水稻Dwaf1移码突变的新突变体鉴定

从一批水稻品种"中花11"组织培养苗里分离到一个矮化突变株"C6PS",它的T2代群体株高呈现3:1分离.利用该群体矮化单株与"珍汕97"."牡丹江8.,构建2个F:群体FZ(CZ).FZ(CM),两个群体中高株与矮株均呈现3:1分离,证明该性状变异为单基因控制."C6PS',表现型与已经报道的.wa叨隐性突变体"dl"相似,以DI附近标记RM430检测FZ(CZ)群体墓因型,结果显示群体表型与RM430基因型呈极显著相关(P=0.0001),将该基因初步定位于Dwarfl附近.对"C6PS',及"中花11"进行DI序列分析显示,突变株中DI墓因在其第九个外显子与第九个内含子的剪接位点上发生6个碱基的缺失,根据缺失两侧序列设计C6PS-DIL/R标记,在T:代群体该标记与表型呈现共分离,表明"C6PS"是一种新的Dwafl突变体.cDNA测序显示突变体dl基因转录产物发生26个碱基的缺失,导致移码产生终止突变,从而无法翻译出有功能的Ga蛋白,因此,它是一个Ga功能缺失突变体.叶倾斜度检测显示"C6PS",对油菜素内醋响应比野生型"中花I1"弱.     

水稻矮秆突变体dtl1的分离鉴定及其突变基因的精细定位

文章通过对所构建的水稻突变体库进行大规模筛选,获得一个稳定遗传的矮秆突变体,与野生型日本晴相比,该突变体表现为植株矮化、叶片卷曲、分蘖减少和不育等性状,命名为dtl1(dwarf and twist leaf 1)。dtl1属于nl型矮秆,激素检测表明,矮秆性状与赤霉素和油菜素内酯无关。遗传分析显示,突变性状受单一隐性核基因控制。利用dtl1与籼稻品种Taichung Native 1杂交构建F2群体,将该突变基因DTL1定位于水稻第10染色体长臂2个SSR标记RM25923和RM6673之间约70.4 kb区域内,并与InDel标记Z10-29共分离,在该区域预测有13个候选基因,但未见调控水稻株高相关基因的报道,因此,认为DTL1基因是一个新的控制水稻株高的基因。     

油菜素内酯对水稻幼苗硝酸还原酶活性的影响（简报）

油菜素内酯(BR)明显提高水稻幼苗的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,并促进NO_3~-的吸收。环己亚胺(CHI)和脱落酸(ABA)都抑制 NR活性,而这些抑制不为 BR所逆转。BR和苄基腺嘌呤(BA)单独处理都促进NR活性,但两者不表现加成作用。     

水稻小G蛋白OsPra2基因的克隆及功能分析

利用micro array 技术对水稻幼苗在营养胁迫条件下根部基因表达的研究中发现: 一个与豌豆Pra2(小G蛋白)基因有同源性的基因的RNA水平在营养胁迫后再补充营养时, 表达量下降。用RT-PCR和PCR方法分别获得该基因的cDNA克隆—OsPra2和该基因翻译起始位点上游1 kb的启动子序列。OsPra2基因编码的蛋白质具有结合GTP/GDP的4个保守结构域和构成小G蛋白Rab家族的特有的结构域。该基因cDNA与GST蛋白基因融合表达载体在洋葱表皮细胞中的瞬间表达结果显示该蛋白定位在在细胞膜和细胞核上, OsPra2基因启动子与GUS报告基因融合表达转基因水稻显示该基因启动子驱动GUS在胚芽鞘和根中表达, 35S启动子驱动OsPra2基因过表达转基因水稻与野生水稻株型相比明显矮化, 类似BR缺陷型植物株型。本实验还对OsPra2和P450蛋白的相互作用及在BR代谢途径中的可能作用进行了分析。     

水稻矮秆基因iga-1的序列变异和表达分析

该研究以水稻矮秆突变体cha-2为材料,对控制其表型性状的iga-1基因进行候选基因筛选,利用基因注释数据库对定位区间进行候选基因预测,通过ORF及其上下游调控区域的测序、序列比对及关键元件分析进行序列变异研究,半定量PCR检测目标基因的表达模式,明确其在基因序列、表达模式的变异,探讨其分子遗传调控机理。结果显示:(1)在隐性核基因iga-1精细定位基础上预测得到3个ORF,其中2个编码dnaJ分子伴侣(含有dnaJ结构域的蛋白),分别是LOC_Os05g26902和LOC_Os05g26926;另外1个为已克隆的水稻矮秆基因RGA1(LOC_Os05g26890)。(2)ORF序列分析表明矮秆突变体cha-2与野生型仅在RGA1基因座存在SNP变异,但未造成氨基酸编码的改变。(3)表达模式分析发现,矮秆突变体cha-2的RGA1基因在种子萌发期、二叶期、四叶期和分蘖期等4个发育时期均不表达,且在‘中花11’、‘石狩白茅’的遗传背景下稳定遗传,均显现出失活状态,初步确定RGA1为iga-1的候选基因。(4)对RGA1基因上游和下游调控转录关键区进行测序结果表明,突变体cha-2存在865bp的大片段缺失,包括第1外显子、部分第1内含子和转录起始上游区域。研究推断,突变体cha-2的矮秆基因iga-1正是没有活性的RGA1基因,其转录关键区域的大片段缺失,导致无法正常转录表达。     

