miR-224在原发性肝癌患者血清中的表达及意义

目的：原发性肝癌（primary hepatocellular carcinoma,PHC）作为常见的恶性程度极高的肿瘤,严重威胁着人类的生命。miR-224是近年来发现的一个肿瘤相关miRNA分子,在肿瘤的发生及发展过程中发挥着重要的作用。本研究通过测定原发性肝癌患者血清中miR-224的表达水平,探讨血清miR．224与原发性肝癌预后的关系。方法：采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR（Real-timeRT．PCR）方法。分别检测40例原发性肝癌患者,20例慢性肝炎患者,20例慢性肝硬化患者及20例正常人的血清标本中miR-224的表达水平。分析血清miR-224的表达水平与AFP和MMP-9的相关性。结果：原发性肝癌患者血清miR-224的表达水平明显高于正常人、慢性肝炎和慢性肝硬化患者（P〈0．05）。皮尔森相关分析结果显示原发性肝癌患者血清miR-224的表达与AFP和MMP．9呈正相关。血清miR-224低表达组术后复发／转移率显著低于高表达组,术后生存率则高于高表达组（P〈0．01）。结论：miR-224在原发性肝癌患者的血清中呈高表达,其血清表达水平与原发性肝癌的临床预后密切相关。这提示我们,miR-224可能成为新的原发性肝癌检测标记物和潜在的原发性肝癌预后分子标志物。     

miR-224 在原发性肝癌患者血清中的表达及意义

目的：原发性肝癌(primary hepatocellular carcinoma, PHC) 作为常见的恶性程度极高的肿瘤,严重威胁着人类的生命。 miR-224 是近年来发现的一个肿瘤相关miRNA 分子,在肿瘤的发生及发展过程中发挥着重要的作用。本研究通过测定原发性肝 癌患者血清中miR-224 的表达水平,探讨血清miR-224 与原发性肝癌预后的关系。方法：采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR (Real-time RT-PCR)方法,分别检测40 例原发性肝癌患者,20例慢性肝炎患者,20 例慢性肝硬化患者及20 例正常人的血清标本中miR-224 的表达水平。分析血清miR-224 的表达水平与AFP和MMP-9的相关性。结果：原发性肝癌患者血清miR-224 的表达水平明显高 于正常人、慢性肝炎和慢性肝硬化患者(P<0.05)。皮尔森相关分析结果显示原发性肝癌患者血清miR-224 的表达与AFP 和 MMP-9 呈正相关。血清miR-224 低表达组术后复发/转移率显著低于高表达组,术后生存率则高于高表达组(P<0.01)。结论： miR-224 在原发性肝癌患者的血清中呈高表达,其血清表达水平与原发性肝癌的临床预后密切相关。这提示我们,miR-224 可能 成为新的原发性肝癌检测标记物和潜在的原发性肝癌预后分子标志物。     

高强度聚焦超声在治疗肝癌中的研究进展

肝癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,手术切除是治疗肝癌的首选治疗方法,但是大多数患者发现时多数为中晚期,无法进行手术切除。高强度聚集超声(HIFU)是一种非侵袭性的治疗方法,在肝癌的治疗中发挥着举足轻重的作用。为此作者对HIFU治疗肝癌的原理、提高免疫力的作用及抑制肝癌侵袭和转移的作用进行阐述,为临床治疗该病提供参考。     

高强度聚焦超声在治疗肝癌中的研究进展

肝癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,手术切除是治疗肝癌的首选治疗方法,但是大多数患者发现时多数为中晚期,无法进行手术切除.高强度聚集超声(HIFU)是一种非侵袭性的治疗方法,在肝癌的治疗中发挥着举足轻重的作用.为此作者对HIFU治疗肝癌的原理、提高免疫力的作用及抑制肝癌侵袭和转移的作用进行阐述,为临床治疗该病提供参考.     

