唐鱼仔鱼耳石的形态发育及日轮

观察了实验室人工繁殖饲养的唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)仔鱼耳石形态发育,研究了其生长轮的沉积规律。唐鱼仔鱼耳石长径与鱼体全长(TL)均呈线性相关,其关系式为:微耳石Dl=0.019 6TL-0.031 0(r=0.961 6,P<0.001,n=218),矢耳石Ds=0.027 6TL-0.043 7(r=0.924 0,P<0.001,n=219),星耳石Da=0.016 6TL-0.004 1(r=0.369 6,P<0.001,n=44)。仔鱼耳石上第一个轮纹在孵出后第2 d形成,生长轮数目与仔鱼日龄(D)呈线性相关,其斜率与1无显著差异,因此生长轮为日轮,其关系式为:微耳石LI=1.006D-1.700 1(r=0.994 2,P<0.001,n=205),矢耳石SI=0.953 8D-0.911 6(r=0.993 5,P<0.001,n=161)。生长过程中矢耳石形状变化较大,星耳石出现时间较晚,而微耳石形状稳定,日轮可读性较好,故更适合作为日轮研究的材料。     

鳡鱼仔稚鱼耳石的标记和其日轮的确证

用茜素络合物对鳡鱼仔鱼进行了浸泡标记,耳石上能检测到橘红色荧光标记环。100mg/L茜素络合物溶液的标记效果较差;120mg/L和150mg/L溶液浸泡后微耳石的标记率很高,矢耳石和星耳石的标记率低。标记后耳石上的生长轮数与饲养天数间呈一一对应关系,相关方程为:N=0.2663 0.9276D(n=68,r~2=0.9664)。方程的斜率0.9276与1无显著差异,证明生长轮确系日轮。鱼体长与微耳石、矢耳石及星耳石的直径间呈显著的线性关系,相关方程为:BL=66.8723LD 2.7064(n=73,r~2=0.8867),BL=22.7839SD 6.6066(n=49,r~2=0.8525),BL=47.6079AD 3.5660(n=71,r~2=0.9012)。     

人工饲养和野生草鱼幼鱼耳石微结构的比较研究

分别检测了人工饲养和野生草鱼幼鱼的耳石微结构特征,根据耳石透明性的差异。可将微耳石划分出中央暗区和外部亮区两部分,饲养种群的耳石暗区大小和生长轮数目均大于野生种群,暗区和亮区的特征比较稳定。生长轮清晰,对比度好,宽度比较均匀;野生种群的耳石暗区和亮区表现形式多变。暗区的生长轮清晰或不清晰,亮区的生长轮清晰,但宽度波动较大,依据耳石微结构特征。可以对饲养和野生草鱼种群进行识别。     

黑龙江秋大麻哈鱼耳石形态发育研究

对进入中国黑龙江的秋大麻哈鱼生殖群体进行人工繁育, 观察不同发育阶段和回归成体的耳石形态及其结构变化。结果表明:秋大麻哈鱼胚胎、胚后仔稚鱼、幼鱼和二龄鱼的矢耳石随个体生长发育,其大小在不断增长, 轮廓和表面形态结构也在发生演变, 逐渐趋似于回归成体的耳石形态。秋大麻哈鱼回归生殖群体的不同年龄和雌雄个体间矢耳石、微耳石形态基本一致。矢耳石形似梨形, 大小约为3 mm×5 mm×1 mm, 重量约为9 mg, 光镜下可见耳石日轮和年轮结构。日轮形成在胚胎发眼后约5日, 采用人工标记方法证实了生长轮的日周期特性。二龄鱼耳石已出现边缘生长区, 形成年轮。矢耳石增长与鱼体叉长生长显著相关(SL=21.574 OL-7.005,R2=0.9926)。       

