Discopersicus n. gen., a New Member of the Family Tylenchidae ?rley, 1880 with Detailed SEM Study on Two Known Species of the Genus Discotylenchus Siddiqi, 1980 (Nematoda; Tylenchidae) from Iran

Discopersicus iranicus n. gen., n. comb., previously described from Iran as a new species under the genus Discotylenchus, is illustrated using light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations and further studied using molecular characters. SEM studies revealed the newly proposed genus has oblique amphidial apertures on the lateral sides of the lip region. SEM images are also provided for two species of Discotylenchus, namely D. discretus and D. brevicaudatus, as the first SEM study of the genus. These results confirmed longitudinal amphidial aperture type on lateral sides of the lip region in genus Discotylenchus, as noted by Siddiqi while erecting the genus with D. discretus as the type species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using partial small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences revealed the affinity of the genus Discopersicus n. gen. with members of the subfamily Boleodorinae, as supported by morphological characters (mainly, the oblique amphidial opening).     

黄颡单尾虫(粘体门,双壳目)的重描述及基于28S rDNA和ITS-5.8S序列的系统地位分析

采用形态分类学方法与以28S rDNA和ITS-5.8S序列为基础的分子系统学研究方法,对采自嘉陵江重庆市磁器口江段的黄颡单尾虫Unicauda pelteobagrusMa,1998进行了形态学和分子生物学的研究。基于28S rDNA数据探讨了黄颡单尾虫以及单尾虫属与相邻种属粘孢子虫间的系统地位;基于5.8S rDNA数据比较分析了粘孢子虫的系统地位。补充了黄颡单尾虫重庆种群形态学信息和28S rDNA、ITS-5.8S rDNA序列的分子信息。     

Longidorus carniolensis sp. n. (Nematoda, Longidoridae) from vineyard soil in Slovenia

A new needle nematode, Longidorus carniolensissp. n., recovered from the soil around the roots of grapevine Vitis vinifera L. from Slovenia, is described and illustrated. Longidorus carniolensisis an amphimictic species, characterised by females with a moderately long (L=5.6-8.2 mm) and plump (a=51-72.4, ave. 66.3) body, assuming a spiral to C-shape when heat relaxed. Head region continuous, anteriorly almost flat, lip region 23-25 μm wide; guiding ring situated posteriorly (42-47 μm, 43-50 μm in males), odontostyle long (ave. 146.6 (136-157) μm); pharyngeal glands with normal location, their nuclei of approximately equal size; tail bluntly conoidal to almost hemispherical. Males abundant, spicules slender and long (122-145 μm), ventromedian supplements 13-17, irregularly spaced, preceded by an adanal pair. Four juvenile stages present, the first stage juvenile with bluntly conoidal tail. Codes for identifying the new species when using the key by Chen et al. (1997) are: A 56, B 4, C 4, D 1, E 4, F 35, G 1, H 1, I 2. The new species is morphologically the most similar to Longidorus poessneckensis Altherr, 1974, Longidorus macrosoma Hooper, 1961, Longidorus caespiticola Hooper, 1961, Longidorus helveticus Lamberti et al., 2001, Longidorus macroteromucronatus Altherr, 1974, Longidorus pius Barsi & Lamberti, 2001, Longidorus raskii Lamberti & Agostinelli, 1993, Longidorus kheirii Pedram et al. 2008, Longidorus silvae Roca, 1993, Longidorus iuglandis Roca et al., 1985, Longidorus vinearum Bravo & Roca, 1995 and Longidorus major Roca & d'Erico, 1987, but differs from these species either by the body and odontostyle length, position of guide ring, head region and tail shape or the shape of the first stage juvenile tail. Sequence data from the D2-D3 region of the 28S rDNA distinguishes this new species from other speciesof the genus Longidorus with known sequences. Relationships of Longidorus carniolensissp. n. with other Longidorus species based on analysis of this DNA fragment and morphology are discussed.     

New data on two remarkable Antarctic species Amblydorylaimus isokaryon (Loof, 1975) Andrássy, 1998 and Pararhyssocolpus paradoxus (Loof, 1975), gen. n., comb. n. (Nematoda,Dorylaimida)

