应用Jackknife技术统计昆虫生命表参数变异的VFP实现

研究昆虫种群的动态,掌握种群增长的潜力是非常重要的。应用生殖力生命表可进行种群增长动态的估计,常用5个主要参数来描述净增殖率、内禀增长率、世代平均周期、种群倍增时间和周限增长率,Jackknife技术可以用来估计内禀增长率等参数的变异程度,利用VFP编程实现了生命表参数变异程度的计算。     

Biology and fertility life table of Bactrocera carambolae on grape and acerola

Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae), native of Southeast Asia, is present in Brazil but restricted to Amapá, Pará and Roraima, where it has quarantine pest status. The possible dispersion to other fruit producing regions of Brazil could cause damages, including for exportation, due to quarantine restrictions imposed by fruit importing countries. The objective of this work was to describe the biological parameters and calculate the fertility life table of B. carambolae on grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions. The mean number of punctures and the mean number of eggs per female on grapes were 1.48 ± 0.05 and 9.87 ± 0.36, respectively. The mean number puparia per fruit was 0.1 ± 0.02 (grape) and 0.5 ± 0.10 (acerola). The pupal viability was 82.4% (grape) and 70.6% (acerola). The mean time ± SE of one generation, in days, was 25.8 ± 1.10 (grape) and 19.7 ± 0.21 (acerola). The mean fecundity was 1663.8 ± 501.01 (grape) and 206.9 ± 26.21 (acerola) with eggs viability of 5.6% (grape) and 12.5% (acerola). The mean longevity, in days, was 77.3 ± 12.13 on grape and 82.4 ± 4.24 on acerola. The study found that B. carambolae completes its biological cycle on grape and on acerola leaving offspring.     

转基因棉对土耳其斯坦叶螨生命参数的影响

为了研究转基因棉花对北疆叶螨优势种土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani(Ugarov et Nikolskii)种群生命参数的影响,本实验以常规棉中棉49作为对照,构建了叶螨在单价转基因棉新棉33B(Bt)、双价转基因棉中棉41(Bt+CpTI)上的室内种群生命表。结果表明,单双价转基因棉对叶螨的生长发育历期及生殖参数并没有明显影响;且取食常规棉的叶螨种群参数净生殖率、内禀增长率、平均世代周期、种群加倍时间、周限增长率、存活曲线也与单双价棉无显著差异,这说明转基因棉对棉叶螨的生长发育、繁殖及种群增长并无显著影响。     

Temperature-dependent development and life table parameters of Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on eggplant

The life history of Thrips palmi Karny on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) leaves was studied based on the age stage and two sex-life tables at 16, 19, 22, 25, and 31?°C. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) at these temperatures was 0.0427, 0.0566, 0.0979, 0.1738, and 0.2237?day^?1, respectively. The relationship among the gross reproductive rate (GRR), the net reproductive rate (R ₀), and the pre-adult survivorship (l _a) is consistent with R ₀?<?l _a?×?GRR?<?GRR for all results at different temperatures. The mean generation time was 47.52, 38.33, 29.52, 19.81, and 13.88?days, respectively. The developments of pre-adult and adult stages were faster in males than in females. The means of developmental periods for each developmental stage decreased with increases of temperature. The maximum life span of female adults was noted at 56.67?days, whereas that of males was 50.66?days at 16?°C. The maximum female fecundity (64.18?eggs/female) was recorded at 25?°C and the lowest (23.38 eggs/female) at 16?°C. Life table data could be used to project population growth, to design mass rearing programs, and to establish management tactics to control insect pests.     

