Mo MLV gag-pol基因在NIH3T3细胞中的表达和鉴定

目的 构建含MoMLV gag-pol基因的重组表达载体,实现其在NIH3T3细胞中稳定表达。方法 应用RT-PCR方法反转录并扩增gag-pol基因,克隆入真核表达载体pcDNA4/HisMaxA上,构建重组表达载体pcDNA4/HisMaxA-gag-pol,用脂质体法转染NIH3T3细胞,Zeocin筛选稳定表达细胞株,通过SDS-PAGE分析检测表明, gag-pol基因在NIH3T3细胞实现了表达,产物相对分子质量(kD)为194.78×103。然后,将逆转录病毒载体导入此细胞系,包装逆转录病毒。用PCR与标记基因补救分析法检测野生型辅助病毒。结果 酶切鉴定的片段大小分别为5.2-kb,与预期大小一致,经Zeocin筛选后获得稳定表达细胞株,SDS-PAGE实验表明产物融合蛋白相对分子质量(kD)为194.78×103,与预期相符。脂质体转染包装细胞,嘌呤霉素加压筛选出高病毒滴度(4.0×106CFU/ml)的细胞克隆,且未检测到辅助病毒。结论 本工作构建的融合表达载体pcDNA4/HisMaxA-gag-pol及其在NIH3T3细胞中的表达,构建成功具有靶向性的逆转录病毒包装细胞系,该细胞系能够包装出高滴度的逆转录病毒,为肝细胞的基因治疗提供了一种新的基因转移系统。     

Construction and properties of retrovirus packaging cells based on gibbon ape leukemia virus.

We have constructed hybrid retrovirus packaging cell lines that express the gibbon ape leukemia virus env and the Moloney murine leukemia virus gag-pol proteins. These cells were used to produce a retrovirus vector at over 10(6) CFU/ml, with a host range that included rat, hamster, bovine, cat, dog, monkey, and human cells. The gag-pol and env expression plasmids were separately transfected to reduce the potential for helper virus production, which was not observed. The NIH 3T3 mouse cells from which the packaging lines were made are not infectable by gibbon ape leukemia virus; thus, the generation and spread of possible recombinant viruses in the packaging cells is greatly reduced. These simian virus-based packaging cells extend the host range of currently available murine and avian packaging cells and should be useful for efficient gene transfer into higher mammals.     

Generation of stable retrovirus packaging cell lines after transduction with herpes simplex virus hybrid amplicon vectors

Background

A number of properties have relegated the use of Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo‐MLV)‐based retrovirus vectors primarily to ex vivo protocols. Direct implantation of retrovirus producer cells can bypass some of the limitations, and in situ vector production may result in a large number of gene transfer events. However, the fibroblast nature of most retrovirus packaging cells does not provide for an effective distribution of vector producing foci in vivo, especially in the brain. Effective development of new retrovirus producer cells with enhanced biologic properties may require the testing of a large number of different cell types, and a quick and efficient method to generate them is needed.

Methods

Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo‐MLV) gag‐pol and env genes and retrovirus vector sequences carrying lacZ were cloned into different minimal HSV/AAV hybrid amplicons. Helper virus‐free amplicon vectors were used to co‐infect glioma cells in culture. Titers and stability of retrovirus vector production were assessed.

Results

Simultaneous infection of two glioma lines, Gli‐36 (human) and J3T (dog), with both types of amplicon vectors, generated stable packaging populations that produced retrovirus titers of 0.5–1.2×10⁵ and 3.1–7.1×10³ tu/ml, respectively. Alternatively, when cells were first infected with retrovirus vectors followed by infection with HyRMOVAmpho amplicon vector, stable retrovirus packaging populations were obtained from Gli‐36 and J3T cells producing retrovirus titers comparable to those obtained with a traditional retrovirus packaging cell line, ΨCRIPlacZ.

