病毒感染对树突细胞表型及功能影响的研究进展

树突细胞是目前发现的功能最强的抗原呈递细胞,在机体抗微生物免疫应答中具有重要作用.病毒感染机体后可以多种方式对树突细胞的表型及功能产生极为复杂的影响上调或下调其表面共刺激分子,特征性成熟分子及主要组织相容性复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ类分子等的表达,并影响树突细胞细胞因子的分泌及其刺激同种异体T细胞增殖的能力,进而影响机体的抗病毒免疫应答.     

奶牛MHC基因多态性及其与经济性状关系的研究进展

本文简述了奶牛 MHC基因的结构、位置、分类、多态性的一般特性,并且介绍了 MHC基因与生产性状、乳房炎等一些经济性状的关系。     

乌鳢(Channa argus)MHC Class I全长cDNA序列的克隆及表达特征北大核心CSCD

旨在探究乌鳢(Channa argus)MHC基因的分子特征、表达方式及多态性。应用抑制差减杂交(SHH)和快速扩增c DNA末端(RACE)技术克隆并鉴定了乌鳢全长MHC I c DNA序列Char-Ia-1、Char-Ia-2和Char-Ib,推测氨基酸序列与已知硬骨鱼MHC I基因同源。Char-Ia-1和Char-Ia-2 c DNA序列包含1 167和1 083 bp的开放阅读框,分别编码388和360 aa的膜型Ⅰ类分子;而Char-Ib c DNA序列包含978 bp的开放阅读框,编码325 aa,显著截短的羧基末端显示Char-Ib为潜在的分泌型Ⅰ类分子。比较发现Char-Ia与Char-Ib在3'非转录区存在显著差异,在细胞外区、跨膜区和细胞质区的氨基酸序列同源性均较低,推测二者来自不同的MHC I基因座。氨基酸序列比对显示乌鳢MHC I分子与抗原肽结合的关键氨基酸残基较保守,在α1和α3结构域均出现硬骨鱼特征性的氨基酸残基缺失。进化树分析表明Char-Ia-1和Char-Ia-2聚为一簇,与Char-Ib处于不同的进化分支上,进一步证实Char-Ia与Char-Ib分别由不同MHC I基因座编码。RT-PCR分析显示乌鳢MHC I在组织中呈现组成型表达。设计基因专一性引物检测乌鳢Char-Ia与Char-Ib两类MHC I基因在组织中的表达水平,结果显示Char-Ia以较低的浓度表达于所有被检测组织,而Char-Ib主要表达于脾、肠、鳃和外周血,呈现明显的组织表达特异性,提示两类MHC I分子在鱼类免疫反应中发挥不同的生理功能。     

人类白细胞抗原部分基因多态性与丙型肝炎病毒感染相关性研究进展简

国内外有关宿主遗传基因与疾病关系的研究成果表明,人类白细胞抗原（HLA）在宿主免疫系统的免疫应答过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。机体受到病原体感染后,其对病原体的清除以及疾病转归方面表现出的不同,在很大程度上取决于个体间基因组的差异。大量研究证实,HLA多态性是与丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）的易感性和清除相关的一个宿主基因,我们就该研究领域的进展进行简要综述。     

版纳微型猪近交系133家系SLA-DQ cDNA的克隆和序列分析

目的阐明版纳微型猪近交系133家系(BMI-133)免疫相关基因及其可能在猪-人异种器官移植中的作用。方法提取外周血总RNA,通过反转录、cDNA合成及转化,最终获得了具有完整阅读框架的SLA-DQA和SLA-DQBcDNA克隆。结果序列分析表明,所获得的DQAcDNA长度为830bp,编码255个氨基酸残基;DQBcDNA长度为1103bp,编码262个氨基酸残基。结论和其他已报道的小型猪比较,本研究克隆的序列无论在核苷酸还是氨基酸水平上都与之存在差异,由此确定这是BMI-133的两个特有的新等位基因。另外,通过与人的相应序列对比发现,BMI-133与人类相应基因相比具有较高的同源性。随着研究的深入,BMI-133家系极有可能成为供异种器官移植的专用近交系猪群。     