肝癌干细胞分子标志物和干性维持机制研究进展

原发性肝癌是一种发生在肝脏的侵袭性肿瘤,具有极易发生转移和复发的特点。原发性肝癌主要包括肝细胞癌、肝内胆管癌、混合肝细胞胆管癌和纤维板层型肝细胞癌等。目前,手术切除、放射性和化学治疗仍是肝癌治疗的主要手段,但其特异性差、临床效果有限,肝癌患者5年总生存率仅为18%。肝癌干细胞是存在于肝癌组织中特定的细胞亚群,具有自我更新能力和强致瘤性,驱动肝癌起始、转移、耐药和复发。因此,肝癌干细胞分子标志物的鉴定及其干性维持机制的阐明,不仅能够揭示肝癌发病的分子机理,也为肝癌的分子分型、预后评估和靶向治疗奠定了理论基础。最新研究表明,5-氟尿嘧啶与CD13抑制剂联合使用,能够抑制CD13+肝癌干细胞的增殖,从而减少肿瘤体积。因此,肝癌干细胞是非常有前景的治疗靶标。文中将从分子标志物、干性维持机制及靶向治疗方面总结肝癌干细胞的最新进展。     

原发性肝癌患者血清高尔基蛋白73检测临床价值

目的探讨血清高尔基蛋白73(GP73)检测对原发性肝癌的临床意义。方法采用酶联免疫法检测60例健康者为正常对照组,60例肝良性肿瘤组,132例原发性肝癌治疗前组,82例原发性肝癌有效治疗后组的血清GP73水平,分析比较各组GP73水平,以及将原发性肝癌治疗前组的不同临床参数的GP73水平进行比较分析。结果正常对照组、良性肿瘤组、原发性肝癌治疗前组、原发性肝癌有效治疗后组的血清中GP73水平比较,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01)。原发性肝癌治疗前组的GP73水平明显高于正常对照组及肝良性肿瘤组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);原发性肝癌有效治疗后组的GP73水平明显低于原发性肝癌治疗前组(P0.01)。肝癌患者血清GP73水平与合并肝硬化及临床分期有关(P0.01)。结论 GP73作为一种新的血清肿瘤标志物,对原发性肝癌的早期诊断、疗效监测、临床分期均具有重要的临床意义。     

TGF-beta1表达水平与原发性肝癌浸润及转移的关系

目的：探讨转化生长因子beta1（TGF-beta1）在原发性肝癌组织中的表达及其与肿瘤侵袭和转移的关系。方法：选择288 例确诊为 原发性肝癌患者作为研究组,另选取274 例健康志愿者作为对照组。应用酶联免疫吸附法检测两组研究对象血清TGF-beta1 水平, 免疫组织化学标记法检测肝癌患者肿瘤组织、癌旁组织及正常肝脏组织中TGF-beta1 的表达情况,并结合临床病理资料进行相关性 分析。结果：原发性肝癌患者血清中TGF-茁1 水平明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.01）。血清TGF-beta1 水平与肿瘤的组 织学分级、浸润深度及转移呈正相关（P <0.01）。肝癌患者肿瘤组织中TGF-beta1 表达水平明显高于正常肝脏组织及癌旁组织,差异 具有统计学意义（P <0.01）。结论：血清TGF-beta1与原发性肝癌的侵袭和转移密切相关。TGF-beta1 可能会改变肿瘤微环境,增加侵袭 和转移的潜力。     

TGF-β1表达水平与原发性肝癌浸润及转移的关系

目的:探讨转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)在原发性肝癌组织中的表达及其与肿瘤侵袭和转移的关系。方法:选择288例确诊为原发性肝癌患者作为研究组,另选取274例健康志愿者作为对照组。应用酶联免疫吸附法检测两组研究对象血清TGF-β1水平,免疫组织化学标记法检测肝癌患者肿瘤组织、癌旁组织及正常肝脏组织中TGF-β1的表达情况,并结合临床病理资料进行相关性分析。结果:原发性肝癌患者血清中TGF-β1水平明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。血清TGF-β1水平与肿瘤的组织学分级、浸润深度及转移呈正相关(P0.01)。肝癌患者肿瘤组织中TGF-β1表达水平明显高于正常肝脏组织及癌旁组织,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:血清TGF-β1与原发性肝癌的侵袭和转移密切相关。TGF-β1可能会改变肿瘤微环境,增加侵袭和转移的潜力。     

肝癌介入治疗的护理体会

肝癌是我国常见的一种恶性肿瘤,好发于40～50岁之间,男性多于女性,因发展迅速,患者就诊时肿瘤已属中晚期,手术切除率低,生存时间短。目前非手术疗法中介入治疗是一种较成熟的技术,利用介入放射疗法进行肝动脉灌注化疗药物和血管栓塞,已达到临床治疗肝癌的目的,这是目前临床治疗中晚期原发性肝癌的非手术方法,通过阻断肿瘤的血供,使瘤体严重缺血和坏死而缩小。以延长生存期、减轻病痛的折磨,提高生存质量。从2004年2月至2006年1月,我科对42例中晚期原发性肝癌病人采取了此疗法,取得了较好的疗效,现将护理体会介绍如下。     

