病毒感染对树突细胞表型及功能影响的研究进展

树突细胞是目前发现的功能最强的抗原呈递细胞,在机体抗微生物免疫应答中具有重要作用.病毒感染机体后可以多种方式对树突细胞的表型及功能产生极为复杂的影响上调或下调其表面共刺激分子,特征性成熟分子及主要组织相容性复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ类分子等的表达,并影响树突细胞细胞因子的分泌及其刺激同种异体T细胞增殖的能力,进而影响机体的抗病毒免疫应答.     

奶牛MHC基因多态性及其与经济性状关系的研究进展

本文简述了奶牛 MHC基因的结构、位置、分类、多态性的一般特性,并且介绍了 MHC基因与生产性状、乳房炎等一些经济性状的关系。     

乌鳢(Channa argus)MHC Class I全长cDNA序列的克隆及表达特征北大核心CSCD

旨在探究乌鳢(Channa argus)MHC基因的分子特征、表达方式及多态性。应用抑制差减杂交(SHH)和快速扩增c DNA末端(RACE)技术克隆并鉴定了乌鳢全长MHC I c DNA序列Char-Ia-1、Char-Ia-2和Char-Ib,推测氨基酸序列与已知硬骨鱼MHC I基因同源。Char-Ia-1和Char-Ia-2 c DNA序列包含1 167和1 083 bp的开放阅读框,分别编码388和360 aa的膜型Ⅰ类分子;而Char-Ib c DNA序列包含978 bp的开放阅读框,编码325 aa,显著截短的羧基末端显示Char-Ib为潜在的分泌型Ⅰ类分子。比较发现Char-Ia与Char-Ib在3'非转录区存在显著差异,在细胞外区、跨膜区和细胞质区的氨基酸序列同源性均较低,推测二者来自不同的MHC I基因座。氨基酸序列比对显示乌鳢MHC I分子与抗原肽结合的关键氨基酸残基较保守,在α1和α3结构域均出现硬骨鱼特征性的氨基酸残基缺失。进化树分析表明Char-Ia-1和Char-Ia-2聚为一簇,与Char-Ib处于不同的进化分支上,进一步证实Char-Ia与Char-Ib分别由不同MHC I基因座编码。RT-PCR分析显示乌鳢MHC I在组织中呈现组成型表达。设计基因专一性引物检测乌鳢Char-Ia与Char-Ib两类MHC I基因在组织中的表达水平,结果显示Char-Ia以较低的浓度表达于所有被检测组织,而Char-Ib主要表达于脾、肠、鳃和外周血,呈现明显的组织表达特异性,提示两类MHC I分子在鱼类免疫反应中发挥不同的生理功能。     

人类白细胞抗原部分基因多态性与丙型肝炎病毒感染相关性研究进展简

国内外有关宿主遗传基因与疾病关系的研究成果表明,人类白细胞抗原（HLA）在宿主免疫系统的免疫应答过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。机体受到病原体感染后,其对病原体的清除以及疾病转归方面表现出的不同,在很大程度上取决于个体间基因组的差异。大量研究证实,HLA多态性是与丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）的易感性和清除相关的一个宿主基因,我们就该研究领域的进展进行简要综述。     

版纳微型猪近交系133家系SLA-DQ cDNA的克隆和序列分析

目的阐明版纳微型猪近交系133家系(BMI-133)免疫相关基因及其可能在猪-人异种器官移植中的作用。方法提取外周血总RNA,通过反转录、cDNA合成及转化,最终获得了具有完整阅读框架的SLA-DQA和SLA-DQBcDNA克隆。结果序列分析表明,所获得的DQAcDNA长度为830bp,编码255个氨基酸残基;DQBcDNA长度为1103bp,编码262个氨基酸残基。结论和其他已报道的小型猪比较,本研究克隆的序列无论在核苷酸还是氨基酸水平上都与之存在差异,由此确定这是BMI-133的两个特有的新等位基因。另外,通过与人的相应序列对比发现,BMI-133与人类相应基因相比具有较高的同源性。随着研究的深入,BMI-133家系极有可能成为供异种器官移植的专用近交系猪群。     