施用钾肥对烟粉虱实验种群生命表参数的影响

设置0,30,60,120和240mg/L5种钾肥浓度处理黄瓜植株,测定不同处理黄瓜叶片的含钾量及相应处理上烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)种群的生命表参数。结果表明,黄瓜叶片含钾量不随钾肥施用量增加而增大,30mg/L钾肥溶液处理的黄瓜叶片含钾量最高。在上述5种钾浓度处理黄瓜植株上,烟粉虱种群的内禀增长率rm分别为0.14,0.17,0.17,0.15和0.13,净增殖率R0依次为47.79,111.55,115.18,61.96和49.58。因此,黄瓜叶片中含钾量高有利于烟粉虱的种群增长。讨论研究结果对生产上烟粉虱种群调控的意义。     

Analysis of mechanical parameters on the thromboembolism using a patient-specific computational model

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disabilities worldwide. In this paper, we aim to represent a comprehensive simulation of the motion of emboli through cerebrovascular network within patient-specific computational model. The model consists of major arteries of the circle of Willis reconstructed from magnetic resonance angiography images, pulsatile flow and emboli with different sizes and material properties. Here, the fluid–structure interactions method was used to simulate the motion of deformable and rigid emboli through cerebral arteries. Hemodynamic changes in the circle of Willis due to the entrance of embolus are observed. The effect of material properties on the distribution ratio and dynamics of motion of the emboli in the cerebral arterial network is also analyzed. Our results reveal that as the rigidity of emboli increases, higher proportion of them tend to enter to the larger arteries (e.g., middle cerebral artery). Scrutinizing the amount of stress acting on the emboli represented in this paper can broaden our understanding of the rheological phenomenon (e.g., lysis or growth of emboli during embolism). The approach of considering different material properties of the thrombus in a patient-specific computational model not only enable us to better understand the roll of biomechanical parameters causing the embolism, but also lead to a better clinical decision making to manage patients with stroke.     

寄主植物对瓜蚜实验种群生命表参数的影响

在(25±1)℃条件下比较了5种寄主植物上瓜蚜实验种群生命表参数.结果表明:在不同寄主植物上,瓜蚜各龄历期、成蚜寿命、日均产仔量、净增殖率、内禀增长率、周限增长率、平均世代历期和种群加倍时间等均存在显著差异.瓜蚜完成1代所需时间在瓢葫芦上最长,为5.84 d,其他4种供试植物上差异不显著(5.24～5.45 d).成蚜寿命在黄瓜上最长,为20.04 d,其他4种供试植物上差异不显著(14.76 ～ 16.03 d).瓜蚜种群存活曲线在所有供试寄主植物上均为Ⅰ型,即死亡主要发生在后期,而且在黄瓜上的存活率高于其他4种供试植物.根据瓜蚜内禀增长率大小排序,寄主适合性依次为哈密瓜＞瓢葫芦＞南瓜＞黄瓜＞茭瓜.     

Reproductive performance of the mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) on citrus and coffee, using life table parameters.

The flat-mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is considered important in citrus (Citrus spp.) and coffee plants (Coffea spp.) in Brazil, and is known as the leprosis and coffee ring spot mite, as being a vector of the Citrus Leprosis Rhabdovirus - CitLV and Coffee Ring Spot Virus - CoRSV. The objective of this work is to find out about the reproductive success of B. phoenicis on citric fruits and coffee leaves by fertility life table parameters and its biology. The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions at 25 +/- 2 degrees C, 70 +/- 10% of relative humidity and 14 h of photophase. The lengths of embryonic and post-embryonic periods were different due to the host where the mite was reared. B. phoenicis showed better development and higher survival and fecundity in citric fruits than coffee leaves. The intrinsic rate of the population increase (r(m)) was 0.128 and 0.090 - females/female/day on citric fruits and coffee leaves, respectively. The citric fruits were more appropriate for the development of B. phoenicis than coffee leaves.     

Effect of temperature on life table parameters of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on two brassicaceous host plants

Life table parameters of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), were studied at seven constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 28, 30, and 35 °C) on two brassicaceous host plants, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Survival, longevity and reproduction were examined and used to construct a life table. The survival at immature stages varied from 53.0 to 84.1% on cauliflower and from 58.3 to 86.2% on cabbage at 10–30 °C. P. xylostella did not survive at 35 °C. The female adult longevity ranged from 12.9 days at 30 °C to 30.4 days at 10 °C on cauliflower and 9.7 days at 30 °C to 40.0 days at 15 °C on cabbage. The net reproductive rate (R₀) increased with increasing temperature, while generation time (T) decreased. This caused the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) to increase from 0.038 to 0.340 on cauliflower and 0.033 to 0.315 on cabbage from 10 to 28 °C. The significant decrease in R₀ caused a decrease in r_m at 30 °C. The r_m values on cauliflower were significantly higher than cabbage at 15, 20, 28 and 30 °C.     

