercer (1987): Neurobiology and behavior of honeybees (Neurobiologie und Verhalten der Honigbiene). Browman , H. I., ed. (1989): Functional development of sensory systems and acquisition of behavior in fish larvae (Entwicklung von Sinnessystemen und Verhalten bei Fischlarven). Zabka , H. (1990): Tarnung und Täuschung bei Pflanzen und Tieren (Camouflage and deception in plants and animals).     

Berberine–DNA complexation: New insights into the cooperative binding and energetic aspects

The equilibrium binding of the cytotoxic plant alkaloid berberine to various DNAs and energetics of the interaction have been studied. At low ratios of bound alkaloid to base pair, the binding exhibited cooperativity to natural DNAs having almost equal proportions of AT and GC sequences. In contrast, the binding was non-cooperative to DNAs with predominantly high AT or GC sequences. Among the synthetic DNAs, cooperative binding was observed with poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC) while non-cooperative binding was seen with poly(dA–dT).poly(dA–dT) and poly(dG–dC).poly(dG–dC). Both cooperative and non-cooperative bindings were remarkably dependent on the salt concentration of the media. Linear plots of ln K_a versus [Na⁺] for poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dA–dT).poly(dA–dT) showed the release of 0.56 and 0.75 sodium ions respectively per bound alkaloid. Isothermal titration calorimetry results revealed the binding to be exothermic and favoured by both enthalpy and entropy changes in all DNAs except the two AT polymers and AT rich DNA, where the same was predominantly entropy driven. Heat capacity values (ΔCp^o) of berberine binding to poly(dA).poly(dT), poly(dA–dT).poly(dA–dT), Clostridium perfringens and calf thymus DNA were − 98, − 140, − 120 and − 110 cal/mol K respectively. This study presents new insights into the binding dependent base pair heterogeneity in DNA conformation and the first complete thermodynamic profile of berberine binding to DNAs.     

Manganese mutagenesis in yeast

Summary A medium was found in which manganese efficiently induces erythromycin-resistant mitochondrial mutations, and which is suitable for measuring Mn²⁺ uptake and the labelling of DNA (Fig. 1). Mn²⁺ uptake is stimulated by glucose and slowed down by cycloheximide (Fig. 2). Mg²⁺ competes with Mn²⁺ uptake much stronger than does Zn²⁺ (Fig. 3). All of the conditions which favour Mn²⁺ uptake also favour induction of erythromycin-resistant mutations (Tables 3, 4).Mn²⁺ strongly inhibits protein synthesis (Table 1). Nuclear DNA replication is also strongly inhibited by this cation, while mitochondrial DNA replication is only weakly inhibited during the first 3 h of labelling, but there is small if any increase of the label incorporation between the 3rd and 6th h of labelling (Table 2). The relation between label incorporation into mitDNA and mutation induction by manganese is not straightforward (Table 5).From among 11 divalent cations tested, only Mn²⁺ was capable of inducing mitochondrial erythromycin-resistant mutations (Table 6).     

Besprechungen

Book Reviewed in this article: Pooley, A. C. (1969): Preliminary studies on the breeding of the Nile Crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, in Zululand (Erste Studien über die Fortpflanzung des Nilkrokodils in Zululand). Ders. : Some observations on the rearing of Crocodiles (Einige Beobachtungen bei der Aufzucht von Krokodilen). Ders. : The burrowing behaviour of Crocodiles (Wie Krokodile sich eingraben). Brosset, A. (1968): Localisation écologique des oiseaux migrateurs dans la for?t équatoriale du Gabon (Die ökologische Einordnung der Zugvögel im äquatorwald Gabuns). Kulzer, E. (1969): Das Verhalten von Eidolon helvum (Kerr) in Gefangenschaft. Halafoff, K. E. (1968): A survey of birds's Music (über Vogelmusik). Brosset, A. (1969): Recherches sur la biologie des Chiroptères troglophiles dans le Nord-Est du Gabon (Zur Biologie höhlenbewohnender Fledermäuse im nordöstlichen Gabun). Jarman, P. J. (1966): The status of the Dugong, Dugong dugong Müller; Kenya 1961 (Der Dugong in Kenia). Andersen , H. T. ed. (1969): The biology of marine mammals (Die Biologie von Seesäugetieren). Gautier, J.-P. (1969): Emissions sonores d'espacement et de ralliement par deux cercopithèques arboricoles (Rufe zweier baumbewohnender Meerkatzen-Arten, die dem Zusammenhalt der eigenen Gruppe und dem Abstandhalten zu anderen Gruppen dienen). Holst ?, Erich von (1969): Zur Verhaltensphysiologie bei Tieren und Menschen. Gesammelte Abhandlungen Band 1. ed. Lockley, R. M. (1969): Animal navigation (Orientierung bei Tieren). Nachtsheim, H. (1969): Sind wir zu Familienplanung durch Geburtenkontrolle auf internationaler Ebene imstande? Weizsäcker, C. F. von (1969): Der ungesicherte Friede. Smith, F. V. (1969): Attachment of the young, imprinting and other developments (Kindverhalten, Prägung und anderes). Verlag Oliver u. Boyd, Edinburgh. Schulze, Helmut (1964): Der progressiv domestizierte Mensch und seine Neurosen.     

