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1.
A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) with nine concentrations against all stadia of Plutella xylostella (L). The susceptibility of the larvae was correlated negatively with the period of development of the larvae and positively with the virus concentrations. The highest mortality of 84% was recorded in first stadium larvae compared to lowest mortality of 38% in fourth stadium larvae. The LC50 was 5.5×101 and 4.0×104 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/ml for first and fourth stadium larvae, respectively. 相似文献
2.
S. E. Cowgill 《BioControl》1995,40(3-4):307-315
The effect of intercropping chickpea with coriander or linseed onHelicoverpa armigera Hübner egg and larval populations and on the rate of larval parasitism was examined. There were significantly moreH. armigera larvae per plot in the sole chickpea treatment than in the intercropped treatments. The reduction was not the result of a negative effect of the companion crops on the numbers of larvae attacking chickpea. Larval density on chickpea was higher in the intercropped plots than the plots of sole chickpea. The presence of the flowering companion crops did not result in either the attraction of otherwise uncommon parasitoids to the crop or an increase in the proportion ofH. armigera larvae parasitized byCampoletis chlorideae Uchida. The results suggest that chickpea is a more suitable host forH. armigera than coriander or linseed, and that the reduction in the density ofH. armigera larvae in the intercroped treatments was due to the lower number of chickpea plants in these treatments. 相似文献
3.
The susceptibility of larvae of the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) to different concentrations of an autochthonous strain of Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) was examined in laboratory experiments using Petri dishes. The efficacy of this strain in
pots and field experiments was also evaluated. High mortality (80%–100%) of leek moth larvae was observed when these larvae
were exposed to low concentrations (3 × 103 to 1 × 104 IJs/m2) of S. feltiae under laboratory conditions. Foliar application of 30,000 IJs/leek in pot experiments caused a 98% reduction in leek moth
larvae. Field experiments showed a 87.7% reduction of leek moth larvae with the nematode treatment, significantly higher than
the 22% reduction with the Bacillus thuringiensis treatment. The efficacy of the treatments with S. feltiae in relation to the microhabitat of the leek moth larvae between the interfolded leaves of the leek is discussed. 相似文献
4.
S. Subramanian G. Santharam N. Sathiah J.S. Kennedy R.J. Rabindra 《Biological Control》2006,37(3):367-374
Mass production of baculoviruses by in vivo methods is influenced by several factors like larval age at virus treatment, virus concentration and the incubation temperature. The larval age at virus treatment and virus concentration should be synchronized to result in insect death at a fully grown larval stage to maximize the productivity. Since temperature influences both the growth of the larvae and replication of the virus, we evaluated the influence of incubation temperature on mass production of Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV) at four different temperature regimes viz., 25, 30, and 35 °C and room temperature by diet-surface contamination method. Incubation of early fifth instar larvae dosed with 3932.4 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/mm2 at 25 °C enhanced the virus productivity to 6.623 × 1011 PIB yield/100 inoculated larvae, while it was only 1.779 × 1011 at 35 °C. The disease progression in the virus treated larvae was slow with median lethal time (LT50) of 208 h at 25 °C as compared to 136 h at 35 °C. In spite of the slow death which means lower production cycles/year, the productivity/year was higher at 25 °C than at other temperatures. The SpltNPV produced at 25 °C was also found to be of superior quality in terms of low bacterial contaminants than at 35 °C. Neonate larval bioassay conducted with viruses produced at different temperature treatments revealed that they were similar in their activity and virulence. Hence our results indicate that maintenance of the SpltNPV production facility at 25 °C would enhance both the virus productivity and quality. 相似文献
5.