Sublethal effects of fenazaquin on life table parameters of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Knowledge of the impact of acaricides on predatory mites is crucial for integrated pest management programs. The present study evaluated the sublethal effect of fenazaquin (Pride^® 20 % SC, Behavar, Iran) on life table parameters of the subsequent generation of the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch under laboratory conditions [26 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 3 % RH and 16:8 (L:D) h]. The sublethal concentrations including LC₁₀, LC₂₀ and LC₃₀ were determined using a dose–effect assay. The total development time of both sexes enhanced with an increase in concentration. The oviposition period and total fecundity decreased in dose-dependent manner. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) significantly descended with concentration enhancing from LC₁₀ to LC₃₀, compared with the control. The net reproductive rate (R ₀) ranged between 2.76 and 7.37 offspring. Overall, the results indicated that fenazaquin had negative effects on development and life table parameters of the subsequent generation of A. swirskii. In conclusion, fenazaquin is not a compatible acaricide with A. swirskii and should not be used with this predatory mite in integrated management of T. urticae.     

Phenology,fecundity and life table parameters of the predator Hippodamia variegata reared on Dysaphis crataegi

Phenological and some biological characteristics of Hippodamia (Adonia) variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), such as voltinism, hibernation, number of progeny produced by each generation, mating activity and sex ratio were studied, in order to evaluate the significance of this predator. The study of phenology was conducted in outdoor cages in Kifissia (Athens), during 1999--2001 and as prey was given Dysaphis crataegi (Kaltenbach). Hippodamia variegata completed seven generations between April and November. The hibernating population of H. variegata consisted of adults of 6th and 7th generations. The fecundity of the predator was studied under constant conditions [25 °C, 65% R.H. and 16:8(L:D)h photoperiod] in the laboratory and some population parameters were calculated: The total fecundity ranged between 789 and 1256 eggs, while the mean total fecundity was 959.6 eggs. The greatest proportion of eggs (45%) was oviposited in clutches of 11--20 eggs. The net reproductive value (R₀) was found to be 425.9 females/female, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) 0.178 females/female/day and the mean generation time (T) 34.0 days.     

甜菜夜蛾在四种寄主植物上的生命表参数比较研究

在控制条件下对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)在白菜、大葱、甘蓝和豇豆上的生命表参数进行了比较研究。结果表明,甜菜夜蛾幼虫在4种寄主植物上均为5个龄期。幼虫和蛹在大葱上的发育历期最长,在白菜上最短。甘蓝叶片饲养的甜菜夜蛾生殖力最高,单雌产卵量为1015.8粒,豇豆叶片上饲养的生殖力最低,为496.1粒。甜菜夜蛾在甘蓝上的内禀增长率和净增殖率最高,分别为0.237和287.82,在大葱上最低,分别为0.172和173.90。在大葱上甜菜夜蛾幼虫存活率较低,在其他3种寄主植物上较高。甜菜夜蛾的特定年龄生殖率在甘蓝叶片上最高,第22天单雌产卵量高达453.6粒。研究结果表明,在选取的4种植物中,甘蓝是甜菜夜蛾的最适寄主。     

Studies in cave life evolution: a rationale for future theoretical developments using phylogenetic inference