Besprechungen/Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Barnard , C. J., und H. Stephens (1981): Prey size selection by lapwings in lapwing/gull associations (Beutesuche bei Kiebitzen, die mit Möwen ver-gesellschaftet sind). Rivault , C. (1981): Rôle des facteurs sociaux sur l'expression de la rythmicité circadienne dans un groupe chez Periplaneta americana (Dictyopt.) Schöne , H., und J. Tengö (1981): Competition of males, courtship behaviour and chemical communication in the digger wasp Bembix rostrata (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) (Wettstreit der Männchen, Balz und Duftsignale bei der Wegwespe B. Shillito Walser , E., E. Walters und P. Hague (1981): A statistical analysis of the structure of bleats from sheep of four different breeds (Unterschiede in der Klangstruktur des Blökens von vier Schafrassen: Statistische Analyse). Dücker , G., M. Horter und A. Brinkmann (1981): Untersuchungen über die Dauer kontinuierlichen Eintrageverhaltens bei Mäusen (Perseverance of retrieval behaviour in mice). De Boer , B. A. (1981): Influence of population density on the territorial, courting and spawning behaviour of male Chromis cyanea (Pomacentridae) (Einfluß der Populationsdichte auf Revier-, Balz- und Laichverhalten des Pomacentriden Ch. c.). Reinhardt , V., und A. Reinhardt (1981): Cohesive relationships in a cattle herd (Bos indicus) (Persönliche Bindungen innerhalb einer Rinderherde). Searcy , W. A., P. D. McArthur , S. S. Peters und P. Marler (1981): Response of male song and swamp sparrows to neighbour, stranger, and self songs (Antworten von Sing- und Sumpfammermännchen auf nachbarlichen, fremden und eigenen Gesang). de Waal , F. B. M., und J. A. R. A. M. van Hooff (1981): Side-directed communication and agonistic interactions in chimpanzees (An Dritte gerichtetes Verhalten in Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Schimpansen). Payne , R. B., W. L. Thompson , K. L. Fiala und L. L. Sweany (1981): Local song traditions in indigo buntings: Cultural transmission of behavior patterns across generations (Gesangstraditionen bei Indigofinken). Tasker , C. R., und J. A. Mills (1981): A functional analysis of courtship feeding in the red-billed gull, Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus (Funktions-analyse des Balzfütterns bei Weißkopf-Lachmöwen). Burger , J., und M. Gochfeld (1981): Age-related differences in piracy behaviour of four species of gulls, Larus (Altersabhängigkeit räuberischen Verhaltens bei vier Möwenarten). Conover , M. R., und D. E. Miller (1981): Elicitation of vocalizations and pecking in ring-billed gull chicks (Auslösung von Rufen und Picken bei Kücken der Kragenmöwe). Martens , J. (1981): Lautäußerungen der Baumläufer des Himalaya und zur akustischen Evolution der Gattung Certhia (Vocalizations of Tree Creepers in the Himalayas). Zusi , R. L., und D. Bridge (1981): On the slit pupil of the Black Skimmer (Rhynchops niger) (Über die schlitzförmige Pupille des Scherenschnabels). Nelson , B. (1978): The Gannet (Der Baßtölpel). King , A. S., und J. McLelland, eds. (1981): Form and function in birds, Vol. 2 (Funktionsmorphologie der Vögel, Bd. 2). Roy , M. Aaron, ed. (1980): Species identity and attachment. Fantino , E., and Ch. F. Logan (1979): The experimental analysis of behavior: A biological perspective (Experimentelle Verhaltensanalyse in biologischer Sicht).     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Bateson , P. P. G., & P. H. Klopfer, eds. (1985): Perspectives in ethology Vol. 6: Mechanisms (Perspektiven der Ethologie Bd. 6: Mechanismen). Bateson , P. P. G., & P. H. Klopfer, eds. (1987): Perspectives in ethology, Vol. 7: Alternatives (Perspektiven der Ethologie. Bd. 7: Andere Lösungen, andere Denkweisen). Alexander , R. McNeill (1988): Elastic mechanisms in animal movement (Die Bedeutung elastischer Materialien für die Fortbewegung von Tieren). Nultsch , W. (1988): Untersuchungen zum Bewegungs- und Reaktionsverhalten des Flagellaten Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Locomotion and reactivity of the flagellate Ch. r.). Görtz , H.-D. (1988): Paramecium. Anderson , O. R. (1988): Comparative protozoology. Ecology, physiology, life history (Vergleichende Protozoologie — Ökologie, Physiologie, Lebensablauf). Burggren , W. W., & B. R. McMahon, eds. (1988): Biology of the land crabs (Biologie der Landkrabben). Matthes , D. (1988): Tierische Parasiten (Animal parasites). Despommier , D. D., & J. W. Karapelou , eds. (1987): Parasite life cycles (Entwicklungszyklen von Parasiten). Görtz , H.-D. (1988): Symbiose, Parasitismus und andere Vergesellschaftungen von Tieren (Symbiosis, parasitism and other animal communities). Kalusche , D. (1989): Wechselwirkungen zwischen Organismen (Reciprocal actions between organisms). Basiswissen Biologie 2.     

