ERA, a novel cis-acting element required for autoregulation and ethanol repression of PDC1 transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

During anaerobic growth, expression of the fdnGHI and narGHJI operons of Escherichia coli is induced by the NarL protein in response to nitrate. The fdnG operon control region contains four NarL-binding sites (termed NarL heptamers) between positions −70 and −130. The two central NarL heptamers of fdnG are arranged as an inverted repeat and are essential for regulation by NarL. We used mutational analysis of these central heptamers to investigate the precise sequence requirements for NarL-dependent induction. Mutations were examined for their effects on NarL-dependent expression in vivo . Substitutions at position 1 of either heptamer had the strongest effect whereas substitutions at position 7 had the weakest effect. For some positions, alterations in both heptamers had a stronger effect than either of the single changes. The 2 bp spacing between these NarL heptamers was also important for normal nitrate induction. The narG operon control region has at least eight NarL heptamers arranged in two groups. Previous work has shown that nucleotide substitutions in two of these heptamers, centred at positions −195 and −89, severely reduce nitrate induction of narG operon expression in vivo and significantly interfere with NarL–DNA interactions in vitro . Substitutions in heptamers −185 and −101 affected narG operon induction only when the concentration of phospho-NarL was low (during growth in the presence of nitrite). Changes in each of the other four NarL heptamers studied had little or no effect on nitrate or nitrite induction of narG operon expression or on NarL–DNA interactions in vitro