三种稻飞虱在恒定高温胁迫下的生态表现

对揭飞虱、白背飞虱、灰飞虱等3种稻飞虱的不同虫态在38℃恒温下,暴露不同时间后的生存率进行了研究。结果表明,随高温处理时间的延长．卵孵化率明显下降,卵历期延长。褐飞虱、白背飞虱卵在38℃恒温下暴露12h后．卵孵化率比对照分别低34%和45%;暴露24h后,两种稻飞虱的卵孵化率均比对照低25％;致死中时值LT50分别为11h和10h。3种稻飞虱8日龄若虫及羽化后3天的雌雄成虫的生存率,随处理时间的延长而呈显著下降趋势,褐飞虱、自背飞虱和灰飞虱若虫的致死中时值LT50依次为15．6h、17．8h和25．9h,长翅型雌成虫依次为34．7h、17．1h和43．2h．长翅型雄成虫依次为28．9h、23．2h和54．5h。另外,高温处理过的若虫,其羽化出成虫的体重明显下降,在高温下暴露30h后,白背飞虱长趣型雌成虫的体重比对照低32％,褐飞虱短翅型雌成虫低50％;高温处理后存活的白背飞虱雌成虫产出的卵块较小,总产卵量也明显下降。     

条赤须盲蝽形态特征与生物学特性

【目的】明确条赤须盲蝽Trigonotylus coelestialium各虫态的形态特征及其发育历期和成虫繁殖力等生物学特性,为条赤须盲蝽的预测预报及科学防治提供理论依据。【方法】在2021年9-10月郑州室内自然变温(22.0~28.1℃)和25℃恒温条件下,以玉米灌浆期籽粒为食料进行饲养,并观察、记录条赤须盲蝽个体各发育阶段的形态特征,测定其各虫态的发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命及雌成虫产卵量。【结果】条赤须盲蝽卵块产于玉米籽粒基部内颖内侧,卵粒长圆筒形,向一侧略弯。从1龄若虫开始触角呈现红色,随龄期增加红色逐渐明显,至5龄若虫时触角第1节出现3条清晰可见的红色纵纹。翅芽从3龄若虫开始明显可见。雌成虫产卵器长瓣状,平放于生殖节中部的沟槽内。室内自然变温下,条赤须盲蝽卵历期为6.27 d,卵孵化率为89.90%;1-5龄若虫历期分别为2.80, 2.33, 2.70, 2.77和3.90 d,若虫总历期为14.50 d,若虫总存活率为85.97%;雌成虫产卵前期为4.43 d,产卵持续期为13.93 d,单雌产卵19.47块,产卵量为82.55粒。25℃恒温下,条赤须盲蝽卵历期为7.73 d,卵孵化率为81.13%;1-5龄若虫历期分别为2.17, 1.90, 1.77, 1.90和2.93 d;若虫总历期为10.67 d,若虫总存活率为7184%;雌成虫产卵前期为4.17 d,产卵持续期为11.27 d,单雌产卵21.17块,产卵量为72.22粒。【结论】条赤须盲蝽的5龄若虫和成虫的触角第1节的形态特征可用于区分其与该属其他昆虫;其翅芽的发育特征可判别若虫龄期;变温能延长其若虫历期和成虫寿命,同时有利于提高雌成虫产卵量和卵孵化率。     

电子束辐照对嗜虫书虱存活与繁殖力的影响

采用电子加速器产生电子束辐照处理嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila(Enderlein),分别以0、50、100、200、300、400、500、1000Gy的剂量处理成虫和若虫,观察受辐照后的存活情况和成虫的繁殖情况;以0、25、50、100、200、300、400、500Gy的剂量辐照卵,观察受辐照后卵的孵化情况。结果表明:经50Gy及以上剂量辐照后嗜虫书虱的卵不能孵化,也不能存活;在300Gy及其以上剂量经过不到8周的时间后成虫和若虫都不能存活,且在300、400、500、1000Gy的剂量范围内,嗜虫书虱成虫和若虫受辐照后的剂量越大,存活率降低幅度越大。嗜虫书虱各虫态对电子束辐照的敏感性由高至低依次为卵、若虫、成虫;经300Gy辐照后的成虫和若虫分别在8周和6周内完全死亡,300Gy的剂量可作为电子束有效防治嗜虫书虱的参考剂量。所有50Gy以上剂量下都可明显降低此种害虫的繁殖力,300Gy以上剂量的处理可导致试虫零产卵。     