Windrichtung und Vegetationsdeckung am Nest der Silberm?we(Larus argentatus)

Zusammenfassung An 1047 Silbermöwen-Nestern auf den Watteninseln Mellum und Memmert wurden 1979/80 ermittelt (Abb. 1): Grenzrichtungen der Vegetationsstände 1–3 (1: Vegetationsstand größter Winkelgröße) und Nest-Zugänge 1–3, ihre Winkelgrößen und mittleren Richtungen. Mehr als 80% der Nester waren zu 40–90% von Vegetation umstanden (Abb. 2). Die Winkelgröße des Gesamtvegetationsstandes betrug auf Mellum 212°, auf Memmert 205° (Tab. 1). Die Nestzugänge hatten eine geringere Winkelgröße als die Vegetationsstände (Tab. 1, Abb. 3). Die Silbermöwe bevorzugte demnach Nestplätze, die von Vegetation schützend umgeben sind. Der Vegetationsstand 1 befand sich bevorzugt auf der westlichen (= Hauptwindrichtung), der Zugang 1 auf der östlichen Nestseite (Tab. 2, Abb. 4). Die Verteilung der Gesamtvegetation zeigte entsprechende Vorzugsrichtungen (Abb. 6). Im Vergleich zu 1979 war 1980 eine Verlagerung der Vorzugsrichtung des Vegetationsstandes 1 um 50–60° von West nach Nord festzustellen (Tab. 2, Abb. 4). Ein Vergleich der mittleren Windrichtungen beider Jahre zeigte eine gleichsinnige Richtungsänderung (Abb. 5). Auf den zwei untersuchten Probeflächen Mellums ließ sich eine Auswahl des Nestplatzes im Hinblick auf Sichtschutz gegen Nachbarn nicht nachweisen (Tab. 3). Die mögliche Funktion der nestumgebenden Vegetation als Wind- und Wetterschutz wird diskutiert.

