食物链种群模型的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

用格子Boltzmann方法求解用反应一扩散方程组描述的食物链种群模型．我们用一维和二维方程组进行数值实验,模拟结果与现有的数值实验结果很好地吻合,反映了格子Boltzmann方法的高效性和稳定性,并就二维格子、Boltzmann格式,通过其等价的差分格式,由极值原理证明了该格式的稳定性．     

自然种群中混沌的检测及其在种群动态研究中的意义

混沌现象广泛地存在于自然界,20世纪70年代以来,通过大量的生物模型模拟说明混沌也存在于生物系统中。几十年来生态学家一直在努力寻找混沌在自然生态系统存在的证据,但所获不多,这是源于自然的现实还是由于检测方法的不当和数据的局限?一直困扰着生态学家,自然界中对混沌的检测成为一个要点,也是一个难点。在概述混沌概念和性质的基础上,着重介绍目前在自然生态系统检测混沌的方法,对各种方法的应用条件和范围进行了概述。这些方法包括功率谱法、时间序列的自相关函数分析、模型参数估计、庞加莱截面法、全局和局域李雅普若夫特征指数的估计、吸引子关联维的确定、非线性预测。大量研究结果显示,虽然在自然界检测到的混沌的例子还不多,但其存在却是不容怀疑的。问题是什么样的系统在什么样的条件下会出现混沌?研究表明食物链的结构、种群的迁入和迁出、环境噪音都会对种群的复杂性动态特征产生影响。混沌动态可能对产生系统的多样性和适应性有利,它比随机系统对外界干扰的抵抗能力更强。自然界的变化和系统的维持是持续性和混沌相互矛盾统一的结果。害虫种群复杂性动态的研究为害虫的管理提供了更多的理论依据。混沌控制的理论和方法有可能为害虫管理提供新的思路和途径。在孤立的种群中,混沌会增加种群的灭绝概率,而在集合种群中,混沌动态降低了各局域种群的同步性和同时灭绝的倾向,所以混沌虽然能增加局域种群灭绝的概率,但却能减少整个集合种群灭绝的概率。系统结构及其时空动态与混沌及种群灭绝之间的关系,是保护生物学及生物多样性保护研究的一个重要方面。今后的研究应更多地从种群、群落、生态系统及景观不同层次上的时空动态入手,利用3S等信息技术和空间动态分析方法,研究复杂性动态产生的条件及其在系统调控中的作用机制。     

昆虫种群动态模拟模型

昆虫是动物界中最大的类群,与人类有着密切的利害关系。对昆虫的数量预测与符合经济和生态规律的管理,一直都被国内外列入重点研究课题。种群动态模拟是害虫管理中重要的基础工作。近十年来,关于昆虫种群动态模型的理论和实验研究进展迅速。现分别从单种种群和多种种群两个方面对国内外近些年来昆虫种群动态模拟模型的研究进展进行了概括和总结。单种种群从两个方面阐述:一是最基本的种群动态模拟模型Log istic方程的研究成果,包括方程的修正、参数的拟合与最优捕获策略等;另一个方面是对种群动态模拟常用的矩阵模型的概述,主要介绍不等期年龄组、矩阵维数的变化、矩阵维数与历期的关系、个体之间的发育差异以及发育速率差异等等对昆虫种群动态模型的影响。多种群主要从建模和模型应用两个部分对国内外研究成果进行综述。最后,对种群动态模拟模型研究的发展方向做了深入地讨论,即在原有的数据采集工作的基础上,使用面向对象程序设计语言,把各种要素包括各种物种及各种环境条件抽象成类,用消息传递来表示昆虫种群内个体与个体、昆虫种群与环境之间的相互作用,再结合先进的数学算法,建立一个直观的、操作简单的昆虫种群动态模型库,使模型结构与现实世界有最大的相似性。这样就可以实现昆虫种群动态的可视化、立体化、实时化和精确化的监测及预测。     

烟青虫种群动态模型的研究

在对烟青虫Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａａｓｓｕｌｔａ实验种群研究的基础上,应用变维矩阵综合差分方程,建立了烟青虫种群动态模拟模型,模型采用分块矩阵的方式,以实际日龄为步长,通过适当增加矩阵维数,对虫期（态）向量实行按矩阵维数的变化而伸缩的形式,使模型不但适合于变温条件,而且能够表示烟青虫个体发育的差异,该理论模型有待于地方化。     

