滇牡丹内生真菌PR20的鉴定及次生代谢产物的研究

根据形态学特征和18S rDNA序列分析,将滇牡丹根中分离得到的内生真菌菌株PR20鉴定为高大毛壳Chaetomium elatum。利用柱色谱层析方法从该菌株的发酵产物中分离到5个化合物,通过理化性质及波谱数据分析,分别鉴定为7-羟基-4,6二甲基苯酞(1)、苔黑酚(2)、苔色酸(3)、间羟基苯甲酸(4)和次黄嘌呤核苷(5),以上化合物均为首次从滇牡丹内生真菌中分离获得。     

银杏内生真菌Aspergillus oryzae YX-5抗肿瘤活性物质的分离与鉴定

【背景】植物内生真菌是天然活性物质的重要来源。【目的】对一株具有抗肿瘤活性的银杏内生真菌米曲霉Aspergillus oryzae YX-5进行活性物质的分离与鉴定。【方法】将该菌株发酵培养后,发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,采用减压柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶柱层析和高效液相色谱分析,从其代谢产物中分离活性化合物,在分离过程中以MTT法跟踪检测分离到的各组分及纯化合物的抗肿瘤活性。【结果】从菌株YX-5的发酵产物中分离纯化得到4个化合物。经核磁共振和高分辨质谱分析,将其分别鉴定为羟基曲霉酸(1)、环(4-羟脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸)(2)、环(亮氨酸-苯丙氨酸)(3)和环(丙氨酸-苯丙氨酸)(4)。其中羟基曲霉酸对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞具有显著的细胞毒活性,其IC_(50)为1.07μg/mL。【结论】报道羟基曲霉酸在抗肿瘤方面的活性,表明米曲霉及羟基曲霉酸在抗肿瘤天然产物开发中具有一定的应用潜力。     

环境胁迫对珊瑚共附生真菌Aspergillus ochraceus LCJ11-102次级代谢产物的影响

摘要：【目的】研究环境胁迫对珊瑚共附生真菌Aspergillus ochraceus的次生代谢的影响,寻找活性代谢产物。【方法】采用仿生培养和高盐胁迫两种不同的发酵条件对菌株进行液体大发酵,运用HPLC指纹图谱考察发酵产物的化学多样性,采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱和HPLC等方法对发酵产物进行分离、纯化,运用波谱和Mosher方法鉴定化合物的结构。【结果】发现菌株在两种环境胁迫条件下产生了不同的次生代谢产物,从中分别鉴定了4个（1–4）和1个主要化合物5：R(–)- mellein (1)、(5,6-trans, 8,9-threo-)-9-chloro-8-hydroxy-8,9-deoxyaspyrone (2)、(5,6-erythro-, 8,9-threo-)-9-chloro-8-hydroxy-8,9- deoxyasperlactone (3)、(5S,6R,9S)-dihydroaspyrone (4)和R(+)-semi-vioxanthin (5)。【结论】环境胁迫可以诱导海洋微生物产生不同的次生代谢产物,仿生培养是从海洋微生物中获得氯代产物的有效途径。     

环境胁迫对珊瑚共附生真菌Aspergillus ochraceus LCJ11-102次生代谢产物的影响

【目的】研究环境胁迫对珊瑚共附生真菌Aspergillus ochraceus的次生代谢的影响,寻找活性代谢产物。【方法】采用仿生培养和高盐胁迫两种不同的发酵条件对菌株进行液体大发酵,运用HPLC指纹图谱考察发酵产物的化学多样性,采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱和HPLC等方法对发酵产物进行分离、纯化,运用波谱和Mosher方法鉴定化合物的结构。【结果】发现菌株在两种环境胁迫条件下产生了不同的次生代谢产物,从中分别鉴定了4个(1-4)和1个主要化合物5:R(-)-mellein(1)、(5,6-trans,8,9-threo-)-9-chloro-8-hydroxy-8,9-deoxyaspyrone(2)、(5,6-erythro-,8,9-threo-)-9-chloro-8-hydroxy-8,9-deoxyasperlactone(3)、(5S,6R,9S)-dihydroaspyrone(4)和R(+)-semi-vioxanthin(5)。【结论】环境胁迫可以诱导海洋微生物产生不同的次生代谢产物,仿生培养是从海洋微生物中获得氯代产物的有效途径。     