---

Vegetation surrounding Herring Gulls'(Larus argentatus) nests in relation to wind direction

Summary The following measurements were taken for a total of 1047 Herring Gulls' nests on the North Sea islands Mellum and Memmert (West Germany) in 1979 and 1980 (cf. Fig. 1 for terminology): limiting directions, angular sizes, and mean directions of the surrounding vegetation-stands 1 to 3 (1 = vegetation-stand with largest angular size), and of the entrances 1 to 3. For more than 80% of the nests, 40–90% of the circumference were surrounded by vegetation (Fig. 2). The mean angular size of the total vegetation-stand was 212° on Mellum and 205° on Memmert (Tab. 1). The nest entrances had a smaller angular size than the vegetation-stands (Tab. 1, Fig. 3). This shows the Herring Gull's preference for nest sites protected by surrounding vegetation.Vegetation-stand 1 was preferably orientated towards the west (= main wind direction), nest entrance 1 towards the east (Tab. 2, Fig. 4). The distribution of the total vegetation showed corresponding preferred directions (Fig. 6). A comparison of the years 1979 and 1980 revealed a shift of 50°–60°, from west to north, for the preferred direction of vegetation-stand 1 (Tab. 2, Fig. 4). A similar shift could be found for the mean wind direction (Fig. 5). For the two study plots on Mellum, a nest site selection favouring visual isolation from neighbours' nests could not be demonstrated (Tab. 3). The possible function of nest-surrounding vegetation as a shelter against wind and weather is discussed.