Synergy between parasitoids and pathogens for biological control of Helicoverpa armigera in chickpea
Rahim Allahyari Shahram Aramideh Mohammad Hassan Safaralizadeh Mohammadreza Rezapanah J.P. Michaud 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2020,168(1):70-75
The chickpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important pest of many legume crops, including chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. (Fabaceae). We field-tested the efficacy of two pathogens, Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrosis virus (HaNPV) and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki (Btk), both alone and in combination with the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), for control of H. armigera larvae in chickpea fields. A randomized complete block design was used at two sites, so that wasp release treatments at one site would not contaminate pathogen-only treatments at the other. Pathogens were applied when most pest larvae were in the second instar, and wasp releases were made 2 days later. Number of H. armigera larvae per plant, number of damaged pods, yield (kg ha−1), treatment cost (US$ ha−1), and benefit:cost ratio were all determined. Treatments separated significantly at 14 days after treatment, with the HaNPV+Hh and Btk+Hh treatments providing the best control, suggesting a synergistic impact of the wasp and the pathogens when applied together. These treatments also produced the fewest damaged pods, the highest yields, and the greatest yield increments in comparison to untreated controls. However, costs were also highest for these combined treatments, which reduced their net benefit in comparison to use of Hh or Btk alone, although more efficient mass production of the pathogens might make combined applications feasible. We conclude that both HaNPV and Btk are suitable for integration with releases of H. hebetor against H. armigera in chickpea fields, provided parasitoid releases are delayed until 2 days after pathogen application. 相似文献
6.
The cry toxin encoding plasmid pHT73 was transferred from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki KT0 to six B. cereus group strains in three lepidopteran (Spodoptera exigua, Plutella xyllostella and Helicoverpa armigera) larvae by conjugation. The conjugation kinetics of the plasmid was precisely studied during the larval infection using a
new protocol. The infections were performed with both vegetative and sporulated strains. However, larval death only occurred
when infections were made with spore and toxin preparations. Likewise, spore germinations of both donor and recipient strains
were only observed in killed larvae, 44–56 h post-infection. Accordingly, kinetics showed that gene transfer between B. thuringiensis strain KT0 and other B. cereus strains only took place in dead larvae among vegetatively growing bacteria. The conjugational transfer ratios varied among
different strain combinations and different larvae. The highest transfer ratio reached 5.83 × 10−6 CFU/donor between the KT0 and the AW05R recipient in Helicoverpa armigera, and all transconjugants gained the ability to produce the insecticidal crystal. These results indicated that horizontal
gene transfer among B. cereus group strains might play a key role for the acquisition of extra plasmids and evolution of these strains in toxin susceptible
insect larvae. 相似文献
7.
The survival of a braconid parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor was investigated on nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV)-infected Spodoptera exigua larvae. The second-instar larvae were exposed to 30, 51.4 and 180 PIB/mm2 of Mamestra brassicae NPV (MbMNPV) as under-LD50, LD50 and over-LD50 values, respectively. They were accessible to be parasitized by H. hebetor after 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment. Infection of the larvae with MbNPV was deleterious to the survival and parasitism of H. hebetor. The survival of H. hebetor in MbNPV-infected S. exigua larvae was dependent on the interval between viral infection and parasitization, as well as on the treatment dose of MbMNPV; very few adults of parasitoid emerged from infected hosts when host larvae were exposed to 180 PIB/mm2 of MbNPV on 72-h interval treatment. The inoculation dose of MbNPV and the timing of parasitoid release had significant effect on the development of H. hebetor on virus-infected hosts. Field applications of virus for biocontrol of S. exigua may lead to substantial mortality of immature parasitoids. 相似文献
8.
The effects of myiasis caused byBlepharipa pratensis (Meigen) on the pathogenicity of 3 dosages (1.00×104 PIB, 3.75×104 PIB and 7.50×104 PIB) of nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) in stage V ofLymantria dispar (L.) were tested. When fed only NPV, 44% of the larvae fed the low dosage died, 67% of the larvae fed the mid-level dosage
died, and 73% of those fed the high-level dosage died. At the low dosage, mortality was significantly lower than at the other
dosages. The presence of the parasite significantly increased mortality due to NPV; 65% of the larvae fed the low dosage died,
77% of the larvae fed the mid-level dosage died, and 80% of the larvae fed the high-level dosage died. For biological control,
the combination of NPV and parasite would increase mortality, but at the expense of the parasite.