灭鼠干扰后高原鼢鼠的种群动态与扩散

本文采用去除取样法对高原鼢鼠的种群动态及扩散行为进行了研究。结果表明,高原鼢鼠的种群密度因栖息地不同而表现出一定的差异。土壤疏松、食物丰富的栖息地内鼠密度较高。去除前的自然种群内和去除后扩散区内的鼢鼠中,其种群密度基本相同,种群结构相对稳定,成体鼢鼠的数量均占种群的７３％左右,雌雄性比为１１;去除区内鼢鼠的密度较低,雄性幼体的数量相对增加,成体的数量相对减少,其性比亦为１１。相邻动物之间的距离受密度因素的影响,在同一密度条件下,其距离无性别间的差异,动物呈镶嵌分布型。去除区内鼢鼠的平均扩散率为２６．５％,平均扩散距离为６６．９ｍ,扩散距离受土壤因素的影响。去除区内鼢鼠的成体体重小于扩散区内鼢鼠的成体体重,而在幼体间无差异。引起高原鼢鼠扩散的主要原因是种群密度,当种群密度超过平衡密度后,由于种内的相互攻击和对食物资源的相互竞争加剧使部分个体扩散出去     

基于格子模型的蛋白质设计方法

提出一个简单有效的蛋白质设计方法,这一方法完全基于物理学原理. 与同类工作相比,该方法在很大程度上可节省对序列空间进行的搜索,是对同类工作的简化与发展. 对三个平面格子模型进行的检验表明该方法是成功的. 该方法可进一步用于真实蛋白质的三维非格子模型.     

异质种群动态模型:破碎化景观动态模拟的新途径

景观破碎化导致物种以异质种群方式存活,使得基于异质种群动态模拟破碎化景观动态成为可能。异质种群动态模型的发展为景观动态模拟奠定了良好基础。根据空间处理方式的不同,异质种群模型可分为三大类,可不同程度地用于描述破碎化景观动态。(1)空间不确定异质种群模型,假定所有局域种群间均等互联,模型中不包含空间信息,仅能用于景观斑块动态描述;(2)空间确定异质种群模型,假设局域种群在二维空间上以规则格子形式排列,是一种准现实的空间处理方式,可用于景观动态的简单描述;(3)空间现实异质种群模型,包含了破碎化景观中局域种群的几何特征,可直接用于真实景观动态的模拟研究。空间现实的和基于个体的异质种群模型不但是未来异质种群模型发展的主流,也将成为未来破碎化景观动态研究的重要工具。为了更加准确完整地描述破碎化景观动态,不但应该综合运用已有的各种异质种群模型方法,更要引进新模型来刎画多物种、多变量、高维度、复杂连接的破碎化景观格局与过程。     

具有毒素输入和扩散的种群模型的一致持久性

本文研究两个描述种群和毒素相互作用的种群模型的渐近性态。在有种群扩散和毒素扩散的假设下,建立了种群一致持久的条件。     

具脉冲扩散效应的单种群动力学模型

讨论了两斑块间脉冲扩散的单种群动力学模型,利用离散动力系统频闪映射理论,得到了种群持续生存的充分条件．结论31,1~了现实的生物种群动力学性质,也丰富了脉冲微分方程理论．     

Costly dispersal can destabilize the homogeneous equilibrium of a metapopulation

I investigate the stability of the homogeneous equilibrium of a discrete-time metapopulation assuming costly dispersal with arbitrary (but fixed) spatial pattern of connectivity between the local populations. First, I link the stability of the metapopulation to the stability of a single isolated population by proving that the homogeneous metapopulation equilibrium, provided that it exists, is stable if and only if a single population, which is subject to extra mortality matching the average dispersal-induced mortality of the metapopulation, has a stable fixed point. Second, I demonstrate that extra mortality may destabilize the fixed point of a single population. Taken together, the two results imply that costly dispersal can destabilize the homogeneous equilibrium of a metapopulation. I illustrate this by simulations and discuss why earlier work, arriving at the opposite conclusion, was flawed.     

Marine metapopulations: a useful concept?

We discuss the potential and limitations of the metapopulation concept in marine ecology. The usefulness of the concept in terrestrial ecology is neither based on its simplicity or generality nor on overwhelming empirical evidence. The usefulness is in the questions which are asked when the metapopulation concept is applied. These questions address spatial phenomena and processes on different spatial scales. They help in acknowledging that every population, be it terrestrial or marine, has a spatial organization. Understanding this spatial organization is also important for tackling specific applied problems, i.e. to avoid overexploitation of living marine resources or for configuring marine reserves. The 'openness' of coastal populations, whose larvae enter larval pools or which are holoplanktonic, is no reason for not asking the questions implied by the metapopulation concept. For marine ecology, the real problem is to delineate populations, which then may possibly correspond to the 'local populations' of metapopulations. Thus, the answer to the question in the title of this paper, whether 'marine metapopulation' is a useful concept, is 'yes', if the concept is considered a working hypotheses, if the concept is explicitly defined, and if the questions linked to the concept are clearly stated. Even if it eventually transpires that only very few marine metapopulations actually exist, marine ecology would still have gained some important new insights. Electronic Publication     