---

---

Herrn Dr. Friedrich Goethe zur Vollendung des 70. Lebensjahres gewidmet     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Zupanc , G. K. H., ed. (1988): Praktische Verhaltensbiologie (Practical behavioural biology). Oyama , S. (1985): The ontogeny of information. Developmental systems and evolution (Die Individualentwicklung der Entwicklungsanweisung. Entwicklungssysteme und Evolution). Grzimek , B., ed. (1988): Grzimeks Enzyklopädie Säugetiere. Band 2 (Encyclopedia of mammals. Vol. 2). Tilson , R. L., & U. S. Seal (1987): Tigers of the world (Die Tiger der Welt). Owens , M., & D. Owens (1987): Der Ruf der Kalahari (Cry of the Kalahari. Übers. von S. Schmitz). Schulz , E. (1987): Unter Giraffen und Elefanten. Im Land am Kilimandscharo. 3. Aufl. (Observing East-African mammals). Gesellschaft für Versuchstierkunde (1988): Planung und Struktur von Versuchstierbereichen tierexperimentell tätiger Institutionen. 4. überarb. Aufl. (Recommendations of the Society for Laboratory Animal Science for keeping experimental animals). Rist , M., & Mitarbeiter (1987): Artgemäße Nutztierhaltung — ein Schritt zum wesensgemäßen Umgang mit der Natur (Adequate keeping of farm animals). Clutton-Brock , J. (1987): A natural history of domesticated mammals (Naturgeschichte domestizierter Säugetiere). Griffin , D. R. (1985): Wie Tiere denken. Ein Vorstoß ins Bewußtsein der Tiere (Animal thinking. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1984).     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Eisner, N., & D. W. Richter, eds. (1992): Rhythmogenesis in neurons and networks (Rhythmogenese in Neuronen und Netzwerken). Thompson, R. F. (1990): Das Gehirn. Von den Nervenzellen zur Verhaltenssteuerung (The brain). Reichert, H. (1992): Introduction to neurobiology (Neurobiologie. Rowell, C. H. F. (1992): Locust neurobiology: a bibliography, 1871–1991 (Neurobiologie der Wanderheuschrecke: Eine Bibliographie). Green, B. G., J. R. Mason, & M. R. Kare, eds. (1990): Chemical senses; Vol. 2: Irritation (Chemische Sinne Bd. 2: Irritierende Reize). Webster, D. B., R. R. Fay & A. N. Popper, eds. (1992): The evolutionary biology of hearing (Evolutionsbiologie des Gehörs). Carpenter, G. A., & S. Grossberg, eds. (1992): Neural networks for vision and image processing (Neurale Netzwerke für Sehen und Bildwahrnehmung). Barlow, H., C. Blakemore, & M. Weston-Smith, eds. (1990): Images and understanding (Bilder und Verstehen). Mellor, D. H., ed. (1990): Ways of communicating (Formen der Verständigung). Dusenbery, D. B. (1992): Sensory ecology. How organisms acquire and respond to information (Sinnesökologie. Heinrich, B. (1993): Hot-blooded insects. Strategies and mechanisms of thermoregulation (Heißblütige Insekten. Strategien und Mechanismen der Thermoregulation). Krebs, J. R., & N. B. Davies, eds. (1991): Behavioural ecology; an evolutionary approach (Verhaltensökologie; ein evolutionärer Ansatz). Maynard Smith, J. (1992): Evolutionsgenetik (Evolutionary genetics. Oxford University Press, 1989. Stearns, S. C. (1992): The evolution of life histories (Evolution von Lebensabläufen). Gottlieb, G. (1992): Individual development and evolution. Archer, J. (1992): Ethology and human development (Ethologie und Entwicklungspsychologie). Sudhaus, W., & K. Rehfeld (1992): Einführung in die Phylogenetik und Systematik (Phylogenetics and systematics — an introductory textbook). Schmidt-Kittler, N., & K. Vogel, eds. (1991): Constructional morphology and evolution (Konstruktionsmorphologie und Evolution). Vogel, K. (1991): Konstruktionsmorphologie — Ein Schlüssel zum Verständnis der biologischen Evolution (Constructional morphology - a key to understanding biological evolution). Barth, F. G. (1992): “Technische” Perfektion in der belebten Natur (“Technical” perfection in living nature). del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal, eds. (1992): Handbook of the birds of the world. Lebreton, J.-D., & Ph. M. North, eds. (1993): Marked individuals in the study of bird population (Individuelle Kennzeichnung von Vögeln für Populationsstudien). Bibby, C. J., N. D. Burgess, & D. A. Hill (1992): Bird census techniques (Methoden der Vogelzählung). The Observer 3.0, a software package for behavioural observations.