Conclusions

This amplicon vector system should facilitate generation of new types of retrovirus producer cells. Conversion of cells with migratory or tumor/tissue homing properties could result in expansion of the spatial distribution or targeting capacity, respectively, of gene delivery by retrovirus vectors in vivo. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Evidence that the packaging signal of Moloney murine leukemia virus extends into the gag region.

Replication-competent retroviruses can be modified to carry nonviral genes. Such gene transfer vectors help define regions of the retroviral genome that are required in cis for retroviral replication. Moloney murine leukemia virus has been used extensively in vector construction, and all of the internal protein-encoding regions can be removed and replaced with other genes while still allowing production of virions containing and transmitting the altered retroviral genome. However, inclusion of a portion of the gag region from Moloney murine leukemia virus markedly increases the titer of virus derived from these vectors. We determined that this effect was due to more efficient packaging of the vector RNA into particles and did not depend on protein synthesis from the gag region. We conclude that the retrovirus packaging signal extends into the gag region. We have found that retroviral vectors containing the complete packaging signal allow more efficient gene transfer into a variety of cell types. In addition, these results may help explain why many oncogenic retroviruses have retained gag sequences and often express transforming proteins that are gag-onc hybrids.     

Retroviral vectors displaying functional antibody fragments.

We have made retrovirus particles displaying a functional antibody fragment. We fused the gene encoding an antibody fragment directed against a hapten with that encoding the viral envelope protein (Pr80env) of the ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus. The fusion gene was co-expressed in ecotropic retroviral packaging cells with a retroviral plasmid carrying the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo), and retroviral particles with specific hapten binding activities were recovered. Furthermore the hapten-binding particles were able to transfer the neo gene and the antibody-envelope fusion gene to mouse fibroblasts. In principle, the display of antibody fragments on the surface of recombinant retroviral particles could be used to target virus to cells for gene delivery, or to retain the virus in target tissues.     

An array of murine leukemia virus-related elements is transmitted and expressed in a primate recipient of retroviral gene transfer.

Direct RNA-PCR analyses of T-cell lymphomas that developed in rhesus macaques during a gene transfer experiment revealed the presence of several different recombinant murine leukemia viruses (MuLV). Most prominent was the expected MuLV recombinant, designated MoLTRAmphoenv in which the amphotropic env of the helper packaging virus was joined to the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the Moloney MuLV-derived vector. This retrovirus does not exist in nature. An additional copy of the core enhancer acquired from the vector LTR may have augmented the replicative properties of MoLTRAmphoenv MuLV in several different rhesus cell types compared with the prototype amphotropic MuLV4070A. Unexpectedly, at least two types of mink cell focus-forming MuLV elements, arising from endogenous retroviral sequences expressed in the murine packaging cell line, were also transmitted and highly expressed in one of the macaques. Furthermore, murine virus-like VL-30 sequences were detected in the rhesus lymphomas, but these were not transcribed into RNA. The unanticipated presence of an array of MuLV-related structures in a primate gene transfer recipient demands ever-vigilant scrutiny for the existence of transmissible retroviral elements and replication-competent viruses possessing altered tropic or growth properties in packaging cells producing retroviral vectors.     

人IL-12重组逆转录病毒载体在HeLa细胞中的表达

目的:包装携带人白细胞介素12(IL-12)的逆转录病毒,用于宫颈癌的治疗研究.方法:携带IL-12的逆转录病毒重组质粒pL35P40SN经PA317细胞包装,G418筛选.在NIH3T3细胞进行病毒滴度测定.然后用病毒感染人宫颈癌细胞HeLa.PCR、RT-PCR方法检测IL-12基因在HeLa中的整合和表达情况.结果:重组质粒pL35P40SN经PA317细胞包装后收获病毒上清,感染HeLa细胞,检测发现IL-12基因整合到细胞基因组DNA中,并且能有效的转录.结论:成功包装了携带IL-12基因的逆转录病毒,该病毒能有效感染HeLa细胞,并使携带的基因IL-12在细胞中表达,为今后IL-12基因治疗宫颈癌的研究奠定基础.     