烟粉虱天敌日本刀角瓢虫的捕食行为

研究了日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫和幼虫捕食粉虱时的各种行为时间分配.结果表明,日本刀角瓢虫成虫的捕食行为可分为爬行、取食、清洁、静息、整翅和排泄6个部分.饥饿后的日本刀角瓢虫幼虫捕食烟粉虱卵时,幼虫各龄期间的取食和爬行时间无显著差异,对烟粉虱卵的处置时间随瓢虫幼虫虫龄的增大而缩短.日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫捕食烟粉虱卵时,饥饿后的雌成虫用于取食的时间显著长于非饥饿的雌成虫,而用于清洁、静息和爬行的时间显著短于非饥饿的雌成虫;饥饿后的瓢虫雌成虫对卵的处置时间显著长于非饥饿的雌成虫.饥饿后的日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫捕食烟粉虱若虫时,瓢虫雌成虫的取食时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而增加,清洁和静息时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而缩短,对若虫的处置时间随烟粉虱若虫虫龄的增大而增加.     

柑桔地粉蚧种群发生动态与防治试验

柑桔地粉蚧(Geococcus cirinus Kuwana)是一种典型的土栖粉蚧．生活在土壤中为害柑桔根部．在福州郊区一年发生3代,主要以若虫和少数成虫越冬．各代若虫盛发期为6月、8月和10-11月．药剂试验结果,以40％速扑杀2000倍液杀虫．杀卵效果均比较理想．各世代低龄若虫期是药剂防治的适期．抓紧第一代若虫盛发期防治至关重要．     

昆虫变态中的若虫与幼虫

常见的农业昆虫,大多以产卵的方式进行繁殖.昆虫由卵发育到成虫分为三到四个阶段.蝗虫、蝽类等昆虫经过卵→若虫→成虫(不完全变态);蝶、蛾、甲虫、蚊、蝇和蜂等昆虫经过卵→幼虫→蛹→成虫(完全变态).这种不同     

甘蔗异背长蝽生物学特性及防治研究

甘蔗异背长蝽在我区年发生不完整3代,以卵在蔗蔸基部及部分蔗种和残梢上越冬。成虫不能完全越冬。翌年主要虫源是越冬卵。在室温28.5～29.5℃条件下,各虫态平均历期为:雌成虫21.7天,雄成虫19.1天,卵14.7天,若虫34.3天,全世代70天左右。成虫产卵量一般在20～40粒,最高近100拉。防治适期为二龄若虫高峰期,用21％灭杀毙800倍稀释液喷雾,5天后效果仍达94.4％。     

温度和氮肥对褐飞虱存活、生长发育和繁殖的交互作用

在实验室条件下,研究了不同温度（20 ℃、23 ℃、26 ℃、29 ℃和32 ℃）和氮肥水平（不施氮：0 kg·hm^-2;高氮：250 kg·hm^-2）对褐飞虱存活、发育和繁殖的影响和交互作用.结果表明：在20 ℃~29 ℃范围内,随着温度的升高,褐飞虱的卵孵化率和若虫存活率提高,卵和若虫历期缩短,成虫寿命缩短,同时产卵量增加;32 ℃时, 褐飞虱卵孵化率和若虫存活率降低、卵和若虫历期延长、成虫生殖力降低;在不同温度下,高氮植株上的褐飞虱卵孵化率和若虫存活率、成虫生殖力均明显高于低氮稻株上的褐飞虱,同时高氮植株上褐飞虱的卵和若虫历期明显短于低氮稻株上的褐飞虱,说明施用高水平氮肥提高了褐飞虱对逆境条件的生态适应性;温度和氮肥对褐飞虱卵存活率、若虫历期和产卵量的交互作用显著,表明全球气候变暖和长期施用高水平氮肥很可能是近年来褐飞虱猖獗暴发的重要原因.     