Résumé L'effet du parasitisme parBlepharipa pratensis sur la pathogénie de 3 doses (1.00×104 PIB, 3,75×104 PIB et 7,50×104 PIB) du virus de la polyédrie nucléaire (VPN) chez le 5ème stade deLymantria dispar a été étudié. Nourries avec seulement la dose faible du VPN, 44% des larves ont succombé, 67% sont mortes de la dose moyenne et 73% des larves de la dose forte. La différence de mortalité obtenue avec la dose faible était significative par rapport à la mortalité obtenue avec les 2 autres doses. La présence du parasite a augmenté significativement la mortalité par virose; avec la dose faible cette mortalité a atteint 65%, 77% avec la dose moyenne et 80% avec la dose forte. Pour la lutte biologique, la combinaison du virus avec le parasite augmenterait la mortalité, mais aux dépens du parasite.相似文献
9.
Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is an important solitary larval endoparasitoid of the tomato fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in India. The interaction between Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Btk) HD-1 and C. chlorideae was studied under laboratory condition to explore their compatibility in managing H. armigera. The results had indicated that the growth and development of H. armigera was affected in a dose-dependent manner upon feeding on sublethal doses of Btk HD-1-treated diets. There were no larval survivors in lethal doses of Btk HD-1 (LC70 and LC90). The growth and survival of the parasitoid were normal when the host larvae were fed with sublethal doses or subjected to
short time exposure to lethal doses of Btk HD-1. However, the parasitoid offsprings developed slowly and pupal as well as adult period, adult weight and adult emergence
rate were reduced significantly if the parasitoid was developing inside a severely Bt intoxicated host larvae. There were no evident differences in longevity of parasitoid adults that were fed on honey solution
containing different concentrations of Btk HD-1 as compared to adults fed only on honey solution. This indicates no direct adverse effect of Btk HD-1 on C. chlorideae. Further, the gravid female parasitoid did not discriminate Btk HD-1 intoxicated and normal H. armigera larvae for oviposition. The result implies that spore crystal formulation of Btk HD-1 can be effectively used in a synergistic manner along with existing natural or prereleased population of C. chlorideae in organic farming or as components in biointensive IPM module for managing H. armigera. 相似文献
10.
A new cell line from larval fat bodies of the bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang H Zhang YA Qin Q Wang Y Li X Miao L Yin Z Zhang A Qu L Ding C 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》2006,42(10):290-293
Summary A new cell line, designated IOZCAS-Ha-I, was initiated from the fat body of larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in TNM-FH medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Spherical cells were predominant among the various
cell types. The cell line showed a typical lepidopteran chromosome pattern ranging from 58 to 239 chromosomes in the majority
of the cells, it was confirmed to have originated from the H. armigera by the DNA amplification-fingerprinting polymerase chain reaction (DAF-PCR) technique. The new cell line was only slightly
susceptible to the multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) from H. armigera. 相似文献
11.
The effect of feeding Lactobacillus fermentum I5007 on the immune system of weaned pigs with or without E. coli challenge was determined. Twenty-four weaned barrows (6.07 ± 0.63 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments
(N = 6) in a factorial design experiment. The first two treatments consisted of healthy piglets with half of the pigs receiving
no treatment while the other half was orally administered with L. fermentum I5007 (108 CFU/ml) at a daily dose of 20 ml. Pigs in the second two treatments were challenged on the first day with 20 ml of E. coli K88ac (108 CFU/ml). Half of these pigs were not treated while the remaining pigs were treated with 20 ml of L. fermentum I5007 (108 CFU/ml). Peripheral blood lymphocytes subsets were determined using flow cytometry. The intestinal mucosal immunity of the
pigs was monitored by real time polymerase chain reaction. The cytokine content of the pig’s serum was also analyzed. Oral
administration of L. fermentum I5007 increased blood CD4+ lymphocyte subset percentage as well as tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ expression in the ileum. Pigs challenged
with E. coli had elevated jejunal tumor necrosis factor-α while interferon-γ expression was increased throughout the small intestine.
