Presence of antibody to Cyno-EBV in domestically bred cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

The presence of an antibody to the Cyno-EBV was studied with Cyno-EBV bearing cell line (Ts-B-9) as antigen in 186 domestically bred cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) ranging in age from birth to 18 yr as well as in 20 adult (older than 10 yr) cynomolgus monkeys of wild origin. The maternal antibody to Cyno-EBV persisted for less than four mo after birth in infant monkeys. After one yr of age, all the domestically bred monkeys were consistently positive for Cyno-EBV. In the monkeys of wild origin also, the anti-Cyno-EBV antibody was detected without exception. Antibody titers in adult monkeys varied from 1:80 to 1:640.     

Urinary and fecal immunoglobulin A, cortisol and 11-17 dioxoandrostanes, and serum cortisol in metabolic cage housed female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Quantitative enzyme-immunoassays of urinary and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA), cortisol and 11-17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA), and serum cortisol in eight metabolic-cage-housed female cynomolgus monkeys were performed. The monkeys were divided into two groups, B and NB. Group B animals were blood sampled every 6 hours, whereas Group NB animals were not handled/blood sampled. RESULTS: No differences were recorded between the amounts of feces and urine excreted by the two groups. Group B animals excreted more urinary cortisol than did Group NB animals indicating that restraint-blood sampling resulted in a stress response. Excreted amounts of IgA and 11,17-DOA (urine and feces) did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary cortisol was a reliable marker of the stress associated with repeated blood sampling. Declining amounts of excreted urinary cortisol indicated that cynomolgus monkeys acclimated quickly to repeated blood sampling in metabolism cages. Within and between animal variation in amounts of feces voided demonstrated the importance of expressing fecal markers as 'amounts excreted per time unit per kg body weight' rather than just measuring the concentrations in fecal samples.     

Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the peripheral blood from infected cynomolgus monkeys

We have previously demonstrated that peptide immunization restimulates the memory CD4 T-cell response, but fails to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) in cynomolgus macaques. To examine the nature of protective immunity to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in this study, freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from four infected juvenile cynomolgus macaques and from three uninfected control macaques were assessed for CTL activity monthly for 9 consecutive months, beginning 1 month after detection of infection. Target cells consisted of major histocompatibility (MHC) haploidentical parental PBMC which were stimulated with mitogen and then pulsed with heat-killed SIVcyn. CTL activity was demonstrated in PBMCs from all four infected animals. The effector cells are T cells which mediate cytotoxicity against SIVcyn-pulsed target cells in an MHC-restricted manner. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity is virus specific and predominantly, if not exclusively, mediated by CD8+ T cells; it is also MHC class I restricted. Incubation of target cells with pepstatin A during antigen pulsing prior to the cytotoxic assay inhibited target cell generation, suggesting that viral antigens are processed via an endocytic pathway.     

Establishment of a B-lymphoblastoid cell line infected with Epstein-Barr-related virus from a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

A B-lymphoblastoid cell line (Ts-B) was established from lymph nodes of an apparently healthy cynomolgus monkey. The cells were demonstrated to contain Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens. Moreover, herpesvirus particles were found in the cells by electron microscopy. The cell-free culture medium transformed lymphocytes of cynomolgus rhesus monkeys, and of Japanese monkeys.     

Peptide immunization restimulates the memory CD4 T cell response but fails to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes in cynomolgus monkeys

A potential strategy to induce peptide specific CTL in vivo was investigated. A synthetic vaccine consisting of an SIV-derived, HLA-A2.1-binding CTL epitope and a tetanus toxin-derived T helper epitope was evaluated for its capacity to induce peptide-specific CTL in monkeys. Thirteen animals were immunized and boosted twice with 150 μg of CTL plus 250 μg of the T helper peptide (p30). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were regularly analysed for cytotoxic and proliferative responses before, between, and after the immunizations, and the serum was tested for anti-peptide antibodies. No unequivocal induction of SIV peptide-specific CTL in any of the monkeys was observed. However, a wide pattern of mild and transient side reactions were observed, ranging from local redness at the injection site to generalized exanthema, myalgias, arthralgias, and fever. The side-effects were related to the T helper epitope, as they were similar to the side-effects experienced after tetanus immunization, correlated to the magnitude of the p30-specific in vitro proliferative response, and occurred only if p30 was co-injected. No antibody against the SIV-derived peptides nor against p30 was detectable in the serum after repeated immunizations. The data suggest that the CTL peptide, at the concentration used in this study, failed to induce a cytotoxic immune response in vivo, although the T helper peptide seems to be capable of restimulating the specific memory T cells.     

Proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens in the owl monkey Aotus nancymae

The new world primate Aotus sp. has been recommended by the World Health Organization as a model for evaluation of malaria vaccine candidates, given its susceptibility to experimental infection with the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. The present study examined the in vitro proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from Aotus monkeys, utilizing a wide range of mitogens. Results presented herein demonstrate that the in vitro proliferative response of PBMCs from the Aotus sp. is quite variable from monkey to monkey for each of the mitogens assessed. PBMCs from the Aotus monkey exhibited a delayed kinetic proliferative response and, particularly, a different sensitivity to proliferation in response to various concentrations of Phytohemagglutinin-P and favin lectins, the phorbol ester Phorbol myristate acetate and the calcium ionophore ionomycin. Altogether, our findings are consistent with the conclusion that the in vitro proliferative response of PBMCs from the Aotus differ in their activation requirements compared with PBMCs from humans.     

Effects of fasting on hematologic and clinical chemical values in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Background Fasting is an important pre‐analytical factor that may affect clinical pathology parameters in toxicological and pharmacological studies. Little information is available on how fasting affects clinical pathology parameters in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fasting on clinical pathology parameters in healthy adult cynomolgus monkeys. Methods Five female and six male cynomolgus monkeys were fasted for 0, 8, 16, and 24 hours. Changes in body weight (BW), core hematologic, and serum clinical chemical parameters were evaluated. Results The BW significantly decreased after 24 hours of fasting. Significant decreases in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume and increases in mean cell hemoglobin and mean cell hemoglobin concentration were observed at 16 hours in males. In females, increasing the duration of fasting caused a significant time‐dependent increase in platelets. Blood urea nitrogen showed significant decreases in female and male monkeys after fasting. Alkaline phosphatase increased in females after fasting. Aspartate transaminase significantly increased both in females and males at 8 hours. In females, alanine transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase significantly increased at 8 hours. Albumin significantly decreased in males 24 hours, but increased in females 16 hours after fasting. Serum glucose and triglyceride were not affected by fasting. Serum calcium decreased and inorganic phosphorus increased in males after fasting. Conclusion These results suggested that clinical pathology data would vary after fasting. The decision to feed or fast before blood collection for clinical pathology tests should be made based on careful consideration.     

Immunosuppression in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes by fluvastatin

Statins are competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoAreductase, which is the major rate-limiting enzyme thatcontrols the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid[1]. Mevalonate derived intermediates, such as isoprenoid,farnyesylpyrophosphate and geranylpyrophosphate, serveas important lipid attachments for the posttranslationalmodification of a variety of proteins such as small GTP-binding proteins of the Ras and Rho superfamily involvedin intracellular signaling [2]. Therefore, apart from the we…     

Occurrence of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and impaired glucose tolerance in its descendants

Spontaneous diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in a cynomolgus monkey. Clinical and pathological features, such as abnormal glucose tolerance, loss of insulin response, or degeneration of pancreatic beta-cells, resemble human noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Two descendants of the monkey have developed impaired glucose tolerance and insulin response. Genetic factors seem involved in the appearance of carbohydrate intolerance in this family group of monkeys.     

Age and the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens]

Reactions of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal persons from 19 to 49 years of age to the following mitogens was studied; phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA), rabbit serum against human thymocytes (ATS). A significant reduction of the lymphocytes proliferative response to ConA was reported in persons above 30 years old. There was also demonstrated a significant negative correlation between the proliferative response indices and the donor's age (in ConA-stimulation-for the whole group examined, and in ATS-stimulation-for persons aged from 30 to 49 years only. Analysis of the intensity of thymidine-(3)H incorporation showed that with the advance of age there was a fall of the percentage of cells with an intensively labelled nuclei and an accumulation of cells with weakly labeled nuclei, this phenomenon was observed both when the proliferative response was decreased and when no significant differences were reported in these indices.     

Establishment and characterization of Macaca fascicularis lymphoblastoid cell lines.

A panel of cynomolgus macaque lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) was established by transforming peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with Herpesvirus papio (HVP), and selected lines were examined by flow cytometry. Results indicate that HVP-transformed macaque LCL are phenotypically heterogeneous and resemble human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed LCL in the abundant expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules. At least some lines are of B cell origin.     

T and B cell responses to cytomegalovirus antigens in healthy blood donors and bone marrow transplant recipients

Abstract We measured the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) from single T cells and the T cell proliferative response to different cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens in healthy blood donors and bone marrow transplant recipients. The antigens consisted of a CMV nuclear antigen (CMV na) containing the pp65-kDa matrix protein and the immediate early antigens but lacking CMV glycoproteins, and an antigen comprising native CMV glycoproteins (CMV gp). We also measured the IgG antibodies to CMV na and CMV gp. The T cells reacted to CMV na in CMV seropositive blood donors both with the production of IFN-γ and with proliferation, while bone marrow transplant recipients had a deficient T cell response. After stimulation with CMV gp, no T cell response could be observed in CMV seropositive subjects. IgG antibodies to CMV na coexisted in plasma with similar levels of antibodies to CMV gp.     