日本松干蚧的一种新天敌——黑叉胸花蝽

黑叉胸花蝽Dufouriella ater(Dufour)在文登地区一年发生4代, 以成虫越冬, 世代重叠现象明显.成虫和若虫均可捕食日本松干蚧, 对松干蚧种群数量起着控制作用.成虫羽化后即行交配, 未经交配的雌虫不能产卵.若虫中84.6%为5龄, 仅少数为4龄虫.米蛾卵和大蜡螟卵是饲养繁殖黑叉胸花蝽成虫和若虫的良好饲料.     

南方小花蝽液体人工饲料的饲养效果评价

为评价一种液体人工饲料的饲养效果,以棉蚜饲养南方小花蝽作对照,用液体人工饲料连续两代饲养南方小花蝽若虫和成虫,对南方小花蝽各生长阶段的生长和发育指标进行调查。结果显示：用人工饲料饲养的南方小花蝽若虫历期（22～23天）与对照组（21天）之间不存在显著差异,说明液体人工饲料可以很好的满足南方小花蝽若虫生长的营养要求。然而,用棉蚜饲养的对照组南方小花蝽成虫获得率可达到63%,而人工饲料组连续两代的成虫获得率分别仅为45% 和43%。取食人工饲料的南方小花蝽成虫,在产卵前期、产卵量及寿命方面与对照组都没有显著差异,仅在产卵期方面有着显著差异,人工饲料组小花蝽的产卵期为13～16天,而对照组小花蝽的产卵期可达20天,说明液体人工饲料也可以很好的满足南方小花蝽成虫生殖发育的营养要求。     

Effect of membrane splitting on transmembrane polypeptides

We investigated the effect of membrane splitting on the primary structure of human erythrocyte membrane polypeptides. Monolayers of intact, chemically unmodified cells were freeze-fractured and examined by one-dimensional SDS PAGE. Silver-stained gels revealed all major polypeptides that stain with Coomassie Blue as well as all bands that stain with periodic acid Schiff's reagent. Both nonglycosylated and glycosylated membrane polypeptides could be detected at concentrations of only a few nanograms per band. Membrane splitting had no effect on the position or number of bands. Monolayers of intact erythrocytes that had been enzymatically radioiodinated with lactoperoxidase were examined by electrophoresis, fluorography, and liquid scintillation counting. Radioactivity was quantified before and after monolayer formation and splitting, and at several stages of gel staining, drying, and fluorography. Although overexposed fluorographs revealed several minor radioiodinated bands in addition to band 3 and the glycophorins, no new bands were detected in split membrane samples derived from intact cells. These observations support the conclusion that neither the band 3 anion channel nor the glycophorin sialoglycoproteins are fragmented during freeze-fracturing. Although both band 3 and glycophorin partition to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, preliminary quantitative observations suggest an enrichment of glycophorin in the split extracellular "half" membrane. We conclude that the process of membrane splitting by planar monolayer freeze-fracture does not cleave the covalent polypeptide backbone of any erythrocyte membrane protein, peripheral or integral.     

Analysis of Toxocara canis larval excretory-secretory antigens: physicochemical characterization and antibody recognition

Toxocara canis larval excretory-secretory antigens (TEX) were resolved by gradient pore polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analyzed using silver, periodic acid-Schiff, and immunoperoxidase stains. At least 15 bands between 29 and 94 kilodaltons (kDa) were detected by silver stain, all of which were recognized by antibodies in serum of a patient with visceral larva migrans. Immunoperoxidase stain detected an additional band at 92 kDa and 4-6 others above 200 kDa. Periodic acid-Schiff stain also detected the high molecular weight components, but did not detect constituents of approximately 53 and 57 kDa. Immunoperoxidase stain using antibody from the vitreous fluid of an ocular larva migrans patient detected 2 TEX components, approximately 76 and 80 kDa. Antigens were compared with respect to batch of larvae and age of larvae in culture. Qualitative differences that correlated with batch were found in the number of constituents above 200 kDa, and in 1 component of 78 kDa. Qualitative differences were noted in many minor components, some of which appeared to correlate with age of larvae in culture. Major TEX constituents were recognized consistently by antibody, regardless of batch or age of larvae. Total protein production per larva was approximately 8 ng/day, and was consistent over time. There was no evidence of neutral proteases in TEX.     