There was no difference in the concentration of the cytokines interleukin-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ
in the serum. CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ in peripheral blood were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, L. fermentum I5007 can enhance T cell differentiation and induce ileum cytokine expression suggesting that this probiotic strain could
modulate immune function in piglets. 相似文献
12.
Transgenic cotton has been released for cultivation in several parts of the world to increase crop productivity. However,
concerns have been raised regarding the possible undesirable effects of genetically modified crops on non-target organisms
in the eco-system. Therefore, we studied the effects of transgenic cottons with cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) on the natural enemies of cotton bollworm/legume pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under field and laboratory conditions. There was no apparent effect of transgenic cotton
on the relative abundance of predatory spiders (Clubiona sp. and Neoscona sp.), coccinellid (Cheilomenes sexmaculatus Fab.), and the chrysopid (Chrysoperla carnea Stephens). However, the abundance of spiders, coccinellids, and chrysopids was quite low in insecticide protected plots towards
end of the cropping season. There was a significant reduction in cocoon formation and adult emergence of the ichneumonid parasitoid,
Campoletis chlorideae Uchnida reared on H. armigera larvae fed on the leaves of transgenic cottons before and after parasitization. However, no Bt toxins were detected in H. armigera larvae and the parasitoid cocoons with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Reduction in cocoon formation was because of early
mortality of the H. armigera larvae due to Bt toxins in the leaves of transgenic cotton. There was a slight reduction in adult weight and fecundity, and prolongation of
the larval period when the parasitoid was raised on H. armigera larvae fed on the leaves of transgenic cotton before and after parasitization. Survival and development of C. chlorideae was also poor when H. armigera larvae were fed on the leaves of cotton hybrid Mech 184. The adverse effects of transgenic cotton on survival and development
of C. chlorideae were largely due to early mortality, and possibly poor nutritional quality of H. armigera larvae due to toxic effects of the transgene. 相似文献
13.
Biological activities of the salannin type of limonoids isolated fromAzadirachta indica A. Juss were assessed using the gram pod borerHelicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and the tobacco armywormSpodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Inhibition of larval growth was concomitant with reduced feeding by neonate and third
instar larvae. All three compounds exhibited strong antifeedant activity in a choice leaf disc bioassay with 2.0, 2.3 and
2.8 (μ/cm2 of 3-O-acetyl salannol, salannol and salannin, respectively deterring feeding by 50% inS. litura larvae. In nutritional assays, all three comounds reduced growth and consumption when fed to larvae without any effect on
efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), suggesting antifeedant activity alone. No toxicity was observed nor was there
any significant affect on nutritional indices following topical application, further suggesting specific action as feeding
deterrents. When relative growth rates were plotted against relative consumption rates, growth efficiency of theH. armigera fed diet containing 3-O-acetyl salannol, salannol or salannin did not differ from that of starved control larvae (used as
calibration curve), further confirming the specific antifeedant action of salannin type of limonoids. Where the three compounds
were co-administered, no enhancement in activity was observed. Non-azadirachtin limonoids having structural similarities and
explicitly similar modes of action, like feeding deterrence in the present case, have no potentiating effect in any combination. 相似文献
14.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavior of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) larvae on meridic diet with different concentrations of Bt spray formulation Delfin or isolated Cry1Ac protein
or the foliage and bolls from transgenic cotton, Bollgard hybrid RCH-317 Bt. Both insect species selectively fed on nontreated
diet compared with the diet treated with Delfin. While H. armigera exhibited concentration response with Cry1Ac, this protein did not affect S. litura larvae. In general Helicoverpa selected diet with low concentrations (EC20 and EC50 levels) of Cry1Ac compared with higher concentrations of Cry1Ac. In order to develop appropriate management strategies, a
thorough understanding of the behavioral mechanisms leading to the responses of insects to the proteins in transgenic varieties
is required. Thus, based on results of the insects fed individually on the leaf discs or bolls from transgenic cotton plants
alone or under choice situation with meridic diet revealed that H. armigera larvae preferred meridic diet to transgenic leaves or bolls expressing Cry1Ac protein. H. armigera larvae preferred meridic diet to plant material; more than 70% larvae were seen on the meridic diet, and average larval weight
gain was in the range of 121.7–130.5 mg. However, in case of S. litura the larvae showed no significant discrimination between meridic diet and the leaf discs. In fact more than 60% larvae preferred
leaf discs for feeding, though Cry1Ac expression in leaf discs was in the range of 0.9–2.18 μg/g. Thus differences in behavioral
response could potentially impact the level of efficacy of crop cultivars that have been genetically engineered to produce
these proteins. 相似文献
15.