受油菜素内酯调控的水稻幼苗地上部膜蛋白的鉴定及功能分析

油菜素内酯(brassinosteroids,BRs)对水稻株高、叶夹角等重要农艺性状具有明显的调控作用,鉴定水稻中受BR调控的蛋白质对揭示BR调控水稻生长发育特定生化过程的潜在机制具有重要的意义。该研究以日本晴水稻(Oryza sativa L.ssp.japanica cv.Nipponbare)为研究材料,用明显影响水稻地上部生长的BR浓度处理,提取地上部膜蛋白,经双向电泳及质谱分析,鉴定到7个受BR调控的蛋白质:光系统II稳定因子HCF136、PMRP(putative membrane related protein,gi|113565516)、ATP synthase(gi|113611230)、gi|113594641、gi|22831029、gi|47497322和gi|56784135,对这些蛋白的功能鉴定可以为阐明BR调控水稻生长发育的机理提供新的思路和途径。其中功能未知的膜蛋白PMRP受BR下调,经亚细胞定位,PMRP定位在细胞质膜上,经生物信息学分析,PMRP具有磷脂酰胆碱结合位点,可能影响膜的组分进而参与水稻抗逆性调控;PMRP RNAi转基因拟南芥对冷害的抵抗能力增强,说明BR可通过调控PMRP的表达提高植物的抗冷性。     

水稻T-DNA插入突变体库的构建及突变类型的分析

利用农杆菌介导的转化系统转化中花11成熟胚愈伤组织,获得1489个独立转化的T-DNA插入再生株系。PCR和Southern杂交的结果表明,69．8％转化株系被整合了T-DNA,通过Tail-PCR也从转化植株中扩增出T-DNA侧翼序列。同时对1066个T1转化株系的抽穗期、株高、单株穗数的调查结果表明,不同株系中分离出了突变植株。     

小麦矮秆圆粒突变体的鉴定与分析

小麦的子粒形态性状和株高与小麦的产量密切相关,是育种的重要选择目标性状。本研究通过对小麦品种偃展1号(YZ1)EMS突变体W98的农艺性状的调查与分析,发现W98的株高只有24 cm,而野生型YZ1的株高是73 cm。突变体株高的变异是由每个节间长度变短造成的,而非节间数目减少所致。相关分析表明矮秆与圆粒性状呈显著相关。利用高秆长粒的墨西哥品种10th12与突变体W98配制杂交组合,获得1544个F2∶3单株(株系),通过对分离群体的遗传分析,发现圆粒性状是由1对不完全显性基因控制的。赤霉素(GA)与油菜素内酯(BR)激素敏感性试验表明:野生型和突变体都对GA处理不敏感;不同浓度BR的展叶试验表明野生型对BR不敏感,而突变体W98对BR敏感。     

A rice brassinosteroid-deficient mutant, ebisu dwarf (d2), is caused by a loss of function of a new member of cytochrome P450

We characterized a rice dwarf mutant, ebisu dwarf (d2). It showed the pleiotropic abnormal phenotype similar to that of the rice brassinosteroid (BR)-insensitive mutant, d61. The dwarf phenotype of d2 was rescued by exogenous brassinolide treatment. The accumulation profile of BR intermediates in the d2 mutants confirmed that these plants are deficient in late BR biosynthesis. We cloned the D2 gene by map-based cloning. The D2 gene encoded a novel cytochrome P450 classified in CYP90D that is highly similar to the reported BR synthesis enzymes. Introduction of the wild D2 gene into d2-1 rescued the abnormal phenotype of the mutants. In feeding experiments, 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone, 3-dehydroteasterone, and brassinolide effectively caused the lamina joints of the d2 plants to bend, whereas more upstream compounds did not cause bending. Based on these results, we conclude that D2/CYP90D2 catalyzes the steps from 6-deoxoteasterone to 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone and from teasterone to 3-dehydroteasterone in the late BR biosynthesis pathway.     