Production of replication-defective retrovirus by transient transfection of 293T cells

Our lab studies human myeloproliferative diseases induced by such oncogenes as Bcr-Abl or growth factor receptor-derived oncogenes (ZNF198-FGFR1, Bcr-PDGFRalpha, etc.). We are able to model and study a human-like disease in our mouse model, by transplanting bone marrow cells previously infected with a retrovirus expressing the oncogene of interest. Replication-defective retrovirus encoding a human oncogene and a marker (GFP, RFP, antibiotic resistance gene, etc.) is produced by a transient transfection protocol using 293T cells, a human renal epithelial cell line transformed by the adenovirus E1A gene product. 293 cells have the unusual property of being highly transfectable by calcium phosphate (CaPO4), with up to 50-80% transfection efficiency readily attainable. Here, we co-transfect 293 cells with a retroviral vector expressing the oncogene of interest and a plasmid that expresses the gag-pol-env packaging functions, such as the single-genome packaging constructs kat or pCL, in this case the EcoPak plasmid. The initial transfection is further improved by use of chloroquine. Stocks of ecotropic virus, collected as culture supernatant 48 hrs. post-transfection, can be stored at -80 degrees C and used for infection of cell-lines in view of transformation and in vitro studies, or primary cells such as mouse bone marrow cells, that can then be used for transplant in our mouse model.     

The pCL vector system: rapid production of helper-free, high-titer, recombinant retroviruses.

We describe the construction and characterization of retroviral vectors and packaging plasmids that produce helper-free retrovirus with titers of 1 X 10(6) to 5 X 10(6) within 48 h. These vectors contain the immediate early region of the human cytomegalovirus enhancer-promoter fused to the Moloney murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat at the TATA box in the 5' U3 region, yielding the pCL promoter. By selecting vectors designed to express genes from one of four promoters (dihydrofolate reductase, Rous sarcoma virus, long terminal repeat, or cytomegalovirus), the pCL system permits the investigator to control the level of gene expression in target cells over a 100-fold range, while maintaining uniformly high titers of virus from transiently transfected producer cells. The pCL packaging plasmids lack a packaging signal (delta-psi) and include an added safety modification that renders them self-inactivating through the deletion of the 3' U3 enhancer. Ecotropic, amphotropic (4070A), and amphotropic-mink cell focus-forming hybrid (10A1) envelope constructions have been prepared and tested, permitting flexible selection of vector pseudotype in accordance with experimental needs. Vector supernatants are free of helper virus and are of sufficiently high titer within 2 days of transient transfection in 293 cells to permit infection of more than 50% of randomly cycling target cells in culture. We demonstrated the efficacy of these vectors by using them to transfer three potent cell cycle control genes (the p16(INK4A), p53, and Rb1 genes) into human glioblastoma cells.     

Retrovirus packaging cells based on 10A1 murine leukemia virus for production of vectors that use multiple receptors for cell entry.

10A1 murine leukemia virus can enter cells by using either of two different cell surface phosphate transport proteins, the gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor Glvr-1 (Pit-1) or the amphotropic retrovirus receptor Ram-1 (Pit-2). Glvr-1 and Ram-1 are widely expressed in different tissues, but the relative amounts of each are highly variable. We have developed retrovirus packaging cell lines based on 10A1 virus to take advantage of this dual receptor utilization to improve gene transfer rates in somatic cells of animals and humans, in which the relative levels of the two receptors are not always known. Optimization of the Env expression vector allowed the generation of packaging lines that produce helper-free vector titers up to 10(7)/ml. By interference analysis, we found that a 10A1 pseudotype retroviral vector can utilize Ram-1 for efficient entry into mouse, rat, and human cells and can utilize Glvr-1 for entry into mouse and human cells but not for entry into rat cells. The 10A1 pseudotype vector efficiently enters mouse cells by using Glvr-1, while entry into human cells is much less efficient. Thus, the 10A1 pseudotype packaging cells may be advantageous compared with the standard amphotropic packaging cells because vectors produced by the cells can use an additional receptor for cell entry. These packaging cells will also be useful to further explore the complicated pattern of receptor usage conferred by the 10A1 viral surface protein.     