诱导性调节性T细胞抑制移植排斥反应的作用研究

目的:通过体外诱导的方法将幼稚CD4+T细胞(na觙ve CD4+T cell)转化为调节性T细胞(RegulatoryT cells,Tregs),并验证其在小鼠异体皮片移植模型上对移植排斥反应的抑制作用。方法:分选na觙ve CD4+T细胞并在体外诱导其转化为Tregs,流式检测细胞确定其转化率。将诱导性Treg(induced Treg,iTreg)与效应T细胞(Effective T cells,Teffs)以不同比例共同培养检测其对T细胞增殖的抑制能力。建立C57bl/6到Balb/c小鼠的异体皮片移植模型,植皮术后将iTreg经由股静脉输注入受体(Balb/c小鼠)体内,观察皮片存活情况,绘制皮片存活曲线。同时于皮片移植术后11天对皮片进行病理切片,观察移植排斥反应状况。结果:体外诱导na觙ve CD4+T细胞转化为iTreg的比例约44%,在iTreg:Teff比例大于1:4时,iTreg具有明显地抑制Teff增殖的作用,且这种抑制作用具有剂量依赖性。植皮小鼠输注iTreg后皮片存活时间较对照组延长约2.4天,病理切片显示排斥反应减轻,但皮片在14天左右时仍被排斥。结论:体外诱导的iTreg能够在体外抑制Teff增殖,且能有效抑制小鼠异体皮片移植后排斥反应。     

粒细胞集落刺激因子对全身炎症反应综合征中细胞因子的影响

目的:对粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)在全身炎症反应综合征及其治疗中的作用和机制进行初步的探究.方法:腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)建立全身炎症反应综合征的小鼠动物模型后,将BALB/c模型小鼠随机分为生理盐水(NS)、50 μg/m2重组粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)、200 μg/m2rhG-CSF、400 μg/m2 rhG-CSF四组,进行脾淋巴细胞的分离,通过RT-PCR、ELISA等方法检测共刺激分子和炎症相关因子在不同组别中的表达.结果:各RHG-CSF组的炎症相关因子表达有不同程度下调.诱生性共刺激分子(ICOS)表达下调,同时杀伤性T细胞相关抗原-4(CTLA-4)的表达量明显上调.作用最明显的是200μg/m2 rhG-CSF组.结论:rhG-CSF对于全身炎症反应综合征有一定的治疗作用且存在剂量依赖性.     

利用微卫星遗传标记对恒河猴进行遗传同质性分群的探索

目的探索建立利用微卫星遗传标记对中国恒河猴免疫遗传学同质性分群的方法。方法根据已报道的中国恒河猴和印度恒河猴微卫星标记和与MHC基因高度连锁的微卫星遗传标记,对52只恒河猴进行了微卫星检测和遗传同质性分群。结果依据判断标准,可以将检测的恒河猴分为印度恒河猴,中国恒河猴和无法判定来源的恒河猴3个地理类别,并根据MHC附近的微卫星遗传标记将其分为若干MHC基因相同的同质性群体。结论此方法的建立将有利于恒河猴参与的实验分组,也为恒河猴繁殖管理提供了参考。     

5-氟尿嘧啶增强HeLa细胞对自然杀伤细胞敏感性研究

目的用5-氟尿嘧啶（5-fluorouracil,5-FU）处理HeLa细胞,检测其NKG2D配体MICA的表达及其对NK92细胞杀伤敏感性的变化。方法不同浓度的5-Fu处理HeLa细胞,在不同时间点用半定量PCR及流式细胞术检测HeLa细胞表面的NKG2D配体MICA在RNA及蛋白水平的表达变化情况,用MTT法检测NKG2D抗体封闭NK92细胞的NKG2D受体前后,NK92细胞对HeLa细胞的杀伤作用。结果不同浓度的5．Fu作用于HeLa细胞后,半定量RT—PCR结果显示MICA表达随5-Fu作用浓度增加逐渐增高。而且40μg／ml5．Fu作用于HeLa细胞后随着作用时间的延长（0、8、16、24h）MICA表达增加,流式细胞术检测结果表明,MICA表达的增加主要依赖于未凋亡细胞的MICA表达。在40μg／ml5-FU作用24h,效靶比为2．5：1,5：1,10：1,20：1时都检测到NK92细胞对HeLa细胞的杀伤增强,杀伤作用可部分被NKG2D抗体抑制。结论5-FU能够上调HeLa细胞表面NKG2D配体MICA的表达,增强HeLa细胞对NK92细胞的敏感性,提示化疗联合NK细胞免疫治疗宫颈癌可产生协同作用,提高治疗效果。     