Separation and identification of exo- and endoinulinase from Aspergillus ficuum

A new and convenient method was developed to separate and identify exo- and endoinulinase from Aspergillus ficuum by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eight protein bands were obtained. Three bands were identified as exoinulinase, and two bands were endoinulinase, by using TLC and HPLC. The five bands were all detected as glycoproteins with the sensitive periodic acid-silver stain.     

Observations on specific giemsa staining of the Y and on selective oil destaining of the chromosomes.

The human Y chromosome can be differentially stained with Giemsa using simple procedures. This phenomenon is strikingly to that observed with quinacrine fluorescence. The specific Giemsa-Y stain may be selectively removed by the action of an oil. The same oil, under certain conditions, selectively removes Giemsa stain from all chromosomes, resulting in R- and T-banding patterns. These bands, which are obtained through subtraction of dye from Giemsa-stained chromosomes, allow slides to be further processed.     

家蚕30 kD特异性变应原的分析、纯化与质谱鉴定

以Coca's提取液分别提取到不同时期家蚕Bombyx mori的粗浸液,利用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting鉴定其特异性变应原,然后用DEAE-52离子交换层析及切胶纯化出30 kD的特异性变应原,再经MALDI-TOF在线联机分析,所得质谱数据进入网站搜索分析。结果显示：1～5龄家蚕均有20条左右蛋白带,其中 5龄家蚕有23条蛋白带,主带有11条（82、79、60、51、46、38、32、30、28、24和18 kD）。选用家蚕过敏患者阳性血清进行免疫印迹,1～4龄家蚕均显示出82和79 kD的特异性变应原;但只有5龄家蚕的30 kD蛋白为特异性变应原,通过离子交换层析和经切胶纯化出30 kD蛋白,再经MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定该蛋白为外膜蛋白。提示家蚕不同时期抗原成分有所变化,5龄家蚕新出现的30 kD蛋白为特异性变应原。     

Separation and Identification of Exo- and Endoinulinase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus ficuum</Emphasis>

A new and convenient method was developed to separate and identify exo- and endoinulinase from Aspergillus ficuum by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eight protein bands were obtained. Three bands were identified as exoinulinase, and two bands were endoinulinase, by using TLC and HPLC. The five bands were all detected as glycoproteins with the sensitive periodic acid-silver stain. Received: 3 July 2002 / Accepted: 25 September 2002     

Superoxide dismutase and peroxidase: a positive activity stain applicable to polyacrylamide gel electropherograms.

The oxidation of dianisidine, photosensitized by riboflavin, is accelerated by superoxide dismutase. Polyacrylamide gel electropherograms soaked in riboflavin plus dianisidine and subsequently illuminated develop stable brown bands at positions bearing superoxide dismutase activity. This constitutes a new, convenient, and advantageous activity stain for this class of enzymes. Peroxidases are also stained by this procedure due to the photochemical production of H₂O₂. This does not constitute an interference with the specificity of the stain, since peroxidase bands develop more slowly than superoxide dismutase bands and can be further identified through the use of inhibitors or of independent staining for peroxidase. The new, positive activity stain for superoxide dismutases can be applied to crude extracts of cells.     