Muthugounder Mohan Govindan Selvakumar Satya Nand Sushil Jagdish Chandra Bhatt Hari Shankar Gupta 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2011,27(11):2545-2551
An endophytic Serratia marcescens strain SRM (MTCC 8708) isolated from the flowers of summer squash was found to be entomopathogenic against the larvae of
Helicoverpa armigera. Natural epizootic of this bacterial strain on the larvae collected from summer squash flowers ranged from 19.9 to 72.3%.
Under laboratory conditions, a dose of 6 × 1010 c.f.u./ml diet induced 66.3% mortality of first instar H. armigera larvae. Similarly all other growth and development parameters of the insect were severely retarded in a dose-dependent manner.
The bacterium invaded the entire alimentary canal and haemolymph with successful replacement of all other gut-associated microflora.
There was a great reduction in midgut proteinase activity due to inhibition of five major proteinase isozymes by S. marcescens infection. Further, a synergistic interaction between chitinases isolated from this strain and Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin was observed. The present findings suggest that this plant-associated S. marcescens strain SRM could be suitably exploited for the management of H. armigera. 相似文献
16.
Median lethal doses (LD50s) of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) were determined in neonatal offspring ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Sf) larvae captured in southeastern Louisiana in 1981, 1982, and 1984. These LD50s ranged from 1.8 to 16.3 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/insect. The LD50s significantly (P<0.05) increased during the season of 1982 but had no pattern in 1981 or 1984. However, the Sf populations increased in heterogeneity of response to the NPV during all 3 years. The LD50 increased from 4.1 to 18.7 PIB/insect in a Sf laboratory colony exposed to the NPV LD80 for 7 generations, whereas in a control colony not exposed to NPV the LD50 was 5.9 PIB/insect after 7 generations. 相似文献
17.
Md Habibullah Bahar John Stanley Peter Gregg Alice Del Socorro 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2013,146(2):224-231
Experiments were conducted in small arenas and on whole plants to explore the effect of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), as alternative prey on the predation of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae by green lacewing larvae, Mallada signatus Schneider (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Transgenic Bt (Bollgard II®) and conventional cotton plants were included to explore potential differences in the predator's performance on these cotton types. In small arenas, the presence of 20 aphids reduced predation on H. armigera larvae by 22% (from 5.5 to 3.3 of 10) by a single lacewing larva over a 24‐h period. The presence of H. armigera reduced predation on aphids by ca. 29% (from 16.8 to 11.0 of 20) over 24 h. On whole plants, the presence of alternative prey had no effect on the number of H. armigera larvae or aphids remaining after 3 days. The presence of H. armigera larvae alone, without the predator, caused a 24% reduction in the numbers of aphids on conventional, but not on Bt cotton plants. The combination of Bt cotton and lacewing larvae caused a 96.6% removal of early‐stage H. armigera larvae, a statistically significant increase over the addition of the proportions (91.6%) removed by each factor measured separately, providing evidence of synergism. These studies suggest that the presence of aphids as alternative prey would not necessarily disrupt the predation by green lacewing on larvae of H. armigera, especially on Bt cotton. 相似文献
18.