诱导性调节性T细胞抑制移植排斥反应的作用研究

目的:通过体外诱导的方法将幼稚CD4+T细胞(na觙ve CD4+T cell)转化为调节性T细胞(RegulatoryT cells,Tregs),并验证其在小鼠异体皮片移植模型上对移植排斥反应的抑制作用。方法:分选na觙ve CD4+T细胞并在体外诱导其转化为Tregs,流式检测细胞确定其转化率。将诱导性Treg(induced Treg,iTreg)与效应T细胞(Effective T cells,Teffs)以不同比例共同培养检测其对T细胞增殖的抑制能力。建立C57bl/6到Balb/c小鼠的异体皮片移植模型,植皮术后将iTreg经由股静脉输注入受体(Balb/c小鼠)体内,观察皮片存活情况,绘制皮片存活曲线。同时于皮片移植术后11天对皮片进行病理切片,观察移植排斥反应状况。结果:体外诱导na觙ve CD4+T细胞转化为iTreg的比例约44%,在iTreg:Teff比例大于1:4时,iTreg具有明显地抑制Teff增殖的作用,且这种抑制作用具有剂量依赖性。植皮小鼠输注iTreg后皮片存活时间较对照组延长约2.4天,病理切片显示排斥反应减轻,但皮片在14天左右时仍被排斥。结论:体外诱导的iTreg能够在体外抑制Teff增殖,且能有效抑制小鼠异体皮片移植后排斥反应。     

粒细胞集落刺激因子对全身炎症反应综合征中细胞因子的影响

目的:对粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)在全身炎症反应综合征及其治疗中的作用和机制进行初步的探究.方法:腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)建立全身炎症反应综合征的小鼠动物模型后,将BALB/c模型小鼠随机分为生理盐水(NS)、50 μg/m2重组粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)、200 μg/m2rhG-CSF、400 μg/m2 rhG-CSF四组,进行脾淋巴细胞的分离,通过RT-PCR、ELISA等方法检测共刺激分子和炎症相关因子在不同组别中的表达.结果:各RHG-CSF组的炎症相关因子表达有不同程度下调.诱生性共刺激分子(ICOS)表达下调,同时杀伤性T细胞相关抗原-4(CTLA-4)的表达量明显上调.作用最明显的是200μg/m2 rhG-CSF组.结论:rhG-CSF对于全身炎症反应综合征有一定的治疗作用且存在剂量依赖性.     

利用微卫星遗传标记对恒河猴进行遗传同质性分群的探索

目的探索建立利用微卫星遗传标记对中国恒河猴免疫遗传学同质性分群的方法。方法根据已报道的中国恒河猴和印度恒河猴微卫星标记和与MHC基因高度连锁的微卫星遗传标记,对52只恒河猴进行了微卫星检测和遗传同质性分群。结果依据判断标准,可以将检测的恒河猴分为印度恒河猴,中国恒河猴和无法判定来源的恒河猴3个地理类别,并根据MHC附近的微卫星遗传标记将其分为若干MHC基因相同的同质性群体。结论此方法的建立将有利于恒河猴参与的实验分组,也为恒河猴繁殖管理提供了参考。     

5-氟尿嘧啶增强HeLa细胞对自然杀伤细胞敏感性研究

目的用5-氟尿嘧啶（5-fluorouracil,5-FU）处理HeLa细胞,检测其NKG2D配体MICA的表达及其对NK92细胞杀伤敏感性的变化。方法不同浓度的5-Fu处理HeLa细胞,在不同时间点用半定量PCR及流式细胞术检测HeLa细胞表面的NKG2D配体MICA在RNA及蛋白水平的表达变化情况,用MTT法检测NKG2D抗体封闭NK92细胞的NKG2D受体前后,NK92细胞对HeLa细胞的杀伤作用。结果不同浓度的5．Fu作用于HeLa细胞后,半定量RT—PCR结果显示MICA表达随5-Fu作用浓度增加逐渐增高。而且40μg／ml5．Fu作用于HeLa细胞后随着作用时间的延长（0、8、16、24h）MICA表达增加,流式细胞术检测结果表明,MICA表达的增加主要依赖于未凋亡细胞的MICA表达。在40μg／ml5-FU作用24h,效靶比为2．5：1,5：1,10：1,20：1时都检测到NK92细胞对HeLa细胞的杀伤增强,杀伤作用可部分被NKG2D抗体抑制。结论5-FU能够上调HeLa细胞表面NKG2D配体MICA的表达,增强HeLa细胞对NK92细胞的敏感性,提示化疗联合NK细胞免疫治疗宫颈癌可产生协同作用,提高治疗效果。     