Molecular pathogenesis of a new glycogenosis caused by a glycogenin-1 mutation

Glycogenin-1 initiates the glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle by the autocatalytic formation of a short oligosaccharide at tyrosine 195. Glycogenin-1 catalyzes both the glucose-O-tyrosine linkage and the α1,4 glucosidic bonds linking the glucose molecules in the oligosaccharide. We recently described a patient with glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle as a result of a non-functional glycogenin-1. The patient carried a Thr83Met substitution in glycogenin-1. In this study we have investigated the importance of threonine 83 for the catalytic activity of glycogenin-1. Non-glucosylated glycogenin-1 constructs, with various amino acid substitutions in position 83 and 195, were expressed in a cell-free expression system and autoglucosylated in vitro. The autoglucosylation was analyzed by gel-shift on western blot, incorporation of radiolabeled UDP-(14)C-glucose and nano-liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). We demonstrate that glycogenin-1 with the Thr83Met substitution is unable to form the glucose-O-tyrosine linkage at tyrosine 195 unless co-expressed with the catalytically active Tyr195Phe glycogenin-1. Our results explain the glycogen depletion in the patient expressing only Thr83Met glycogenin-1 and why heterozygous carriers without clinical symptoms show a small proportion of unglucosylated glycogenin-1.     

Molecular pathogenesis of a new glycogenosis caused by a glycogenin-1 mutation

Glycogenin-1 initiates the glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle by the autocatalytic formation of a short oligosaccharide at tyrosine 195. Glycogenin-1 catalyzes both the glucose-O-tyrosine linkage and the α1,4 glucosidic bonds linking the glucose molecules in the oligosaccharide. We recently described a patient with glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle as a result of a non-functional glycogenin-1. The patient carried a Thr83Met substitution in glycogenin-1. In this study we have investigated the importance of threonine 83 for the catalytic activity of glycogenin-1. Non-glucosylated glycogenin-1 constructs, with various amino acid substitutions in position 83 and 195, were expressed in a cell-free expression system and autoglucosylated in vitro. The autoglucosylation was analyzed by gel-shift on western blot, incorporation of radiolabeled UDP-¹⁴C-glucose and nano-liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). We demonstrate that glycogenin-1 with the Thr83Met substitution is unable to form the glucose-O-tyrosine linkage at tyrosine 195 unless co-expressed with the catalytically active Tyr195Phe glycogenin-1. Our results explain the glycogen depletion in the patient expressing only Thr83Met glycogenin-1 and why heterozygous carriers without clinical symptoms show a small proportion of unglucosylated glycogenin-1.     

Characterization of a novel high-tillering dwarf 3 mutant in rice

Tiller number and culm length are important components of plant architecture and determinate grain production in rice.A line SIL046,derived from an introgression lines population developed by an accession of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) and a high-yielding indica cultivar Guichao 2 (Oryza sativa L.).exhibits a higher tiller number and shorter culm length phenotype than the recipient parent Guichao 2 (GC2).Genetic analysis showed that the high-tillering dwarf phenotype was controlled by a novel single recessive gene,referred to as the high-tillering dwarf3 (htd3),which located within the genetic distance of 13.4 cM between SSR makers RM7003 and RM277 on chromosome 12.By means of fine-mapping strategy,we mapped HTD3 gene within the genetic distance of 2.5 cM and the physical distance of 3100 kb in the centromere of chromosome 12.Further identification of HTD3 gene would provide a new opportunity to uncover the molecular mechanism of the development of culm and tiller,two important components of yields in rice.     

Global gene expression analysis of a rice high-tillering dwarf mutant

Plant height and tiller number are indispensible for the establishment of grain production in rice (Oryza sativa L.). A new rice mutant high-tillering dwarf 3 (htd3) exhibiting more tiller number and shorter culm length than the wild-type Guichao 2 (GC2, an indica cultivar) was used to investigate the global gene expression patterns at days after germination 25 (DAG25) and DAG60. In this study, we identified 305 and 987 genes with at least twofold change in gene expression level at DAG25 and DAG60 respectively using the rice microarray chip. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of these twofold change regulated genes revealed that large numbers of genes were involved in binding activity, catalytic activity and metabolic process. The chip results also showed that some of the regulated genes involved in diverse molecular pathways, including gibberellin pathway, brassinosteroid pathway and auxin signal, had significant differences in gene expression abundance at DAG60. This genome-wide gene expression analysis could provide a new opportunity to uncover the regulation mechanisms of the development of culm and tiller, two important components of yields in rice.     

Promotion of leaf sheath growth by gibberellic acid in a dwarf mutant of rice

The mechanism of gibberellin (GA)-induced leaf sheath growth was examined using a dwarf mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tan-ginbozu) treated in advance with an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis. Gibberellic acid (GA₃) enhanced the growth of the second leaf sheath, but auxins did not. Measurement of the mitotic index and cell size revealed that cell elongation rather than cell division is promoted by GA₃. Gibberellic acid increased the extensibility of cell walls in the elongation zone of the leaf sheath. It also increased the total amount of osmotic solutes including sugars in the leaf sheath, but did not increase the osmotic concentration of the cell sap, due to an accompanying increase in cell volume by water absorption. In the later stage of GA₃-induced growth, starch granules completely disappeared from leaf sheath cells, whereas dense granules remained in control plants. These findings indicate that GA enhances cell elongation by increasing wall extensibility, osmotic concentration being kept unchanged by starch degradation. Received: 28 August 1997 / Accepted: 16 October 1997