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Blaxter , K. (1989): Energy metabolism in animals and man (Energieumsatz bei Mensch und Tieren). Schmuck , R. (1989): Ökophysiologie afrikanischer Riedfrösche: Besiedlung extremer Lebensräume (Ecophysiology of African reed frogs: life in extreme environments). Gans , C, & R. B. Huey, eds. (1988): Biology of the Reptilia. Creutz , G. (1986): Die Wasseramsel Cinclus cinclus (The dipper). Hachfeld , B. (1989): Der Kranich (The crane). Fleming , T. H. (1989): The short-tailed fruit bat (Die Brillen-Blattnase). Poppen , T. (1989): Lebensraumansprüche des Fischotters Lutra lutra L. Unter-suchungen zur Limnologie und Uferstruktur an ostfriesischen Gewässern (Environmental requirements of the otter). Raesfeld , F. von, & K. Reulecke (1988): Das Rotwild. Naturgeschichte - Hege -Jagdausübung (Red deer. Natural history and management). Drechsler , H. (1988): Altersentwicklung und Altersansprache beim Rotwild. Anderson , P. K. (1989): Dispersal in rodents: A resident fitness hypothesis (Abwanderung bei Nagetieren: Vom Nutzen, zu bleiben).     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Blackford Cook , Susan (1969): Experiments on homing in the Limpet Siphonaria normalis (Versuche zum Heimfinden der Napfschnecke S. n.). Varnall , John L. (1969): Aspects of the Behaviour of Octopus cyanea Gray (Zum Verhalten des Tintenfischs O. c.). Szebenyi , Andrew L., S. J. (1969): Cleaning behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster (Putzverhalten bei der Taufliege). Bennet-Clark , H. C., und A. W. Ewing (1969): Pulse interval as a critical parameter in the courtship song of Drosophila melanogaster (Pausenlänge als entscheidendes Merkmal des Balzgesangs der Taufliege). Goodyear , C. Phillip, und Denzel E. Ferguson (1969): Sun compass orientation in the Mosquito Fish, Gambusia affinis (Sonnenkompaßorientierung beim Moskitofisch). Littlejohn , M. J., und A. A. Martin (1969): Acoustic interaction between two species of Leptodactylid Frogs (Rufwettstreit zwischen zwei dünnfingrigen Froscharten). Alcock , John (1969): Observational learning by fork-tailed Flycatchers (Muscivora tyrannus) (Gabelschwänzige Weißbauchtyrannen lernen vom Zusehen). Thompson , William L. (1969): Song recognition by territorial male Buntings (Passerina) (Erkennen des Artgesanges bei Farbfinken im Revier). Sielmann , H. (1968): 1. Scenopoeëtes dentirostris (Ptilonorhynchidae), Verhalten am Blätterteppich (E 1075). - 2. Ptilonorhynchus violaceus (Ptilonorhynchidae); Bauen an der Laube und Anstreichen' (E 1076), Balz und Kopulation (E 1077). - 3. Prionodura newtoniana (Ptilonorhynchidae), Behängen der Reisigtürme (E 1082). - 4. Amblyornis macgregoriae (Ptilonorhynchidae), Behängen des, Mai-baumes' und Balz (E 1083). - 5. A. subalaris (Ptilonorhynchidae), Schmücken der Laube (E 1084). - 6. Chlamydera lauterbachi (Ptilonorhynchidae); Bauen an der Laube (E 1080), Balz (E 1081). - 7. C. nuchalis (Ptilonorhynchidae); Verteilen von Sammlungsstücken an der Laube (E 1078), Balz und Kopulation (E 1079). Rosengren , Anita (1969): Experiments in colour discrimination in dogs (Versuche über Farbensehen von Hunden). Pickenhain , L., und F. Klingberg (1969): Hirnmechanismen und Verhalten: Elektro-physiologische und Verhaltensuntersuchungen an der Ratte. Giersberg , H., und P. Rietschel (1968): Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, Band 2: Ernährungs-, Atmungs-, Kreislauforgane, Leibeshöhlen, Ausscheidungsund Fortpflanzungsorgane. Lattin , Gustaf de (1967) ?: Grundriß der Zoogeographie. McKusick , Victor A. (1968): Humangenetik. Jaynes , Julian (1969): Historical Origins of “Ethology” and “Comparative Psychology” (Zur Geschichte der Begriffe Ethologie und Vergleichende Psychologie). Kalmus , H. (1969): Animal Behaviour and Theories of Games and of Language (Tierverhalten, Spiel- und Sprachtheorien). Eibl-Eibesfeldt , I. (1970): Liebe und Hass, zur Naturgeschichte elementarer Verhaltensweisen. Wickler , Wolfgang (1970): Stammesgeschichte und Ritualisierung. Kolar , Kurt (1965): (1) Kontinent voll Kuriositäten, Tiere, Menschen und Probleme in Australien. (2) Ders. (1967): Von Hund und Äff und Kind und Katz. (3) Ders. (1970): Australien neu entdeckt, ein Verhaltensforscher im fünften Kontinent. Wylie , Philip (1968): The Magic Animal (Das magische Tier). Laver , J. (1970): Die Mode.     