南海珊瑚来源真菌Aspergillus sp.SCSIO 40435的分离鉴定及其次级代谢产物研究

【目的】南海珊瑚共附生真菌Aspergillus sp. SCSIO 40435次级代谢产物分离鉴定及抑菌活性筛选。【方法】利用稀释涂布平板法分离珊瑚共附生真菌。采用单菌多代谢产物方法(one strain many compounds,OSMAC)对分离菌株进行化学多样性筛选,并采用滤纸片扩散法对真菌发酵产物进行抑菌活性分析。通过ITS测序鉴定活性菌株SCSIO 40435的分类地位,运用多种色谱手段从其粗提物中分离纯化单体化合物,并利用各种波谱手段(HRESIMS、1D和2D NMR、单晶X-ray衍射法等)确定化合物的结构。最后,采用微量肉汤稀释法对单体化合物的抑菌活性进行评估。【结果】从南海珊瑚样品中分离得到19株共附生真菌,结合化学多样性和抑菌活性分析,筛选出1株产物丰富且具有多种抑菌活性的菌株SCSIO40435。利用ITS测序分析将其鉴定为曲霉属真菌(Aspergillus sp.),进一步从其发酵产物中分离鉴定了4个对三联苯类化合物：dicandidusin A(1)、candidusin A(2)、terphenyllin(3)和4″-deoxyterphenylli...     

源于植物内生无花果拟盘多毛孢真菌的新色原酮类次生代谢产物研究

从植物内生真菌无花果拟盘多毛孢菌株(Pestalotiopsis fici;AS3.9138=W106-1)的放大发酵粗提物中分离得到4个异戊二烯基取代的色原酮类新结构次生代谢产物pestaloficiolsM-P(1-4),并应用质谱和核磁共振技术确定了上述化合物的结构。生物活性测试结果表明化合物2能够抑制HIV-1病毒在C8166细胞中的复制;化合物3和4对宫颈癌细胞(HeLa)具有细胞毒活性;另外,化合物3对烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus也具有较强的抑制活性。     

膨大弯颈霉中与Bmt生物合成相关的PKS基因功能研究

环孢霉素A是一种主要由膨大弯颈霉Tolypocladium inflatum产生的环肽类次级代谢产物,临床上被广泛用作免疫抑制剂,其合成需要特殊底物(4R)-4-[(E)-2-butenyl]-4-methyl-L-threonine (Bmt),但目前相关Bmt的研究很少。基因敲除实验证实Bmt的生物合成需要一个聚酮合酶(polyketosynthase,PKS)基因(simG)参与,并推测其功能为合成Bmt的前体化合物羧酸分子3(R)-hydroxyl-4(R)-methyl-6(E)-octenoicacid(B1)。本研究通过在同为虫生真菌的球孢白僵菌Beauveriabassiana中异源表达simG,以证明该基因的功能。通过克隆获得了较大基因simG,利用根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens介导方法将该基因转化到球孢白僵菌中,通过基因检测和半定量RT-PCR筛选出目标基因表达量高的菌株,获得4株simG高表达菌株。将其发酵培养后,利用LC-MS检测发酵产物,发现在simG高表达菌株中存在与B1分子量相同的产物峰。本研究进一步证明了simG负责化合物B...     

一株银杏内生真菌菌株的抑菌活性成分研究

从银杏叶柄分离筛选到具抗菌活性的内生真菌Colletotrichum.SP NTB-2菌株,利用硅胶柱色谱、制备高效液相色谱等方法在其发酵产物中分离到抗枯草芽孢杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌等具有广谱抑菌活性的化合物,经MS、NMR等波谱数据确认该活性成分为芹菜素-8-C-葡萄糖苷(apigenin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside),该化合物首次从真菌中分离得到。     

木榄根际土壤来源的曲霉属真菌F5及其抗菌活性代谢产物

将一株分离自木榄根际土壤的菌株F5鉴定为曲霉属环绕组真菌成员,其在形态学特征和ITS序列上与Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis极为相似。该菌株在改良葡萄糖蛋白胨酵母培养基(GPYM)中28℃下160r/min发酵7d后的产物具有明显的抑菌活性。利用色谱方法从菌株F5的发酵产物中分离鉴定到2种化合物:(R)-(-)-mellein(Ⅰ)和flavacol(Ⅱ),其中,flavacol对枯草芽孢杆菌的生长具有明显的抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为32mg/L,而mellein对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的生长均无明显的抑制活性。     

阴香内生真菌Y-74鉴定及其次级代谢产物的初步研究

本研究主要是对阴香内生真菌菌株Y-74进行鉴定并对其次生代谢产物进行分离。运用ITS r DNA分子鉴定法鉴定菌株。通过对菌株Y-74进行发酵,经反复硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶柱层析从发酵液活性组分中分离得到一化合物,标为化合物(1)。采用GC-MS确定了该化合物的纯度,通过理化方法、1H NMR、13C NMR等手段鉴定其化学结构。分离纯化得到的化合物(1)为橘霉素A,相关文献表明橘霉素A具有一定的抗肿瘤活性,为进一步研究代谢物及其活性奠定了基础。     