逃避CD8~+T细胞反应是巨细胞病毒重复感染的关键

虽然宿主有针对巨细胞病毒(CMV)的特异性体液和细胞免疫,但它能重复感染已感染的宿主,具体机制还不清楚。该研究证明,CMV需要逃避CD8+T细胞的免疫反应才能重复感染已感染过CMV的恒河猴,这种逃逸是通过病毒编码的主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)I类抗原呈递的抑制剂(特别是与人同源的CMV US2、3、6和11)实现的。相反,干扰MHC-I对初次感染恒河猴及在瞬时去除CD8+T细胞已感染     

影响棉铃虫增殖马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒的条件因子的初步探讨

棉铃虫为马尾松毛虫多角体病毒 (DPCPV)理想的替代寄主。试验结果表明 ,不同接毒方法、接种浓度、接种温度及接种虫龄对棉铃虫增殖病毒有影响 ,以病毒涂在人工饲料表面的接毒方法、2 0～ 2 3℃温度及 3龄虫为最佳组合条件。由于利用棉铃虫生产出的病毒 (Ha DPCPV)容易诱发棉铃虫本身的多角体病毒 (NPV) ,尤其对那些带有NPV源的虫种 ,Ha DPCPV不宜作毒种 ,因此为慎重起见 ,最好用马尾松毛虫复制出的病毒作为生产毒种。     

Dynamics of the Microbiota in Response to Host Infection

Longitudinal studies of the microbiota are important for discovering changes in microbial communities that affect the host. The complexity of these ecosystems requires rigorous integrated experimental and computational methods to identify temporal signatures that promote physiologic or pathophysiologic responses in vivo. Employing a murine model of infectious colitis with the pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, we generated a 2-month time-series of 16S rDNA gene profiles, and quantitatively cultured commensals, from multiple intestinal sites in infected and uninfected mice. We developed a computational framework to discover time-varying signatures for individual taxa, and to automatically group signatures to identify microbial sub-communities within the larger gut ecosystem that demonstrate common behaviors. Application of this model to the 16S rDNA dataset revealed dynamic alterations in the microbiota at multiple levels of resolution, from effects on systems-level metrics to changes across anatomic sites for individual taxa and species. These analyses revealed unique, time-dependent microbial signatures associated with host responses at different stages of colitis. Signatures included a Mucispirillum OTU associated with early disruption of the colonic surface mucus layer, prior to the onset of symptomatic colitis, and members of the Clostridiales and Lactobacillales that increased with successful resolution of inflammation, after clearance of the pathogen. Quantitative culture data validated findings for predominant species, further refining and strengthening model predictions. These findings provide new insights into the complex behaviors found within host ecosystems, and define several time-dependent microbial signatures that may be leveraged in studies of other infectious or inflammatory conditions.     