逃避CD8~+T细胞反应是巨细胞病毒重复感染的关键

虽然宿主有针对巨细胞病毒(CMV)的特异性体液和细胞免疫,但它能重复感染已感染的宿主,具体机制还不清楚。该研究证明,CMV需要逃避CD8+T细胞的免疫反应才能重复感染已感染过CMV的恒河猴,这种逃逸是通过病毒编码的主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)I类抗原呈递的抑制剂(特别是与人同源的CMV US2、3、6和11)实现的。相反,干扰MHC-I对初次感染恒河猴及在瞬时去除CD8+T细胞已感染     

Ellipticine induces apoptosis through p53-dependent pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells

Ellipticine (5,11-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole), one of the simplest naturally occurring alkaloids, was isolated from the leaves of the evergreen tree Ochrosia elliptica Labill (Apocynaceae). Here, we reported that ellipticine inhibited the cell growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 and provided molecular understanding of this effect. The XTT assay results showed that ellipticine decreased the cell viability of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the IC50 value was 4.1 microM. Furthermore, apoptosis induction by ellipticine in HepG2 cells was verified by the appearance of DNA fragmentation and annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) staining assay. Ellipticine treatment was found to result in the upregulation of p53, Fas/APO-1 receptor and Fas ligand. Besides, ellipticine also initiated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins expression, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Taken together, ellipticine decreased the cell growth and induced apoptosis in HepG2 cell.     

淋巴结内FasL蛋白及其mRNA的表达

ＦａｓＬｉｇａｎｄ（ＦａｓＬ）与Ｆａｓ结合诱导细胞凋亡。这一机制对机体免疫反应可能起调节作用。运用ＦａｓＬ多克隆抗体、人工合成ＦａｓＬ寡核苷酸探针分别对淋巴结内ＦａｓＬ蛋白及ｍＲＮＡ进行免疫组织化学检测和原位杂交。结果：正常大鼠淋巴结副皮质区散在分布ＦａｓＬ阳性细胞;非特异性反应性增生的淋巴结内有大量ＦａｓＬ阳性细胞,主要分布在副皮质区,同时输出淋巴管内可见ＦａｓＬ阳性细胞。这为Ｆａｓ系统在参与淋巴细胞凋亡,以维持机体免疫平衡方面的作用提供了证据,同时也提示Ｆａｓ系统可能与某些感染性疾病的发病有关。     

Assembly and cell surface expression of TAP-independent,chloroquine-sensitive and interferon-gamma-inducible class I MHC complexes in transformed fibroblast cell lines are regulated by tapasin

Antigen processing and presentation by class I MHC molecules generally require assembly with peptide epitopes generated by the proteasome and transported into the ER by the transporters associated with antigen presentation (TAP). Recently, TAP-independent pathways supporting class I MHC-mediated presentation of exogenous antigens, as well as of endogenously synthesized viral antigens, were described. We now characterize a TAP-independent pathway that is operative in both TAP1- and TAP2-deficient Adenovirus (Ad)-transformed fibroblast cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the existence of such a pathway has been described in non-infected cells that do not belong to the hematopoietic lineage. We show that this pathway is proteasome-independent and chloroquine-sensitive. Cell surface expression of these TAP-independent class I complexes is modulated by tapasin levels and is enhanced by IFN-gamma. The data imply that IFN-gamma increases the relative level of TAP-independent high affinity class I complexes that exit the ER on their way to the cell surface and to vacuolar compartments where peptide cleavage/exchange might take place before recycling to the cell surface. Since both TAP and tapasin expression are altered in numerous tumors and in virus-infected cells, TAP-independent class I complexes may be a valuable target source for immune responses.     

Fas-deficient mice have impaired alveolar neutrophil recruitment and decreased expression of anti-KC autoantibody:KC complexes in a model of acute lung injury

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive worsening of airflow limitation associated with abnormally inflamed airways in older smokers. Despite correlative evidence for a role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathogenesis of COPD, the anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha, infliximab did not show clinical efficacy in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. This study sought to evaluate the systemic inflammatory profile associated with COPD and to assess the impact of tumor necrosis factor neutralization on systemic inflammation.

Methods

Serum samples (n = 234) from the phase II trial were collected at baseline and after 24 weeks of placebo or infliximab. Additionally, baseline serum samples were obtained from an independent COPD cohort (n = 160) and 2 healthy control cohorts (n = 50; n = 109). Serum concentrations of a broad panel of inflammation-associated analytes were measured using a 92-analyte multiplex assay.