野外采集和人工饲养胭脂鱼耳石微结构特征分析

分别检测了人工饲养和野外采集胭脂鱼Myxocyprinus asiaticus耳石微结构特征。根据透明性的差异,可将耳石划分出暗区和亮区两部分,63.16%人工饲养胭脂鱼的耳石具有明显的亮暗区界限,暗区大小为0.17 mm±0.03 mm;14.81%野外采集胭脂鱼的耳石亮暗区界限清晰,大部分亮暗区界限模糊或没有亮暗区差异,暗区大小为0.14 mm±0.06 mm。人工饲养和野外采集胭脂鱼耳石中心核直径分别为13.10μm±1.87μm和11.14μm±1.74μm,原基个数分别为1个和1~2个。人工饲养胭脂鱼耳石标记轮1~3条,生长轮宽度为2.14μm±0.59μm,宽度均匀,波动幅度小;野外采集个体耳石标记轮1~7条,生长轮宽度为2.54μm±1.12μm,波动幅度相对较大。生长轮宽度聚类分析表明,在欧氏距离为2.5处可将94.59%的人工饲养胭脂鱼耳石聚在一起,聚类结果与微结构特征检测结果基本吻合。人工饲养与野外采集胭脂鱼耳石的亮暗区、生长轮宽度、标记轮等微结构特征差异明显,可用于两者的识别。     

骨唇黄河鱼耳石早期形态发育和轮纹特征研究

研究了骨唇黄河鱼仔稚鱼耳石在实验室养殖条件下的发育过程和生长特点,确证了轮纹沉积规律。结果表明,在14.0-17.8℃孵化条件下,微耳石和矢耳石在受精后96h 30min出现,星耳石在出膜后第16天出现。仔稚鱼生长过程中矢耳石形状变化较大,由出膜时的圆形发育到稳定时的箭矢状。微耳石由近圆形发育成贻贝形,其中心核位置随发育明显偏移。星耳石形状不规则,从出现时的心形发育成为星芒状。微耳石和矢耳石在前后轴方向上后区的生长快于前区（P0.05）;在背腹轴方向上,微耳石腹区的生长快于背区（P0.05）,矢耳石背区的生长快于腹区（P0.05）,两对耳石的前后区半径之和与全长均呈线性相关。微耳石和矢耳石的第1个轮纹均在出膜后第2天形成,新增的轮纹数（微耳石IL,矢耳石IS）与出膜后的天数（D）表现出显著的线性相关,方程分别为: IL=0.9911D-1.0008（R2=0.9971,n=220,P0.001）和IS=0.9925D-0.10873（R2=0.9919,n=161,P0.001）,方程的斜率与1均无显著差异（P0.05）,表明两对耳石轮纹沉积均呈日周期性,生长轮为日轮。研究结果丰富了骨唇黄河鱼的发育生物学资料,可为研究其自然种群早期生活史提供参考。       

软刺裸裂尻鱼耳石日轮及年轮沉积规律研究

研究利用软刺裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis malacanthus)确证了耳石生长轮沉积规律,并在此基础上,探究了其生长轮与年轮关系,推算了第一年轮形成时间。研究结果表明:仔鱼微耳石第一轮纹在出膜后第二天形成,在实验条件下,轮纹沉积具有日周期性,生长轮为日轮;成鱼轮纹沉积具有年周期性,生长轮每年增加1轮。基于耳石日轮技术推算养殖和野生软刺裸裂尻鱼第一年轮形成时间分别为2021年1月28日至3月13日(n=40)和2017年3月8日至5月10日(n=75)。养殖和野生样本耳石轮纹数年际间的分析结果发现,软刺裸裂尻鱼耳石轮纹数和耳石年生长宽度随着年龄增加逐渐降低,耳石年生长面积随着年龄增加逐渐增加。这些结果揭示了软刺裸裂尻鱼耳石轮纹沉积规律,有助于增加年龄鉴定的准确性,进而为种群动态研究和渔业管理政策制定等提供参考。     