Pmscv-Ubc9逆转录病毒表达载体的构建及产毒细胞系的建立

目的：构建含Ubc9的逆转录病毒表达载体,筛选建立携带该基因的高滴度产毒细胞系,深入研究SUMO化修饰的作用。方法：聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增获取目的基因Ubc9,定向插入逆转录病毒表达载体pMSCVneo,形成重组质粒pMSCV-Ubc9;脂质体法将pMSCV-Ubc9转染逆转录病毒包装细胞PT67;G418筛选产毒细胞克隆,扩大培养产毒细胞克隆,收获病毒感染NIH3T3细胞。结果：限制性酶切和测序鉴定证实Ubc9正确插入逆转录病毒表达载体。G418筛选获得稳定产毒的抗性细胞克隆,收获病毒能有效感染NIH3T3细胞。结论：携带Ubc9基因的重组逆转录病毒表达载体pMSCV-Ubc9构建成功,转染PT67细胞后包装出重组逆转录病毒,进而筛选获得了能转录表达Ubc9的产毒细胞系PT67-Ubc9。     

The spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) envelope gene, when introduced into mice in the absence of other SFFV genes, induces acute erythroleukemia.

Previous studies in our laboratory and others have been consistent with the hypothesis that the envelope (env) gene of the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) is the only gene essential for the induction of acute erythroleukemia. However, no studies have been carried out with the SFFV env gene in the complete absence of other SFFV sequences. To accomplish this goal, we isolated the sequences that encode the envelope glycoprotein, gp52, of SFFVA and expressed them in a Moloney murine leukemia virus-based double-expression vector containing the neomycin resistance gene. The method used to produce retrovirus stocks in tissue culture cells affected the expression of the gp52 gene in the vector and the subsequent pathogenicity of the vector in mice. Highly pathogenic virus stocks were obtained by cotransfection of vector and helper virus DNAs into fibroblasts, followed by virus replication and spread through the cell population. Mice infected with this stock developed a rapid erythroid disease that was indistinguishable from that induced by the entire SFFV genome, and the virus stock transformed erythroid cells in vitro. Spleen cells from the diseased mice expressed the SFFV env gene product but not the SFFV gag gene product. As expected, mice given the virus containing the SFFV env gene in the reverse orientation did not express the SFFV env gene product or develop erythroleukemia. This study, therefore, demonstrated (i) that double-expression retroviral vectors can be used under specific conditions to produce viruses expressing high levels of a particular gene and (ii) that incorporation of the SFFV env gene into such a vector in the absence of other SFFV sequences results in a retrovirus which is as pathogenic as the original SFFV.     

New retrovirus helper cells with almost no nucleotide sequence homology to retrovirus vectors.

We prepared retrovirus packaging cell lines containing gag-pol genes from spleen necrosis virus (expressed from a cytomegalovirus promoter and the simian virus 40 (SV40) polyadenylation sequences) and, on a separate vector, either the env gene from spleen necrosis virus (expressed from the Rous sarcoma virus promoter and the SV40 polyadenylation sequences) or the env gene from amphotropic murine leukemia virus (expressed from a cytomegalovirus promoter and the SV40 polyadenylation sequences). The nucleotide sequences in these packaging cell lines have almost no homology to the retrovirus vectors we used. Retrovirus vectors were produced from these new helper cell lines without any genetic interactions between the vectors and sequences in the helper cells and without transfer of the packaging sequences.     