抑制性扣除杂交技术(SSH)及其在基因克隆上的研究进展

抑制性扣除杂交技术是一种基因克隆的新方法,它对研究细胞生殖、发育、分化、癌变、衰老及程序化死亡等生命过程有关基因的差异表达以及相关基因的分子克隆提供了有力的工具,本文简要介绍抑制性扣除杂交技术的主要原理,基本过程、优越性、主要缺陷及目前最新的研究进展     

Fas/FasL系统与类风湿关节炎发病机制的研究进展

类风湿关节炎是机体对自身滑膜发生免疫反应的疾病,其主要病理特征是滑膜增生和多种炎症细胞的浸润。滑膜增生的有关机制仍不清楚,目前认为可能是滑膜细胞和炎症浸润细胞数量增加及凋亡相对减少,即细胞凋亡程度不及增殖程度所致。Fas/FasL系统是细胞凋亡的重要途径之一,通过影响滑膜细胞的Fas/FasL表达可以诱导其凋亡。本文对Fas/FasL的性质、结构、功能、Fas/FasL与RA发病机制及RA治疗的关系进行综述。     

Fas-deficient mice have impaired alveolar neutrophil recruitment and decreased expression of anti-KC autoantibody:KC complexes in a model of acute lung injury

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive worsening of airflow limitation associated with abnormally inflamed airways in older smokers. Despite correlative evidence for a role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathogenesis of COPD, the anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha, infliximab did not show clinical efficacy in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. This study sought to evaluate the systemic inflammatory profile associated with COPD and to assess the impact of tumor necrosis factor neutralization on systemic inflammation.

Methods

Serum samples (n = 234) from the phase II trial were collected at baseline and after 24 weeks of placebo or infliximab. Additionally, baseline serum samples were obtained from an independent COPD cohort (n = 160) and 2 healthy control cohorts (n = 50; n = 109). Serum concentrations of a broad panel of inflammation-associated analytes were measured using a 92-analyte multiplex assay.

Results

Twenty-five proteins were significantly elevated and 2 were decreased in COPD, including highly elevated CD40 ligand, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, epidermal growth factor, acute-phase proteins, and neutrophil-associated proteins. This profile was largely independent of smoking status, age, and clinical phenotype. The majority of these associations of serum analytes with COPD are novel findings. Increased serum creatine kinase-muscle/brain and myoglobin correlated modestly with decreased forced expiratory volume at 1 second, suggesting cardiac involvement. Infliximab did not affect this systemic inflammatory profile.

Conclusions

A robust systemic inflammatory profile was associated with COPD. This profile was generally independent of disease severity. Because anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not influence systemic inflammation, how to control the underlying pathology beyond symptom suppression remains unclear.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, No.: NCT00056264.     

Efficient expression and primary purification of 6-his tagged human Fas ligand in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dictyostelium discoideum</Emphasis>

Human Fas ligand (hFasL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family with many medical interests. To produce this protein efficiently, an improved vector which could express the recombinant hFasL protein with a 6-his tag at its C-terminal was constructed. The new vector was transformed into Dictyostelium discoideum AX3 which then produced 157 μg hFasL l⁻¹. Using one-step Ni-affinity chromatography, it was purified with a recovery of 92% and purity of 91%.     

Response Suppression Delays the Planning of Subsequent Stimulus-Driven Saccades

The completion of an antisaccade selectively increases the reaction time (RT) of a subsequent prosaccade: a result that has been interpreted to reflect the residual inhibition of stimulus-driven saccade networks [1], [2]. In the present investigation we sought to determine whether the increase in prosaccade RT is contingent on the constituent antisaccade planning processes of response suppression and vector inversion or is limited to response suppression. To that end, in one block participants alternated between pro- and antisaccades after every second trial (task-switching block), and in another block participants completed a series of prosaccades that were randomly (and infrequently) interspersed with no-go catch-trials (go/no-go block). Notably, such a design provides a framework for disentangling whether response suppression and/or vector inversion delays the planning of subsequent prosaccades. As expected, results for the task-switching block showed that antisaccades selectively increased the RTs of subsequent prosaccades. In turn, results for the go/no-go block showed that prosaccade RTs were increased when preceded by a no-go catch-trial. Moreover, the magnitude of the RT ‘cost’ was equivalent across the task-switching and go/no-go blocks. That prosaccades preceded by an antisaccade or a no-go catch-trial produced equivalent RT costs indicates that the conjoint processes of response suppression and vector inversion do not drive the inhibition of saccade planning mechanisms. Rather, the present findings indicate that a general consequence of response suppression is a residual inhibition of stimulus-driven saccade networks.