An integrative approach to understanding host–parasitoid population dynamics in real landscapes

Many of our advances regarding the spatial ecology of predators and prey have been attributed to research with insect parasitoids and their hosts. Host–parasitoid systems are ideal for spatial-ecological studies because of the small size of the organisms, the often discrete distribution of their resources, and the relative ease with which host mortality from parasitoids can be determined. We outline an integrated approach to studying host–parasitoid interactions in heterogeneous natural landscapes. This approach involves conducting experiments to obtain critically important information on dispersal and boundary behavior of the host and parasitoid, large-scale manipulations of landscape structure to reveal the impacts of landscape change on host–parasitoid interactions and temporal population dynamics, and the development of spatially realistic, behavior-based landscape models. The dividends from such an integrative approach are far reaching, as is illustrated in our research on the prairie planthopper Prokelisia crocea and its egg parasitoid Anagrus columbi that occurs in the tall-grass prairies of North America. Here, we describe the population structure of this system which is based on a long-term survey of planthoppers and parasitoids among host–plant patches. We also outline novel approaches to experimentally quantify and model the movement and boundary behavior of animals in general. The value of this information is revealed in a landscape-level field experiment that was designed to test predictions about how landscape change affects the spatial and temporal population dynamics of the host and parasitoid. Finally, with these empirical data as the foundation, we describe novel simulation models that are spatially realistic and behavior based. Drawing from this integrated approach and case study, we identify key research questions for the future.     

Metapopulation structure in the lagoon cockle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cerastoderma lamarcki</Emphasis> in the northern Wadden Sea

Benthic invertebrates in discontinuous inshore habitats and with short or no pelagic larval dispersal are likely to exhibit regional metapopulation dynamics with partially isolated local populations. Near the island of Sylt, the bivalve Cerastoderma (Cardium) lamarcki (Reeve, 1844, syn. in part with C. glaucum Bruguiére, 1789) was widespread in intertidal seagrass beds, coexisting with the sibling species C. edule (Linné, 1758). However, the last C. lamarcki in this habitat was found in 1980. At present the lagoon cockle is restricted to disjunct ditches, creeks and ponds within island salt marshes. There it differs in year-class structure between localities. Successful recruitment events did not coincide. At one locality, a period with regular recruitment was followed by 5 years of recruitment failure, resulting in an overaged population probably at the rim of extinction. In a nearby brackish pond, extinction was followed by recolonization 3 years later. Other lagoonal habitats which seem to be suitable are without cockles. It is speculated that small and isolated habitats occasionally receive colonizers by eggs and juveniles adhering to avian vectors. Electronic Publication     

Contributions of adult oligochaete emigration and immigration in a dynamic soft-sediment community

It is well known that adult dispersal is common in soft bottom intertidal and shallow subtidal communities. We here report on the first study that attempts to quantify the effects of both immigration and emigration on patches of soft sediment communities. Some species show adaptive emigration from the seabed, although dispersal direction, distance, and colonization success are probably strongly dependent on hydrodynamics, morphological adaptations to dispersal, and the ability to select appropriate target microsites. The naid oligochaete Paranais litoralis is a numerically dominant benthic species in southern New England and New York mud flats and tends to reproduce mainly or exclusively by means of budding of new individuals. When population density is high and resources in short supply, budding frequency is reduced, worms grow longer, and may emigrate from the sediment. We quantified emigration by means of a conical trap and quantified immigration with sediment dishes. We followed emigration/immigration during the typical late spring population explosion and crash cycle of worms within the sediment, which is driven by a seasonal cycle of provision and exhaustion of organic detrital food supply. Emigration was proportionally maximal either at or after the population peak, consistent with a response to food shortage. Over a span of ca. 50 m, we found no net movement in either direction along a transect, nor was emigration or immigration correlated with local density in the sediment. Nevertheless, both emigration and immigration were important in our 2004 sampling, and immigration especially had an important impact on population densities. We do not know the relative capture efficiencies of the emigration and immigration apparatus, so more needs to be done to understand the impacts of dispersal in this and other systems.     

Joint evolution of specialization and dispersal in structured metapopulations

We study the joint evolution of dispersal and specialization concerning resource usage in a mechanistically underpinned structured discrete-time metapopulation model. We show that dispersal significantly affects the evolution of specialization and that specialization is a key factor that determines the possibility of evolutionary branching in dispersal propensity. Allowing both dispersal propensity and specialization to evolve as a consequence of natural selection is necessary in order to understand the evolutionary dynamics. The joint evolution of dispersal and specialization forms a natural evolutionary path leading to the coexistence of generalists and specialists. We show that in this process, the number of different patch types and the resource distribution are essential.     