盛花期抗虫杂交棉及其亲本叶片基因表达差异与杂种优势

采用DDRT-PCR技术,以棉花盛花期项尖叶片cDNA为材料,对上海生物工程公司合成的专用于基因差异显示分析的3个锚定引物和全套26个随机引物进行筛选,最后选择了15个扩增差异带丰富的随机引物。采用3个锚定引物和这15个随机引物组成的45对引物组合对24个抗虫棉杂交组合及其10亲本盛花期叶片cDNA进行扩增和差显,2次扩增重复率达70．1％,表明在扩增过程中存在较高的假阳性,通过重复PCR扩增,统计稳定扩增的条带,可减少假阳性干扰。根据基因表达方式,将其划分5种模式：MI为双亲表达沉默,双亲出现条带而杂种没有条带;M2为单亲表达沉默,带仅出现在亲本之一,包括仅母本有带而父本和杂种无带和仅父本有带而母本和杂种无带2种表达方式：M3为杂种特异表达,带仅出现在杂种,双亲无带;M4为单亲表达一致,带在双亲之一和杂种中出现,而在另一亲本中不出现,包括母本、杂种中有带而父本无带和父本、杂种中有带而母本无带2种方式;M5为基因表达一致,带在双亲和杂种中均出现。差显表达模式比例与产量性状和杂种优势分析表明：M4与所有产量性状均呈正相关,并且与单位面积铃数相关达显著水平,其他各种模式与杂种产量性状表型值均未达到显著水平;M2与单位面积铃数杂种优势呈显著负相关,M3与皮棉产量杂种优势呈显著正相关。上述结果表明,盛花期叶片中的基因显性表达和杂种特异表达有利于产量形成和杂种优势发挥。     

Nucleic acids and protein content in relation to growth and regression of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) corpora lutea

Information on nucleic acids and protein content of buffalo corpus luteum (CL) in relation to growth, development and regression is not available. An experiment was thus conducted to investigate the variation and relationship between nucleic acids and protein content in CL during different developmental stages and to determine the qualitative differences in protein constituents in any of these stages. Buffalo corpora lutea of different developmental stages viz., developing (day 5-10, n = 16), developed (day 11-17, n = 12) and regressed (day 18-21, n = 10) stages were collected from non-pregnant and -pathological genitalia (n = 38). The DNA, RNA and protein content in tissue extracts were determined and the proteins in pooled samples were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Developing stage CL had more total and per gram tissue level of DNA and RNA with significant positive relationship with total and per gram RNA and protein contents. Although there was no significant difference in total weight, a significant decrease in total DNA as well as per gram level of DNA and RNA was observed in developed stage compared to developing stage CL. The total protein content in developed stage CL was compared to developing and regressed stage CL. Non-denaturing PAGE analysis of CL proteins of different stages showed five protein bands of 210, 190, 82, 68 and 66 kDa and one that migrated with the dye front in all the stages however, not shown any differences in banding pattern. Denaturing PAGE showed 15 bands viz., 205, 66, 53, 42, 35, 27, 24, 22, 20, 18, 17, 14, 9, 7.5 and 6.5 kDa. Out of these 66 and 53 kDa bands appeared with maximum intensity in all the three stages of CL. Comparison of bands between the three stages revealed five 57, 31, 27, 19 and 16 kDa stage-specific bands in regressed stage CL. The present study indicated that the DNA, RNA and protein content of buffalo CL varied with the stages of development and regressed stage CL contained some unique protein bands which were not observed either in developed or developing stage CL.     

Relationship Between Gene Differential Expression of Leaves in Full Opening Flower Stages of Hybrids & Their Parents and Heterosis in Pest-resistant Cotton

cDNAs of leaves of 24 pest-resistant cotton (authorization) crosses and their parents in full opening flower stages were amplified and different bands were displayed by DDRT-PCR, with 45 primer combinations. The mean percentage of bands duplicated was 70.1%, which implied that there was a high proportion of pseudopositive fragments in the amplified cDNA. These pseudopositive bands can be reduced using duplicate PCR. Correlation analysis between differential gene expression and hybrid performance and heterosis showed that M4 (bands detected in one parent and F₁) was positively correlated with all yield traits, and significantly correlated with boll number; M2 (bands observed in one parent but not in F₁ and another parent) was negatively correlated with heterosis of boll number; and M3 (bands observed only in F₁) was positively correlated with heterosis of lint yield. These results showed that genes that had dominant and specific expression in top leaves of full opening flower stages were beneficial to yield formation and heterosis occurrence.