人神经元素3基因重组逆转录病毒表达载体的构建及其包装细胞株的建立

为构建表达人神经元素3基因(neurogenin 3,ngn3)的重组逆转录病毒载体,建立稳定表达ngn3的包装细胞株,本研究以流产人胎儿胰腺组织为材料,通过RT-PCR方法克隆出人ngn3基因,将其连接到pMD18-T载体上并测序,结果表明,测序得到的基因序列与发表的人ngn3基因序列(GenBank Accession No.BC126468)完全一致。将EcoRI和HpaI双酶切后的基因片段构建到pMSCV-neo逆转录病毒载体中,酶切鉴定结果表明,pMSCV-ngn3重组逆转录病毒载体构建成功。脂质体法将pMSCV-ngn3重组载体导入PT67包装细胞,G418筛选后,对得到的细胞株进行RT-PCR和免疫组化检测,结果显示,该细胞株在mRNA水平和蛋白水平均稳定表达Ngn3;收集该细胞株的培养上清液,进行RT-PCR检测及电镜观察,结果表明,该细胞株将导入的重组逆转录病毒载体pMSCV-ngn3包装成了具有感染性的病毒颗粒,并将其释放到了培养上清液中。以上结果表明PT67-ngn3包装细胞株建立成功。该细胞株的成功建立,为下一步将ngn3基因应用于提高人胎儿胰腺祖细胞诱导分化效率方面的研究奠定了基础。     

携带HSV-1TK基因的逆转录病毒载体构建及在HeLa细胞中的表达

目的:构建携带单纯疱疹病毒脱氧胸腺嘧啶激酶基因(herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase,HSV-TK)的逆转录病毒,用于宫颈癌的治疗研究。方法:用限制性内切酶从质粒pcDNA3.1/HA-myc-His(-)Z-TK切下HSV-1TK cDNA序列,亚克隆入逆转录病毒载体pLXSN得到重组质粒pLXSN-TK,鉴定正确的阳性重组质粒经PA317细胞包装,G418筛选,在NIH3T3细胞进行病毒滴度测定。然后用病毒感染人宫颈癌细胞HeLa。PCR、RT-PCR和Western blotting方法检测HSV-1TK基因在HeLa中的整合和表达情况。结果:重组质粒pLXSN-TK经PA317细胞包装后收获病毒上清,感染HeLa细胞,检测发现HSV-1TK基因整合到细胞基因组DNA中,并且能有效的转录和翻译。结论:成功构建了逆转录病毒pLXSN-TK,该病毒能有效感染HeLa细胞,并使携带的治疗基因HSV-1TK在细胞中表达,为今后HSV-1TK基因治疗宫颈癌的研究奠定基础。     

A retroviral vector capable of targeted gene transfer into cells expressing HIV envelope glycoprotein

An expression vector encoding a chimeric envelope protein composed of CD4 and ecotropic retroviral envelope glycoprotein was constructed with the aim of accomplishing targeted gene transfer into HIV-1-infected cells. The chimeric protein was efficiently expressed and transported to the surfaces of various cell types and supported HIV-1 entry into human cells. A packaging cell line producing retroviral vectors carrying chimeric envelope proteins was then established. The vector particles produced were shown to be capable of specific gene transfer into human cells expressing HIV envelope glycoprotein. Blocking experiments confirmed that the vector particles entered the cells via an interaction between the chimeric and HIV envelope proteins. This targeting vector may thus be a useful tool with which to develop effective gene therapies against HIV infection.     

Recombination between a defective retrovirus and homologous sequences in host DNA: reversion by patch repair.

The genomes of mammalian species contain multiple copies of sequences homologous to exogenous retroviruses. When a mutant retrovirus carrying a lethal deletion in an essential viral gene was introduced into mammalian cells, revertant viruses appeared and spread throughout the culture. Analysis of one such revertant showed that the mutation had been repaired by homologous recombination with endogenous sequences. Our results suggest that defective retroviruses can draw upon the genetic complement of the host cell to repair lesions in viral genes.