The taxonomic position of two antarctic dorylaimid species Amblydorylaimus isokaryon (Loof, 1975) Andrássy, 1998 and Pararhyssocolpus paradoxus (Loof, 1975), gen. n., comb. n. are discussed on the basis of morphological, including SEM study, morphometric, postembryonic and sequence data of 18S rDNA and the D2-D3 expansion fragments of large subunit rDNA. The evolutionary trees inferred from 18S sequences show insufficient resolution to determine the assignment of the two species to particular families, moreover Pararhyssocolpus paradoxus gen. n., comb. n. (=Rhyssocolpus paradoxus) previously regarded as a member of Nordiidae or Qudsianematidae, showed distant relationship both to Rhyssocolpus vinciguerrae and Eudorylaimus spp. The phylogram inferred from 28S sequences revealed that Amblydorylaimus isokaryon is a member of a well-supported group comprised of several Aporcelaimellus spp., while, no close relationships could be revealed for the Pararhyssocolpus paradoxus gen. n., comb. n. to any nematode genus. On the basis of molecular data and morphological characteristics, some taxonomic changes are proposed. Amblydorylaimus isokaryon is transferred from family Qudsianematidae to family Aporcelaimidae, and a new monotypic genus Pararhyssocolpus gen. n. is proposed, attributed to Pararhyssocolpidae fam. n. The diagnosis of the new family is provided together with emended diagnosis of the genera Amblydorylaimus and Pararhyssocolpus gen. n. Data concerning distribution of these endemic genera in the Antarctic region are also given.     

基于28S rDNA部分序列的石磺科系统发育研究

采用PCR技术对采集自中国大陆沿海5地8个群体石磺的28S rDNA部分序列进行扩增。将测序结果与Gen-Bank中的另外3条石磺科贝类的对应序列一起,以小鼠28S rDNA基因序列进行参照,截取D1、D2、D3区域,拼接后进行比对分析。在获得的689bp的序列中,有76个变异位点,28个简约信息位点,A+T平均含量为30.9%,C+G平均含量为69.0%。以分类关系较近的菊花螺科(Siphonaria alternate)为外群,用NJ、MP、ML和贝叶斯法构建分子系统树。4种方法得到的进化树拓扑结构很相似,得到的结果也与沈和定提出的中国大陆沿海石磺科贝类可划分为Peronia、Platevindex、Onchidium、Paraoncidium4个属的观点基本一致。同时,28S rDNA部分序列的系统分析还显示,4个属中Peronia属与Paraoncidium属亲缘关系较近,Platevindex属与Onchidium属关系比较近。     

基于28S rDNA基因序列研究十种臂尾轮虫的系统关系和分类地位

通过对角突臂尾轮虫、尾突臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫、剪形臂尾轮虫、方形臂尾轮虫、壶状臂尾轮虫、红臂尾轮虫、镰形臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫和十指臂尾轮虫等10种臂尾轮虫以及透明囊足轮虫、大肚须足轮虫和晶囊轮虫等其他3种轮虫的28S rDNA序列分析,使用MAGE软件构建这13种轮虫系统发生树(NJ树、ME树、UPGMA树和MP树),探讨了臂尾轮属、须足轮属、晶囊轮属和囊足轮属之间以及10种臂尾轮虫之间的系统关系.结果表明,本研究所涉及的轮虫28S rDNA序列差异百分比均值为30.15%,可作为分子标记应用于轮虫属间和属内种间系统关系研究;系统树均支持将十指臂尾轮虫作为一个独立的支系从臂尾轮属中分离出来;裂足臂尾轮虫应隶属臂尾轮属;壶状臂尾轮虫和红臂尾轮虫是两个独立的种;透明囊足轮虫与臂尾轮属亲缘关系较近.     

苔藓动物主要类群28S rDNA多变区的分子形态分析及其系统学意义

测定了苔藓动物主要代表类群3种苔虫的28S rDNA全序列(3 459～3 613 bp),结合已公布的相关类群的28S rDNA全序列数据,分析了其一级结构特征,并分别绘制了D2、D3和D8区段的二级结构.比较分析结果显示:各类群的全序列总长均超过3 300 bp,GC含量为41.8%～57.7%;D3和D8区段的二级结构保守性较高,D2区差异显著;各区段的长度变化较大,但是,大多都具有相似的主干结构.基于二级结构多变区分子形态学特征的比较基本和基于一级结构的分子系统学结论相吻合,提示它们同样包含着重要的系统发育信息.     

基于28S rDNA序列的姬小蜂科(膜翅目,小蜂总科)分类

选择28S rDNA D2区基因,针对GenBank中姬小蜂科总计542条相关序列,借助Blast Align、MUSCLE及TNT等生物信息学软件进行计算分析,提出了一种基于亚科水平的姬小蜂科快速DNA分类鉴定方法。建树结果对目前分类系统中姬小蜂科4亚科分类体系(Bouek,1988)予以支持;综合分析结果基本支持对于姬小蜂亚科以及灿小蜂亚科的分族、分属方法。同时对地位不明的两属Anselmella和Ophelimus的分类学地位提出了假设。     

Paurodontella parapitica n. sp. (Nematoda: Hexatylina,Sphaerularioidea) from Kermanshah Province,Western Iran