Histone hyperacetylation induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors is not sufficient to cause growth inhibition in human dermal fibroblasts

Use of specific histone deacetylase inhibitors has revealed critical roles for the histone deacetylases (HDAC) in controlling proliferation. Although many studies have correlated the function of HDAC inhibitors with the hyperacetylation of histones, few studies have specifically addressed whether the accumulation of acetylated histones, caused by HDAC inhibitor treatment, is responsible for growth inhibition. In the present study we show that HDAC inhibitors cause growth inhibition in normal and transformed keratinocytes but not in normal dermal fibroblasts. This was despite the observation that the HDAC inhibitor, suberic bishydroxamate (SBHA), caused a kinetically similar accumulation of hyperacetylated histones. This cell type-specific response to SBHA was not due to the inactivation of SBHA by fibroblasts, nor was it due to differences in the expression of specific HDAC family members. Remarkably, overexpression of HDACs 1, 4, and 6 in normal human fibroblasts resulted in cells that could be growth-inhibited by SBHA. These data suggest that, although histone acetylation is a major target for HDAC inhibitors, the accumulation of hyperacetylated histones is not sufficient to cause growth inhibition in all cell types. This suggests that growth inhibition, caused by HDAC inhibitors, may be the culmination of histone hyperacetylation acting in concert with other growth regulatory pathways.     

Bim plays a crucial role in synergistic induction of apoptosis by the histone deacetylase inhibitor SBHA and TRAIL in melanoma cells

The wide variation in sensitivity of cancer cells to TRAIL- or histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor – induced apoptosis precludes successful treatment of cancer with these agents. We report here that TRAIL and SBHA synergistically induce apoptosis of melanoma cells as revealed by quantitative analysis using the normalized isobologram method. This is supported by enhanced activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of its substrates, PARP and ICAD. Co-treatment with SBHA and TRAIL did not enhance formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and processing of caspase-8 and Bid, but potentiated activation of Bax and release of Cytochrome C and Smac/DIABLO from mitochondria into the cytosol. SBHA down-regulated Bcl-X_L, Mcl-1 and XIAP, but up-regulated Bax, Bak, and the BH3-only protein Bim_EL. Up-regulation of the latter by SBHA was attenuated by the presence of TRAIL, which was inhibitable by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Inhibition of Bim by siRNA attenuated conformational changes of Bax, mitochondrial apoptotic events, and activation of caspase-3, leading to marked inhibition of the synergy between SBHA and TRAIL. Thus, Bim plays an essential role in synergistic induction of apoptosis by SBHA and TRAIL in melanoma. This work was supported by the NSW State Cancer Council, the Melanoma and Skin Cancer Research Institute Sydney, the Hunter Melanoma Foundation, NSW, and the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia. X.D. Zhang is a Cancer Institute NSW Fellow.     

Homocysteine modulates the proteolytic potential of human arterial smooth muscle cells through a reactive oxygen species dependant mechanism

Suberoyl bishydroxamic acid (SBHA) as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor has various cellular effects such as cell growth and apoptosis. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of SBHA on the growth and death of A549 lung cancer cells. SBHA inhibited the growth of A549 cells with an IC₅₀ of approximately 50 μM at 72 h in a dose-dependent manner. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that SBHA induced a G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle. This agent also induced apoptosis, as evidenced by sub-G1 cells and annexin V-FITC staining cells. SBHA-induced apoptosis was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; ΔΨ_m), Bcl-2 decrease, Bax increase, and the activation of caspase-3. All of the tested caspase inhibitors significantly rescued some cells from SBHA-induced A549 cell death. However, none of the caspase inhibitors prevented the loss of MMP (ΔΨ_m) induced by SBHA. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels including O ₂ ^?? were increased in 50 μM SBHA-treated A549 cells. None of the caspase inhibitors attenuated ROS levels in these cells. SBHA also elevated the number of glutathione (GSH)-depleted cells in A549 cells, which was reduced by treatment with caspase inhibitors. In conclusion, this is the first report that SBHA inhibited the growth of A549 lung cancer cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis, which was related to GSH depletion rather than changes in ROS level.     