Besprechungen/Review

Book reviewed in this article: Bücher/Books: Harrington, F. H., and P. C. Paquet, eds. (1982): Wolves of the world. Perspectives of behaviour, ecology, and conservation (Die Wölfe der Welt. Verhalten, Ökologie und Schutzmaßnahmen). Bücher/Books: Dover, G. A., and R. B. Flavell, eds. (1982): Genome evolution (Genom-Evolution). Bücher/Books: Dawkins, R. (1982): The extended phenotype. The gene as the unit of selection (Der erweiterte Phänotyp. Das Gen als die Einheit der Selektion). Bücher/Books: Maynard Smith, J. (1982): Evolution and the theory of games (Evolution und Spieltheorie). Bücher/Books: Kemp, T. S. (1982): Mammal-like reptiles and the origin of mammals (Säugerähnliche Reptilien und die Entstehung der Säugetiere). Bücher/Books: Senglaub, K. (1982): Sie sind veränderlich. Eine Einführung in die Fortpflanzungs- und Evolutionsbiologie der Tiere (They are variable. An introduction to reproductive and evolutionary biology). Bücher/Books: Barth, F. G. (1982): Biologie einer Begegnung. Die Partnerschaft der Insekten und Blumen (Insects and flowers).     

Movement sensitivities of cells in the fly's medulla

Summary Intracellular recordings were made in the medullae of intact, restrained females ofCalliphora vicina that faced a hemispherical, minimum-distortion surface upon which moving patterns and spots were projected from the rear (Fig. 2). In the distal medulla, noisy hyperpolarizations to light, most likely recorded in terminals of laminar (L) cells, had flicker-like oscillations to moving gratings of 15° spatial wavelength but not of 2.5° spatial wavelength (Fig. 3). Medullary (M) cells penetrated distally responded to grating movements with similar but depolarizing oscillations, in one cell 180° out of phase with a nearby laminar response (Figs. 4–6).A characteristic movement response recorded from most medullary cells consisted of abrupt, maintained nondirectional depolarizations in response to movements of gratings, often with directional ripple or spikes superimposed. When directions of movement reversed, there were brief repolarizations, but when movements stopped, depolarizations decayed away more slowly (Figs. 7 and 8). Magnitude of responses increased with increasing speeds of both 15° and 2.5° gratings (Figs. 9–11). In some cells, there were delayed decays of responses after stopping (Fig. 12). Still other cells seemed to receive inhibition from other, characteristically responding cells (Fig. 13).Receptive fields tested were simple and usually large, with only a suggestion of surround inhibition (Fig. 14). In general, intensity and position were interchangeable over a cell's receptive field (Figs. 15 and 16). Moving edges and dark spots elicited responses primarily within receptive field centers (Figs. 18–20).It is argued that waveforms of characteristic movement responses can be explained by multiplicative inputs from L- and M-cells to movement detectors (Figs. 21–26).Abbreviations L cells laminar (monopolar) cells - M cells medullary cells     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Edmunds , L. N. (1988): Cellular and molecular bases of biological clocks. Models and mechanisms for circadian timekeeping (Zelluläre und molekulare Grundlagen biologischer Uhren. Modelle und Mechanismen circadianer Zeitregelung). Stetson , M. H., ed. (1987): Processing of environmental information in vertebrates (Die Wirkung von Umwelteinflüssen auf Wirbeltiere). Poncin , P. (1988): Le contrôle environnemental et hormonal de la reproduction du barbeau, Barbus barbus (L.) et du chevaine, Leuciscus cephalus (L.) (Pisces Cyprinidae), en captivité (Die exogene und hormonelle Kontrolle der Fortpflanzung in Gefangenschaft bei Barbe und Döbel). Miura , T., ed. (1987): Seasonality of birth. Progress in biometeorology Vol. 6 (Die Saisonalität der Geburt. Fortschritte der Biometeorologie Bd. 6). Thorndyke , M. C., & G. J. Goldsworthy, eds. (1988): Neurohormones in invertebrates (Neurohormone bei Wirbellosen). Society for Experimental Biology. Descoins , C., & B. Frerot, eds. (1988): Médiateurs chimiques: comportement et systématique des Lépidoptères. Applications en agronomie (Chemical mediators: behaviour and systematics of Lepidoptera. Applications in agriculture). Fritzsch , B., M. J. Ryan , W. Wilczynski, T. E. Hetherington , & W. Walkowiak, eds. (1988): The evolution of the amphibian auditory system (Evolution des Gehörsystems der Amphibien). Akoev , G. N., N. P. Alekseev , & B. V. Krylov (1988): Mechanoreceptors. Their functional organization (Mechanorezeptoren und ihre Wirkungsweise). Seelen , W. v., G. Shaw , & U. M. Leinhos, eds. (1988): Organization of neural networks; structures and models (Analysen und Modelle zur Gehirnfunktion). Geschwind , N., & A. M. Galaburda, eds. (1984): Cerebral dominance. The biological foundations (Biologische Grundlagen der Hemisphärendominanz). Pöldinger , W., ed. (1987): Aspekte menschlichen Befindens und Verhaltens (Aspects of human feeling and behaviour). Wolf , G., ed. (1989): Fachlexikon ABC Neurobiologie (Dictionary of neurobiology).     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Erber , J., R. Menzel , H.-J. Pflüger , & D. Todt, eds. (1989): Neural mechanisms of behavior (Neurale Mechanismen des Verhaltens). Bischof , H.-J. (1989): Neuroethologie (Neuroethology). Uni-Taschenbücher 1473, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. Reichert , H. (1990): Neurobiologie (Neurobiology). Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart. Huber , F., T. E. Moore , & W. Loher, eds. (1989): Cricket behavior and neurobiology (Verhalten und Neurobiologie der Grillen). Lindauer , M. (1990): Botschaft ohne Worte. Wie Tiere sich verständigen (How animals communicate). Berthold , P. (1990): Vogelzug. Eine kurze, aktuelle Gesamtübersicht (Bird migration. A short up-to-date survey). Gwinner , E., ed. (1990): Bird migration. Physiology and ecophysiology (Vogelzug: Physiologie und Ökophysiologie). Alerstam , Th. (1990): Bird migration (Vogelzug). Crowcroft , P. (1991): Elton's ecologists. A history of the Bureau of Animal Population (Zur Geschichte der Populations-Forschung).