Paurodontella parapitica n. sp., collected from the rhizosphere of an apple tree in Kermanshah province, western Iran, is described. The new species is characterized by a body length of 505 to 723 µm (females) and 480 to 600 µm (males), lip region continuous by depression; 7 to 8 μm broad, 3 to 4 µm high, stylet length 7 to 9 µm or 1 to 1.3 times the lip region diameter, short postuterine sac of 4 to 6 μm long, lateral fields with five to six incisures; outer incisures crenated and inner incisures weakly crenated, excretory pore situated 90 to 100 µm from anterior end; functional males common in the population, with spicules 24 to 26 μm long. Tail of both sexes similar, almost straight and elongate-conoid. The new species resembles in morphology and morphometrics to four known species of the genus, namely P. apitica, P. minuta, P. myceliophaga, and P. sohailai. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of D2/D3 expansion region of 28S rRNA gene revealed this genus is polyphyletic in four different clades in Tylenchid.     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的矛茧蜂亚科系统发育研究（膜翅目：茧蜂科）

本研究选取矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae（昆虫纲Insecta：膜翅目Hymenoptera：茧蜂科Braconidae）的6族15属18种做内群,茧蜂科其它7亚科11属11种做外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和100个形态学和解剖学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用“非圆口类\"的小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes 3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法（MP）和贝叶斯法对矛茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了运算分析;并以PAUP*4.0对矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明：矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC含量在39.33%～48.28%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,矛茧蜂亚科各成员间序列变异位点上颠换（transversion）大于转换（transition）。不同的分析算法所产生的系统发育树都表明矛茧蜂亚科是一个界限分明的单系群;在矛茧蜂亚科内,除了吉丁茧蜂族Siragrini为单系群外,其他族（矛茧蜂族Doryctini和方头茧蜂族Hecabolini）都是并系群。对于矛茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得的系统发育树的拓扑结构不完全一致,表明矛茧蜂亚科内（属及族）的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

中国昆虫病原线虫一新纪录

采用分子生物学和形态学相结合的方法,对采自广东省翁源县的编号为GDa71的昆虫病原线虫进行分类鉴定.该线虫各虫期的主要形态特征、测量值以及基于ITS1和部分28S rDNA两段序列,分别构建系统进化树均显示它与印度异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis indica相似,是后者的一个品系,为中国新纪录.     

基于16S rDNA和28S rDNA D2基因序列与形态特征联合分析的中国角顶叶蝉亚科系统发育研究（半翅目： 叶蝉科）

首次在国内利用28S rDNA D2区段和16S rDNA基因序列,结合50个形态特征对角顶叶蝉亚科(Deltocephalinae)［半翅目（Hemiptera）: 叶蝉科（Cicadellidae）］19个属进行系统发育分析研究。从无水乙醇浸泡保存的标本中提取基因组DNA并扩增了19个内群和1种外群Typhlocybinae［半翅目(Hemiptera): 叶蝉科(Cicadellidae)］种类的28S rDNA D2基因片段并测序,同时扩增了16S rDNA基因片段并测序11条,采用了GenBank中1个种类的16S rDNA同源序列。采用PAUP*4.0和MrBayes3.0两个分析软件和3种建树方法,利用同源28S D2 rDNA和16S rDNA两个基因序列与形态特征结合进行系统发育分析研究。分析结果表明,二叉叶蝉族Macrostelini是一个单系,并在角顶叶蝉亚科的系统发育中处于基部的位置,是内群中最原始的族;角顶叶蝉族Deltocephalini中除了纹翅叶蝉属Nakaharanus,其余各属构成单系;殃叶蝉族Euscelini内属的归属比较混乱,可能是一个并系群,属间差异有待进一步研究。隆额叶蝉族Paralimnini与顶带叶蝉族Athysanini是姐妹群。带叶蝉属Scaphoideus与纹翅叶蝉属Nakaharanus是姐妹群,二者与木叶蝉属Phlogotettix的关系最近,三者构成一个单系,建议将三者归为带叶蝉族Scaphoideini。研究结果还表明,小眼叶蝉族Xestocephalini和Balcluthini的系统发育位置不明,有待进一步研究。     

东喜马拉雅山地区木材腐朽菌研究3. 云南老君山地区的多孔菌

在对云南老君山木材腐朽菌调查过程中,共采集到约300号标本,经鉴定共有多孔菌96种,列出了这些多孔菌的名录,并提供了每种的采集信息。其中云杉木层孔菌Phellinus piceicola为新种,其主要特征是担子果盖形或平伏反转,孔口和孢子较小,只生长在云杉树木上,对其进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

BLASTALIGN在同源基因片段检索中的应用

多序列比对程序的开发在生物信息学中是一个很活跃的研究领域.作为一种新诞生的多序列比对程序,BlastAlign利用blastn算法进行序列比对,并且采用空位替代比对结果中的高变区.目前,该程序主要用于多条基因序列的比对研究.本文则以获取膜翅目小蜂总科28S rDNA D2区基因片段为例,通过应用BlastAlign的序列比对过程,提供一种较为简便和有效的方法,实现从GenBank数据库中检索并筛选特定的同源基因序列,从而克服目前利用关键词或检索式进行检索所存在的局限性.