鲈鲤早期鱼苗的耳石标记研究

为研究鲈鲤早期鱼苗耳石标记的可行性,先采用高温水(20.8±0.3)℃和低温水(10.8±1.2)℃交替饲养对20日龄鲈鲤进行热标记,然后将经热标记的35和45日龄鲈鲤浸泡在50—200 mg/L的茜素络合物(AC)或茜素红S(ARS)溶液中进行荧光标记。热标记的耳石生长轮清晰可见,明显区别于其他轮纹,微耳石热标记轮轮纹宽度(IW)和高温期持续时间(T)的线性回归方程为IW=0.16462+0.24762T。经荧光物质浸泡后鲈鲤耳石在绿光下均能检测到橘红色标记; AC标记质量受溶液浓度影响显著(P<0.05),受全长的影响不显著(P>0.05),微耳石、矢耳石和星耳石间的标记质量差异显著(P<0.05); ARS标记质量受全长和溶液浓度影响不显著(P>0.05),微耳石、矢耳石和星耳石间的标记质量差异显著(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,耳石热标记、荧光标记及两者结合使用均可用于大规模标记鲈鲤早期鱼苗。     

两种无鳞高原鳅年龄鉴定方法探讨

分析了采自新疆克孜河174尾长身高原鳅(Triplophysa teunis)和258尾叶尔羌高原鳅(T.yarkandensis)的矢耳石及部分个体的背鳍条(n=11和12)、主鳃盖骨(n=20和25)和脊椎骨(n=38和45)的轮纹标志,探讨了用其鉴定年龄的可行性。结果显示,背鳍条磨片和主鳃盖骨均无明显可辨的年轮标志。小个体长身高原鳅的脊椎骨磨片年轮比较模糊,总的判别能力及鉴定吻合率分别为52.63%和70.00%。叶尔羌高原鳅脊椎骨磨片的年龄判别能力为93.33%,但5龄以下个体存在轮纹的断裂、分支和聚合现象,鉴定吻合率为78.57%。所有矢耳石磨片均有日生长增长、生长阻断和年轮等生长标记,年轮由宽而不透明的暗带和窄而透明的亮带组成。174尾长身高原鳅中有171尾矢耳石磨片能观察到年轮特征,判别能力及鉴定吻合率高达98.28%和94.74%。258尾叶尔羌高原鳅有244尾矢耳石磨片能观察到年轮特征,判别能力及鉴定吻合率也高达94.57%和93.44%。两位鉴定者对同一尾鱼的脊椎骨磨片和矢耳石磨片进行年龄计数,长身高原鳅的总吻合率分别为75.00%和80.00%,叶尔羌高原鳅的总吻合率分别为73.81%和83.33%,两鉴定者间无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,矢耳石是两种无鳞高原鳅类最好的年龄鉴定材料,脊椎骨可作为高龄个体的辅助鉴定材料。     

齐口裂腹鱼耳石早期生长发育与日轮特征研究

文章研究了在实验室条件下齐口裂腹鱼仔稚鱼耳石早期形态发育与生长特点、第一轮纹出现时间和轮纹沉积规律。结果表明: 在13.5-17.2℃孵化条件下,微耳石和矢耳石在出膜前形成,而星耳石于出膜后第12天出现。在仔稚鱼生长过程中,微耳石由近圆形发育成贻贝形,矢耳石经历近圆形、锲形后发育为箭矢状,星耳石形状由近圆形发育为星芒状。微耳石的前区、背区和腹区及矢耳石的背区和腹区生长呈幂函数关系,而微耳石的后区、矢耳石前区和后区生长以及两对耳石的前后区半径之和与全长均呈线性相关。在(18.50.5)℃和(15.61.1)℃条件下,50%矢耳石样本第一轮纹均在出膜后第 2 天形成(分别为出膜后18h和19h),以后每天形成一轮。微耳石和矢耳石轮纹数均与日龄呈线性相关,方程斜率均与1差异不显著(P0.05),表明两对耳石的轮纹沉积均为日周期性。这些结果为研究齐口裂腹鱼野生种群繁殖期和早期生活史特征等生态学问题提供了重要依据。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.