Ultrastructural studies of peripheral blood lymphocytes in T cell-depleted rabbits

Summary Density separation of purified peripheral blood leucocytes from T-cell depleted rabbits on a linear Ficoll-metrizoate gradient has been applied to obtain different leucocyte fractions. Two lymphocyte fractions separated on density seem to have different characteristics, both morphologically and immunologically. In this study these two fractions have been characterized ultrastructurally by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and a relationship has been established between the surface architecture (SEM), the cell size (SEM/TEM) and surface-Ig/C₃-receptors (LM, light microscopy). Finally three types of lymphocytes have been described in the two lymphocyte fractions separated on density. Morphometric information such as cell size, cell shape, eu-/heterochromatin ratio in the nucleus and the nucleus-/cell ratio have been correlated to the stage of activation of the B lymphocyte in a representative density separation.     

自发性与膳食诱发性食蟹猴2型糖尿病其相关基因的表达比较

采用荧光定量PCR技术对自发性和膳食诱发性T2DM食蟹猴外周血白细胞中36个糖尿病相关基因的表达水平进行分析。在36个基因中,糖尿病组的G6PC、CCR2B、CTLA4等19个基因的表达量与对照组相比存在显著差异(P<0.05),且这些基因在诱发组和自发组中的表达模式基本一致。36个基因中,诱发组基因的表达量普遍高于自发组,但大部分基因表达量在两组中差异不显著,表明诱发性和自发性食蟹猴T2DM模型均可作为糖尿病研究较理想的动物模型。因此,通过高能量膳食诱导的食蟹猴糖尿病模型可以替代自发的糖尿病猴,且基因表达量的变化可为疾病的诊断和治疗提供帮助。     

The role of regulatory components from resident T lymphocytes in polyclonal B cell activation

Resident T lymphocytes have been found to exert helper and suppressor regulatory influences with regard to polyclonal activation of murine splenic B lymphocytes elicited by lipopolysaccharide. In the normal adult spleen, only T cell helper influences are exercised over polyclonal B cell activation. This activity is a property of Lyt 1+2- T cells and does not appear to be subject to MHC restriction. Suppressive influence evidently is either latent or it exists at such a low level that its effects are difficult to detect. No regulatory activity can be recovered from the supernatants of T cells, cultured either with or without LPS. However, suppressor T cell function may be evoked by activating splenic T cells with Concanavalin A or by sonicating unstimulated splenic T cells in order to liberate a suppressive potential which is not expressed by these unstimulated cells when intact. The soluble fraction of resident splenic T cell sonicates exerts both helper and suppressor regulatory influences. The soluble helper activity is derived from Lyt l+2- T cells, whereas suppressor activity is generated from Lyt 1-2+ T cells. The suppressive activity of T cell sonicates is not restricted by the MHC gene complex. Helper and suppressor activities contained in splenic T cell sonicates were separated by gel chromatography; the suppressive activity was found to elute with a molecular weight between 68,000 and 84,000 daltons, and the helper activity eluted with a molecular weight between 15,000 and 23,000 daltons. The data indicate that helper and suppressor activities are distinct molecular entities derived from distinct splenic T lymphocyte subpopulations. The possibility that these molecules are precursors to or components of antigen-specific or nonspecific helper and suppressor factors described in the literature is discussed.     

WIP1对小鼠B细胞及T细胞发育的影响

目的研究WIP1基因对小鼠骨髓B细胞发育及胸腺T细胞发育的影响。方法流式细胞术测定小鼠骨髓B细胞及胸腺T细胞发育中各阶段的细胞比例。结果虽然WIP1缺失小鼠骨髓B细胞发育各阶段比例正常,但骨髓总体B细胞比例下降;WIP1基因敲除小鼠胸腺发育障碍,CD8/CD4双阴性细胞比例增高,CD8/CD4双阳性细胞比例降低。结论 WIP1基因在小鼠骨髓B细胞及胸腺T细胞的发育过程中起重要作用。     

应用改良流式法检测猕猴和食蟹猴体内血型抗体水平的分布情况

绝大部分灵长类动物存在与人类相似的ABO血型系统,该研究采用改良流式法(flow cytometry method,FCM)检测猕猴及食蟹猴血清中血型抗体水平的分布情况。以流式细胞术为基础,使用商品化人源红细胞为靶细胞,并通过加入特异性荧光标记的抗人IgM或IgG二抗,对收集的实验用猕猴及食蟹猴的血清样本进行检测,以人类健康受试者的血清样本为对照,比较两者血型抗体水平的差异。结果显示:预先用人O型浓缩红细胞吸附猴血清中所含种属间非特异性抗体后,FCM法能够准确检测其血型抗体水平及分型,并且发现猴血清中天然血型抗体的水平明显低于健康人(P<0.05)。由此得出:通过预处理清除非特异性抗体的干扰后,FCM法同样适用于灵长类动物血清中血型抗体的检测,也为构建灵长类动物模拟人ABO血型不合器官移植模型提供了技术保障和实验数据。