As in every field of comparative biology, phylogeny provides an independent reference system in studies on cave life evolution to test current theoretical proposals. Using phylogeny, sound hypotheses on the ancestral states of characters and their subsequent changes can be made by polarizing the characters between related taxa. Hypotheses on evolutionary processes can also be tested by comparing the patterns they imply with independently inferred phylogenetic patterns. The power of the tests relies upon the independence of phylogenetic patterns (built with cladistics using Wagner parsimony) and the theoretical proposals under study. Classical assumptions on the evolution of troglobitic life are analysed with this methodology. The following points are discussed: what is a troglobitic taxon? Are there features characteristic of troglobitic taxa? Is troglobitic life an evolutionary dead end? What circumstances favour troglobitic evolution? Using phylogenetic analysis, the presence or absence of so-called troglomorphic features were inferred in troglobitic taxa. In fact these taxa can be characterized only by their behavioural ecology. Pre-adaptations (exaptations) can also be precisely defined. Cave living does not appear to be an evolutionary dead end. Two patterns subsequent to cave life appearance have been documented: speciation of troglobitic taxa in the subterranean environment, and reversal to an epigean habitat. Troglobitic life thus turns out to be one step in the diversification of clades. Troglobitic life is usually explained as an evolution under the pressure of unfavourable environmental conditions, or the conquest of a new resource, or the result of biological interactions (competition, predation). Phylogenetic analyses show that none of these hypotheses propose clear alternatives on cave life evolution. Moreover most of their a priori statements cannot easily be falsified. As such they have only limited explanatory power.     

Lifestyle and fertility: the influence of stress and quality of life on male fertility

Background

Male infertility is a widespread condition among couples. In about 50% of cases, couple infertility is attributable to the male partner, mainly due to a failure in spermatogenesis. In recent times, the crucial role that modifiable lifestyle factors play in the development of infertility have generated a growing interest in this field of study, i.e. aging, psychological stress, nutrition, physical activity, caffeine, high scrotal temperature, hot water, mobile telephone use. Several studies have investigated associations between semen quality and the presence of lifestyle stressors i.e. occupational, life events (war, earthquake, etc.) or couple infertility; overall, these studies provide evidence that semen quality is impaired by psychological stress. In this review, we will discuss the impact of quality of life (modifiable lifestyle factors) and psychological stress on male fertility. In addition, the role that increased scrotal temperature along with inappropriate nutritional and physical exercise attitudes exert on male fertility will be presented.

Conclusion

The decline of male fertility, particularly associated with advancing age, incorrect lifestyles and environmental factors plays an important role on natality, and its consequences on the future on human population makes this an important public health issue in this century. Thus, modification of lifestyle through a structured program of educational, environmental, nutritional/physical exercise and psychological support, combined with the use of nutraceutical antioxidants can prevent infertility and therefore, may help couples to obtain better quality of life and improved possibility to conceive spontaneously or optimize their chances of conception.

     

Lifestyle and fertility: the influence of stress and quality of life on female fertility

There is growing evidence that lifestyle choices account for the overall quality of health and life (QoL) reflecting many potential lifestyle risks widely associated with alterations of the reproductive function up to the infertility. This review aims to summarize in a critical fashion the current knowledge about the potential effects of stress and QoL on female reproductive function. A specific literature search up to August 2017 was performed in IBSS, SocINDEX, Institute for Scientific Information, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Current review highlights a close relationship in women between stress, QoL and reproductive function, that this association is more likely reported in infertile rather than fertile women, and that a vicious circle makes them to have supported each other. However, a precise cause-effect relationship is still difficult to demonstrate due to conflicting results and the lack of objective measures/instruments of evaluation.     

Sublethal effects of imidacloprid and pymetrozine on the life table parameters of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae)

In this study we report the sublethal effects of recommended concentrations of imidacloprid and pymetrozine on cotton aphid's reproduction. Fecundity life table parameters for AG were studied on cucumber under conditions of 25+/-1 degrees C, 70+/-5% RH and photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D). Leaf discs of cucumber immersed in the recommended concentrations of the above mentioned insecticides and controls and the new born female was released on the lower surface of leaf discs. Values of parameters such as adult longevity and daily fecundity rate were recorded. Standard error of population growth parameter was calculated using the Jacknife method. The results show that these two insecticides significantly reduce life table parameters compared with control.     