The response of generalist egg parasitoids to alternative natural hosts that are present simultaneously is not well known. We investigated the behavior of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in relation to two field hosts Helicoverpa armigera Hübner and Spodoptera litura Fabricius, in choice and no choice tests. We quantified the effects of natal host species and post-emergence adult age on the oviposition preference of the parasitoids. H. armigera eggs were consistently preferred over S. litura eggs, regardless of the natal host and adult age. When only S. litura eggs were available as hosts, they were parasitized at statistically similar rates to H. armigera eggs (average of 17 ± 2.7 vs. 13 ± 3.0, H. armigera to S. litura). The adult lifespan and lifetime fecundity of T. pretiosum were variable but were affected by natal host species and/or host species to which they were exposed. Mean lifespan and fecundity of parasitoids that had developed in H. armigera eggs and were exposed to H. armigera eggs for oviposition were 13.9 ± 1.8 days and 98.7 ± 11.0 adult offspring. By contrast, those that developed in S. litura eggs and were exposed to S. litura eggs for oviposition lived for 7 ± 0.9 days and produced 53.8 ± 8.0 adult offspring. The ovigeny index (OI) was significantly lower in the parasitoids exposed to H. armigera eggs than in those exposed to S. litura eggs, regardless of the natal host, indicating that H. armigera eggs sustain the adult parasitoids better than S. litura eggs. These results are used to predict parasitoid behavior in the field when both hosts are available. 相似文献
19.
NeonateTribolium castaneum larvae were treated with 0.5 ppm pirimiphos methyl, 1.6×104 spores/gNosema whitei alone and 0.5 ppm+1.6×104 spores/g combined and the resulting adult mortality recorded. All treatments increased the mortality of the beetles significantly
(P<0.01), though the combined dose gave a lower mortality than either the microsporidian or the insecticide alone.
相似文献
20.
Mustafa Altindag Mustafa Sahin Ahmet Esitken Sezai Ercisli Muharrem Guleryuz M. Figen Donmez Fikrettin Sahin 《Biological Control》2006,38(3):369-372
In 2002 and 2003, a study was conducted to determine the effect of bacterial strains, Burkholdria OSU 7, Bacillus OSU 142, and Pseudomonas BA 8, on biological control of brown rot disease (Monilinia laxa Ehr.) on apricot cv. Hacıhaliloğlu in Malatya province of Turkey. Apricot orchard at full blooming stage was inoculated with conidial suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml) of M. laxa Ehr. After inoculation, two apricot trees for each application were treated with each of the three biological control agents (Burkholdria gladii OSU 7, Bacillus subtilis OSU 142, and Pseudomonas putida BA 8) by spraying (1 × 109 cfu/ml) on inoculated branches. Disease incidence was evaluated for untreated (control 1) and four different treatment groups including commercial disease management (control 2, positive control: 3% Bourdox in fall, 50% Cupper at pink flower, 30 g/100 l Corus at first blooming, and 300 g/100 l Captan at last blooming stage) and treatments including each of the three bacterial strains (OSU 7, OSU 142, and BA 8). The results showed that disease incidence for negative control (control 1) was 9.94, which was significantly higher than disease incidence for commercial application (2.57%) or bacterial treatments (2.82–5.00%) in the first year. In 2003, the lowest disease incidence observed in OSU 7 treatment (6.80%), while disease incidence rate for positive control and negative control were 9.45% and 28.46%, respectively. This result may suggest that OSU 7 has potential to be used as biopesticide for effective management of brown rot disease on apricot. 相似文献