肿瘤干细胞及肝癌肿瘤干细胞

肿瘤干细胞理论认为只有存在于肿瘤中的少量干细胞性质的细胞群体对肿瘤发生和发展起着决定作用,肿瘤是由干细胞突变积累而形成的无限增殖的异常组织,这一理论的提出使人们对肿瘤发生机制的认识上升到了一个新的高度,也引起了研究者的广泛关注;肝癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,我国肝癌死亡率居世界之首,目前对肝癌的研究是我国恶性肿瘤防治的重点工作,现对当前肿瘤干细胞与肝癌肿瘤干细胞相关方面的最新研究进展作一概述。     

关于研究型学科建设的思考与探索

???? 学科作为医学发展的基本单元,也在谋划着新的变革——研究型学科建设。研究型学科建设为学科建设提出了新的思路和方向。文章结合开展研究型医院建设的实践,深入开展研究型学科建设探索,使其成为医院可持续发展的内在动力。

     

区域生态学研究热点及进展

区域生态学是近年才发展起来的一门新兴学科,综述了区域生态学的学科特点、近期研究进展,以及区域生态学发展中存在的主要问题及其主要的研究热点。其研究热点主要集中在物种分布-多度模型、体型与分布范围、物种多样性纬度梯度格局、区域生态学与生物保护及区域生态学的新陈代谢理论等几个方面。尽管目前区域生态学研究中还存在研究方法、数据质量限制、数据统计、研究尺度不确定等一系列问题,它对于解决目前紧迫的区域环境问题及生物保护仍然具有重要意义,而且随着其研究方法和手段的进步,将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

In the deep end: pooling data and other statistical challenges of zoo and aquarium research

Zoo and aquarium research presents many logistic challenges, including extremely small sample sizes and lack of independent data points, which lend themselves to the misuse of statistics. Pseudoreplication and pooling of data are two statistical problems common in research in the biological sciences. Although the prevalence of these and other statistical miscues have been documented in other fields, little attention has been paid to the practice of statistics in the field of zoo biology. A review of articles published in the journal Zoo Biology between 1999–2004 showed that approximately 40% of the 146 articles utilizing inferential statistics during that span contained some evidence of pseudoreplication or pooling of data. Nearly 75% of studies did not provide degrees of freedom for all statistics and approximately 20% did not report test statistic values. Although the level of pseudoreplication in this dataset is not outside the levels found in other branches of biology, it does indicate the challenges of dealing with appropriate data analysis in zoo and aquarium studies. The standardization of statistical techniques to deal with the methodological challenges of zoo and aquarium populations can help advance zoo research by guiding the production and analysis of applied studies. This study recommends techniques for dealing with these issues, including complete disclosure of data manipulation and reporting of statistical values, checking and control for institutional effects in statistical models, and avoidance of pseudoreplicated observations. Additionally, zoo biologists should seek out other models such as hierarchical or factorial models or randomization tests to supplement their repertoire of t‐tests and ANOVA. These suggestions are intended to stimulate conversation and examination of the current use of statistics in zoo biology in an effort to develop more consistent requirements for publication. Zoo Biol 0:1–14, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Bystanders,risks, and consent

This paper considers the moral status of bystanders affected by medical research trials. Recent proposals advocate a very low threshold of permissible risk imposition upon bystanders that is insensitive to the prospective benefits of the trial, in part because we typically lack bystanders' consent. I argue that the correct threshold of permissible risk will be sensitive to the prospective gains of the trial. I further argue that one does not always need a person's consent to expose her to significant risks of even serious harm for the sake of others. That we typically need the consent of participants is explained by the fact that trials risk harmfully using participants, which is very hard to justify without consent. Bystanders, in contrast, are harmed as a side-effect, which is easier to justify. I then consider whether the degree of risk that a trial may impose on a bystander is sensitive to whether she is a prospective beneficiary of that trial.     