烟粉虱在七种寄主植物上的生命表参数分析

在恒温25℃下,组建了烟粉虱在黄瓜、茄子、番茄、烟草、辣椒、甘蓝和菜豆等7种寄主植物上的实验种群生命表。结果表明,烟粉虱在不同寄主植物上的存活曲线差异明显,各寄主植物上以1,2龄若虫和成虫死亡率最高,3龄和伪蛹期死亡较少甚至不死亡;各寄主植物上烟粉虱的内禀增长率在0．2445～0．3424之间,以番茄上的rm最大,菜豆上的rm最小。讨论了烟粉虱的发展趋势和防治对策。     

The influence of different aphid prey species on the biology and life table parameters of Propylaea japonica

The influence of three aphid prey species – Aphis craccivora Koch, Megoura viciae Buckton and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) – on the biology of Propylaea japonica (Thunberg) was studied under laboratory conditions. The development, survivorship, longevity, reproduction and life table parameters of P. japonica differed significantly among different treatments. The shortest developmental period of P. japonica (from first-instar larvae to adult) was observed on A. craccivora, whereas the longest was observed on M. viciae. The highest survivorship was observed on A. craccivora, and the lowest survivorship was observed on M. viciae. The highest sex ratio, fecundity and the shortest pre-oviposition period were observed when A. craccivora was used as prey. The longevities of P. japonica females and males did not differ significantly when reared on different aphid species. The highest values of net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were observed on A. craccivora. The results suggest that A. craccivora is a suitable prey for P. japonica among the three aphid species tested and can serve as a diet for the mass rearing of P. japonica under laboratory conditions for possible use in integrated pest management.     

Chemical interference by Daphnia on Keratella: a life table experiment

Daphnia can suppress rotifers through mechanical interference(interference competition) and exploitative competition. Totest chemical interference (interference competition) by Daphniaon the rotifer Keratella, life history characteristics wereanalysed for Keratella cochlearis in the presence and absenceof Daphnia-mediated chemicals. The presence of Daphnia-mediatedchemicals induced a lower fecundity and a decrease in the intrinsicrate of population growth. This type of interference competitionshould affect the composition of natural rotifer communitiesregardless of mechanical interference and exploitative competitiondue to Daphnia.     

Biology of three species of Agistemus (Acari: Stigmaeidae): life table parameters using eggs of Panonychus citri or pollen of Malephora crocea as food

The biology and life table parameters of Agistemus industani Gonzalez, A. cyprius Gonzalez, and A. floridanus Gonzalez (Acari: Stigmaeidae) were studied under laboratory conditions using two food sources: Panonychus citri (McGregor) eggs or ice plant, Malephora crocea (Jacquin) Schwantes pollen at 25 degrees C. The larval, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult stages of A. industani fed on citrus red mite eggs. All active stages of A. industani, except the larva, fed on all P. citri stages and the larval stage could not feed on P. citri adults. All immature stages of A. industani fed on M. crocea pollen. Agistemus cyprius larvae fed on P. citri eggs and larvae or ice plant pollen. The nymphal stages fed on P. citri eggs, larvae, and protonymphs but not deutonymphs or adults while A. cyprius deutonymphs and adults fed on all P. citri stages. Adult and nymphal stages of A. cyprius fed on ice plant pollen and successfully completed their development while A. floridanus did not. Agistemus floridanus larvae fed only on P. citri eggs, while the other stages fed on P. citri eggs, larvae, and protonymphs. The developmental times from egg to adult for A. industani and A. cyprius when fed M. crocea pollen were 11.3 and 13.4 days, respectively. Agistemus floridanus was unable to complete its life cycle on a diet of only M. crocea pollen. Agistemus industani, A. cyprius, and A. floridanus completed development from egg to adult in 11.7, 13.8, and 10.8 days, respectively, when fed P. citri eggs. The intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) values for A. cyprius and A. industani were 0.0311 and 0.1201 per day on the pollen diet. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 3.58 for A. cyprius and 10.07 for A. industani with generation times (T) of 45.2 and 35.1 days, respectively, on the ice plant pollen diet. The r(m) values for A. cyprius, A. floridanus, and A. industani on the P. citri egg only diet were: 0.0562, 0.1001, and 0.1031 per day, respectively. The Ro values for each species fed P. citri eggs only were: 6.36, 7.90, and 18.70 for A. cyprius, A. floridanus, and A. industani and the generation times (T) for each of the three species were: 35.2, 29.9 and 37.8 days, respectively.