Isolating the components of activity-density for the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius in farmland

The activity and density of the carabid beetle, Pterostichus melanarius, were studied over 10 weeks in a continuous mark-recapture experiment using a grid of pitfall traps spanning a hedgerow and extending approximately 30 m into two cereal fields; 1777 beetles were individually marked. The recapture rate was approximately 60% and 40% for males and females, respectively. Activity-density rose and fell four times between early June and mid August. Jolly-Seber estimates of density showed population density increasing to a single peak in late July. The mean population density in late July and August was relatively stable at approximately 0.26 m⁻². Activity varied over the 10 weeks and was significantly higher during August than in June or July. The daily displacement distance frequencies, calculated from 750 male and 485 female recaptures of individually marked beetles, were distributed exponentially. Mean displacement distances were approximately 2.6 m day⁻¹ during June and July, and 5.3 m day⁻¹ during August. A diffusion model provided diffusion coefficients of 23.7 and 27.9 m² day⁻¹ for female and male beetles, respectively. The spatial distribution of P. melanarius was aggregated in patches. Spatial analysis by distance indices showed the spatial distribution of counts between successive periods of activity-density to be significantly associated. Approximately 5.75% of recaptures were from releases on the opposite side of the hedgerow. Approximately 20% of recaptures were from releases in opposite halves of the grid within the same field. The hedgerow acted as a significant barrier to dispersal between fields, with implications for the metapopulation structure of the species. Received: 26 January 1998 / Accepted: 1 April 1998     

Colonization of the Hawaiian Archipelago via Johnston Atoll: a characterization of oceanographic transport corridors for pelagic larvae using computer simulation

Larval transport between Johnston Atoll and the Hawaiian Archipelago was examined using computer simulation and high-resolution ocean current data. The effects of pelagic larval duration and spawning seasonality on long-distance transport and local retention were examined using a Lagrangian, individual-based approach. Retention around Johnston Atoll appeared to be low, and there appeared to be seasonal effects on both retention and dispersal. Potential larval transport corridors between Johnston Atoll and the Hawaiian Archipelago were charted. One corridor connects Johnston Atoll with the middle portion of the Hawaiian Archipelago in the vicinity of French Frigate Shoals. Another corridor connects Johnston Atoll with the lower inhabited islands in the vicinity of Kauai. Transport appears to be related to the subtropical countercurrent and the Hawaiian Lee countercurrent, both located to the west of the archipelago and flowing to the east. A new analytical tool, termed CONREC–IRC is presented for the quantification of spatial patterns.     

基于竞争和扩散能力的非捕食-被捕食集合种群系统的竞争机制

对于非捕食 被捕食(食饵)生态系统,强弱物种之间存在一定的竞争影响.在不考虑栖息地毁坏的情况下,引进双向竞争机制,将Tilman的单向竞争模式推广为n集合种群双向竞争模型,并对6-集合种群的竞争动态进行了计算机模拟研究.结果表明,在平衡态,种群竞争共存的条件是其竞争能力与扩散能力呈现指数型负相关关系,竞争的结果使物种的强弱序列发生变化;物种竞争排除与共存受迁移扩散能力和竞争能力影响很大,在局域斑块上竞争排斥的集合种群在广域尺度上可以竞争共存,即逃亡共存.     

The influences of habitat, landscape structure and climate on local distribution patterns of the nuthatch (Sitta europaea L.)

The nuthatch, Sitta europaea L., is a small (23 g), cavity-nesting woodland bird which, since the 1970s, has been expanding its range in Britain. However, within this range, the species is notably scarce in an area of eastern England. This gap in the species distribution could arise for several reasons including habitat quality, local landscape structure, regional landscape structure and climate. Field surveys and logistic models of breeding nuthatch presence/absence were used to investigate the relative influences of habitat quality, landscape structure and climate on the prevalence of nuthatches in eastern England. Field surveys of woods in the study area indicated that habitat quality was sufficient to support a nuthatch population. A model of habitat occupancy in relation to local landscape structure, developed in the Netherlands, was applied to the study area. The number of breeding pairs predicted for the study area by the model was lower than expected from habitat area alone, suggesting an additional effect of isolation. However, observed numbers were even lower than those predicted by the model. To evaluate the possible roles of climate and large-scale landscape structure on distribution, presence/absence data of breeding nuthatches at the 10-km grid square scale were related to variables describing climate and the amount and dispersion of broadleaved woodland. While climate in the study area appeared suitable, models including landscape variables suggested that the study area as a whole was unlikely to support nuthatches. Although suitable habitat was available, woodland in the study area appeared to be too isolated from surrounding nuthatch populations for colonisation to be successful. This situation may change if current increases in both national and regional populations continue, thus increasing the number of potential colonists reaching the study area. Received: 3 November 1997 / 22 January 1998