Sensitization of mesothelioma to TRAIL apoptosis by inhibition of histone deacetylase: role of Bcl-xL down-regulation

The TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an immunological inducer of apoptosis selectively killing many, but not all, cancer cells. Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is fatal neoplasia with no current treatment, most likely due to high resistance of MM cells towards inducers of apoptosis, including TRAIL. We studied whether inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC), recently shown to sensitize malignant cells to a variety of apoptogenic substances, renders MM cells susceptible to TRAIL. Indeed, sub-apoptotic doses of the HDAC inhibitor suberohydroxamic acid (SBHA) sensitized MM cells to TRAIL apoptosis. Of the apoptotic mediators tested, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) was strongly down-regulated by combined treatment of the cells with SBHA and TRAIL but not by the HDAC inhibitor alone, while little or no change in the expression of other Bcl-2 family members highly expressed in MM cells, including Mcl-1 and Bax, was observed. Our data suggest a cross-talk between HDAC inhibition and TRAIL that results in modulation of expression of specific apoptotic mediators, and point to the potential of their combinatorial use in treatment of TRAIL-resistant neoplastic disease.     

An inhibitor-resistant histone deacetylase in the plant pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus carbonum.

We have partially purified and characterized histone deacetylases of the plant pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus carbonum. Depending on growth conditions, this fungus produces HC-toxin, a specific histone deacetylase inhibitor. Purified enzymes were analyzed by immunoblotting, by immunoprecipitation, and for toxin sensitivity. The results demonstrate the existence of at least two distinct histone deacetylase activities. A high molecular weight complex (430,000) is sensitive to HC-toxin and trichostatin A and shows immunoreactivity with an antibody against Cochliobolus HDC2, an enzyme homologous to yeast RPD3. The second activity, a 60,000 molecular weight protein, which is resistant even to high concentrations of well-known deacetylase inhibitors, such as HC-toxin and trichostatin A, is not recognized by antibodies against Cochliobolus HDC1 (homologous to yeast HOS2) or HDC2 and represents a different and/or modified histone deacetylase which is enzymatically active in its monomeric form. This enzyme activity is not present in the related filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Furthermore, in vivo treatment of Cochliobolus mycelia with trichostatin A and analysis of HDACs during the transition from non-toxin-producing to toxin-producing stages support an HC-toxin-dependent enzyme activity profile.     

内生真菌Paraconiothyrium brasiliense代谢产物β-咔啉生物碱及其黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性研究

本研究通过前体介导调控一株内生真菌的次级代谢产物,采用正相硅胶柱色谱和制备型HPLC等方法分离纯化,利用NMR、MS等波谱学方法鉴定化合物结构,从中分离鉴定了10个生物碱类化合物,鉴定结果为:川芎哚(1)、1-(1',2'-二脱氧-α-D-核吡喃糖基)-β-咔啉(2)、flazin(3)、tangutorid E(4)...     

Inhibitory activity of linoleic acid isolated from proso and Japanese millet toward histone deacetylase

Linoleic acid was isolated from both the methanol extracts of proso and Japanese millet as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. It showed uncompetitive inhibitory activity toward histone deacetylase (IC(50)=0.51 mM) and potent cytotoxicity toward human leukemia K562 (IC(50)=68 microM) and prostate cancer LNCaP cells (IC(50)=193 microM). Millet containing linoleic acid might have anti-tumor activity.     

Induction of funitatin A,a new polyketide from the Yellow River wetland-derived fungus Talaromyces funiculosus

A new, highly modified fatty acid ester, funitatin A (1), was isolated from the Yellow River wetland-derived fungus Talaromyces funiculosus HPU-Y01 cultivated with the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). The structure of 1 was established by analysis of NMR and HRESIMS data. Compound 1 featured a rare dimeric cyclopaldic acid structure and showed promising antimicrobial activity against both Proteus species and Escherichia coli with MIC values of 3.13 μM.     

Identification of novel keratinocyte differentiation modulating compounds by high-throughput screening

The authors have designed high-throughput screens to identify compounds that promote or inhibit terminal differentiation of primary human epidermal keratinocytes. Eleven known inhibitors of signaling pathways and approximately 4000 compounds of diverse structure were screened using an In-Cell Western system based on immunofluorescent staining of the terminal differentiation marker, involucrin. Staurosporine, a nonspecific protein kinase C inhibitor, and H89, a protein kinase A inhibitor, promoted expression of involucrin. Conversely, U0126, a MEK inhibitor, and SAHA or SBHA, 2 histone deacetylase inhibitors, reduced the expression of involucrin during calcium-induced stratification. In addition, the authors found 1 novel compound that induced keratinocyte differentiation and 2 novel compounds that were inhibitory to calcium-induced differentiation. The differentiation-inducing compound also inhibited growth of a human squamous cell carcinoma line by stimulating both differentiation and apoptosis. Because the compound affected the tumor cells at a lower concentration than primary keratinocytes, it may have potential as an antitumor therapy.