Results

Twenty-five proteins were significantly elevated and 2 were decreased in COPD, including highly elevated CD40 ligand, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, epidermal growth factor, acute-phase proteins, and neutrophil-associated proteins. This profile was largely independent of smoking status, age, and clinical phenotype. The majority of these associations of serum analytes with COPD are novel findings. Increased serum creatine kinase-muscle/brain and myoglobin correlated modestly with decreased forced expiratory volume at 1 second, suggesting cardiac involvement. Infliximab did not affect this systemic inflammatory profile.

Conclusions

A robust systemic inflammatory profile was associated with COPD. This profile was generally independent of disease severity. Because anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not influence systemic inflammation, how to control the underlying pathology beyond symptom suppression remains unclear.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, No.: NCT00056264.     

Keratinocyte growth factor augments pulmonary innate immunity through epithelium-driven, GM-CSF-dependent paracrine activation of alveolar macrophages

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is an epithelial mitogen that has been reported to protect the lungs from a variety of insults. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that KGF augments pulmonary host defense. We found that a single dose of intrapulmonary KGF enhanced the clearance of Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa instilled into the lungs 24 h later. KGF augmented the recruitment, phagocytic activity, and oxidant responses of alveolar macrophages, including lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide release and zymosan-induced superoxide production. Less robust alveolar macrophage recruitment and activation was observed in mice treated with intraperitoneal KGF. KGF treatment was associated with increased levels of MIP1γ, LIX, VCAM, IGFBP-6, and GM-CSF in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Of these, only GM-CSF recapitulated in vitro the macrophage activation phenotype seen in the KGF-treated animals. The KGF-stimulated increase in GM-CSF levels in lung tissue and alveolar lining fluid arose from the epithelium, peaked within 1 h, and was associated with STAT5 phosphorylation in alveolar macrophages, consistent with epithelium-driven paracrine activation of macrophage signaling through the KGF receptor/GM-CSF/GM-CSF receptor/JAK-STAT axis. Enhanced bacterial clearance did not occur in response to KGF administration in GM-CSF(-/-) mice, or in mice treated with a neutralizing antibody to GM-CSF. We conclude that KGF enhances alveolar host defense through GM-CSF-stimulated macrophage activation. KGF administration may constitute a promising therapeutic strategy to augment innate immune defenses in refractory pulmonary infections.     

Efficient expression and primary purification of 6-his tagged human Fas ligand in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dictyostelium discoideum</Emphasis>

Human Fas ligand (hFasL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family with many medical interests. To produce this protein efficiently, an improved vector which could express the recombinant hFasL protein with a 6-his tag at its C-terminal was constructed. The new vector was transformed into Dictyostelium discoideum AX3 which then produced 157 μg hFasL l⁻¹. Using one-step Ni-affinity chromatography, it was purified with a recovery of 92% and purity of 91%.     

Acquisition of multidrug resistance by L1210 leukemia cells decreases their tumorigenicity and enhances their susceptibility to the host immune response

The use of antineoplastic drugs for cancer treatment is frequently associated with the acquisition of a multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype that renders tumoural cells insensitive to antineoplastics. It remains elusive whether the acquisition of the MDR phenotype alters immunological parameters that could influence the cell sensitivity to an eventual host immune response. We report that immunisation of syngeneic mice with -irradiated L1210S (parental line) and L1210R (MDR phenotype) cells results in a significant rejection of subsequently implanted L1210R-based tumours, but not of the L1210S ones. Notably, L1210R tumours display a twofold reduction in vivo proliferative capacity and are less aggressive in terms of mouse survival than their sensitive counterparts. Also, analysis of surface expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation and cytokine activity revealed a slight increase in IFN- receptor expression, a decrease of Fas molecule, and a fourfold up-regulation of MHC class I molecules in L1210R cells. Nonetheless, both cell lines were able to induce a cytotoxic response in syngeneic mice and were equally susceptible to cytotoxicity by splenic cells. Together, these findings indicate that acquisition of drug resistance by L1210 cells is accompanied by pleiotropic changes that result in reduced tumour proliferative capacity and tumorigenicity in syngeneic mice. Hence, immunological studies of MDR tumours may assist in the design of specific therapeutic strategies that complement current chemotherapy treatments.