Research vulnerability: an illustrative case study from the South African mining industry

The concept of 'vulnerability' is well established within the realm of research ethics and most ethical guidelines include a section on 'vulnerable populations'. However, the term 'vulnerability', used within a human research context, has received a lot of negative publicity recently and has been described as being simultaneously 'too broad' and 'too narrow'. The aim of the paper is to explore the concept of research vulnerability by using a detailed case study - that of mineworkers in post-apartheid South Africa. In particular, the usefulness of Kipnis's taxonomy of research vulnerability will be examined. In recent years the volume of clinical research on human subjects in South Africa has increased significantly. The HIV and TB pandemics have contributed to this increase. These epidemics have impacted negatively on the mining industry; and mining companies have become increasingly interested in research initiatives that address these problems. This case study explores the potential research vulnerability of mineworkers in the context of the South African mining industry and examines measures that can reduce this vulnerability.     

International,interdisciplinary research in ecology: Some problems of organization and execution. The case of the man and the biosphere (MAB) programme

Ecological problems — because they involve interactions and interfaces — require for their solution a flexible, interdisciplinary approach. Ecological research can best be supported in an international, intergovernmental framework, but, at first sight, the requirements of such a framework may seem unwieldy to traditionally trained natural and social scientists. Experience acquired in implementing UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme indicates that it is possible to overcome the difficulties of conducting integrated research and to achieve internationally comparable results. The MAB Programme is a good example of both the potential and the limitations of integrated, international ecological research programs. There seem to be three imperatives for success: (1) research must be problem oriented, (2) the. unit selected for study must be sufficiently comprehensive and based on human use systems, and (3) research workers in various natural and social science disciplines and the administrative decision-makers must share responsibility for planning and execution.     

Applied Psychophysiology and Learned Physiological Regulation

This commentary emphasizes the importance of including animal research and basic human research, contrasts the present state of affairs for biofeedback in the United States versus Europe, and proposes an alternative, more expanded definition of applied psychophysiology, which includes research, diagnostics, and education, as well as interventions.     

Ethical Review of Research on Human Subjects at Unilever: Reflections on Governance

This article considers the process of ethical review of research on human subjects at a very large multinational consumer products company. The commercial context of this research throws up unique challenges and opportunities that make the ethics of the process of oversight distinct from mainstream medical research. Reflection on the justification of governance processes sheds important, contrasting light on the ethics of governance of other forms and context of research.     

Risk of hospitalization among survivors of childhood and adolescent acute lymphoblastic leukemia compared to siblings and a general population sample

BackgroundAcute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) has a high survival rate, but cancer-related late effects in the early post-treatment years need documentation. Hospitalizations are an indicator of the burden of late effects. We identify rates and risk factors for hospitalization from five to ten years after diagnosis for childhood and adolescent ALL survivors compared to siblings and a matched population sample.Methods176 ALL survivors were diagnosed at ≤22 years between 1998 and 2008 and treated at an Intermountain Healthcare facility. The Utah Population Database identified siblings, an age- and sex-matched sample of the Utah population, and statewide inpatient hospital discharges. Sex- and birth year-adjusted Poisson models with Generalized Estimating Equations and robust standard errors calculated rates and rate ratios. Cox proportional hazards models identified demographic and clinical risk factors for hospitalizations among survivors.ResultsHospitalization rates for survivors (Rate:3.76, 95% CI = 2.22–6.36) were higher than siblings (Rate:2.69, 95% CI = 1.01–7.18) and the population sample (Rate:1.87, 95% CI = 1.13–3.09). Compared to siblings and population comparisons, rate ratios (RR) were significantly higher for survivors diagnosed between age 6 and 22 years (RR:2.87, 95% CI = 1.03–7.97 vs siblings; RR:2.66, 95% CI = 1.17–6.04 vs population comparisons). Rate ratios for diagnosis between 2004 and 2008 were significantly higher compared to the population sample (RR:4.29, 95% CI = 1.49, 12.32), but not siblings (RR:2.73, 95% CI = 0.54, 13.68). Survivors originally diagnosed with high-risk ALL did not have a significantly higher risk than siblings or population comparators. However, high-risk ALL survivors (Hazard ratio [HR]:3.36, 95% CI = 1.33–8.45) and survivors diagnosed from 2004 to 2008 (HR:9.48, 95% CI = 1.93–46.59) had the highest risk compared to their survivor counterparts.ConclusionsFive to ten years after diagnosis is a sensitive time period for hospitalizations in the ALL population. Survivors of childhood ALL require better long-term surveillance.