戈壁锯齿象(Serridentinus gobiensis Osborn & Granger,1932)和同心中新乳齿象(Miomastodon tongxinensis Chen,1978)再研究：关于粗壮型轭齿象(Zygolophodon)的讨论（英文）

中国北方中中新世的乳齿象类戈壁锯齿象(Serridentinus gobiensis OsbornGranger,1932)和同心中新乳齿象(MiomastodontongxinensisChen,1978)后来被改为戈壁轭齿象(Zygolophodongobiensis)。然而,由于它们的臼齿形态介于典型的丘型齿(嵌齿象类)和轭型齿(玛姆象类)之间,它们的系统演化位置一直存在争议。将戈壁锯齿象和同心中新乳齿象的颊齿和下颌与欧亚大陆及北美的类群进行了广泛比较,比较对象包括欧亚的苏黎士轭齿象(Z. turicensis)、亚似貘嵌齿象(Gomphotherium subtapiroideum)、塔氏嵌齿象(G. tassyi),及北美的麦氏中新乳齿象(Mio. merriami)和进步嵌齿象(G. productum)。结果表明,戈壁锯齿象和同心中新乳齿象与北美的麦氏中新乳齿象具有一些共同特征,包括臼齿比苏黎士轭齿象略显丘型化(例如,釉质层较厚,主齿柱新月嵴较粗,齿谷侧视釉质柱高度达到齿谷一半,以及副齿柱横向较窄以致于整体轮廓较窄),并且下门齿截面的背腹径大于内外径,使得下门齿截面呈竖立的椭圆形。而在苏黎士轭齿象和进步嵌齿象中,下门齿截面的背腹径小于内外径,使得下门齿截面呈平躺的椭圆形。因此,有必要恢复中新乳齿象属(MiomastodonOsborn, 1922),它包括那些曾被归为轭齿象属,但牙齿相对丘型化的那一类(即所谓"粗壮型苏黎士轭齿象类群"),并且下门齿截面呈竖立的椭圆形可以作为中新乳齿象属各种的共衍征。此外,亚似貘嵌齿象和塔氏嵌齿象的臼齿也呈现介于丘型齿和轭型齿的形态,但两者的下颌比中新乳齿象更伸长,下门齿截面呈梨形。中新乳齿象以及亚似貘嵌齿象和塔氏嵌齿象的存在模糊了嵌齿象科和玛姆象科的界线,表明嵌齿象科和玛姆象科的演化历史是深度相关的,并非截然分开。这一点已在胶原蛋白序列分析南方乳齿象(Notiomastodon)、玛姆象(Mammut)和现生象的工作中所揭示,需要进一步的研究。     

宁夏同心中新世铲齿象化石

本文记述了宁夏同心地区中中新世哺乳动物群中铲齿象化石——同心铲齿象 (Platybelodon tongxinensis) (原定为同心嵌齿象 (Gomphotherium tongxinensis). 通过与国内外已现的有关铲齿象对比,确认其与国内已发现的葛氏种关系最近,可能属同一枝系.同心种与葛氏种相比,是性质相对原始分布层位较低的我国第二个铲齿象种.文章初步讨论了其 M_3 的某些变异性状.并结合现有的其它标本初步阐述了铲齿象类下门齿的两种结构类型,原始型的同心层状结构和衍生型的齿质柱状结构.建议根据这两种结构仍将铲齿象类划分为 Platybelodontinae 和 Amebelodontinae.     

元谋盆地玛姆象科化石并再论中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)的起源

云南地区中新世晚期的玛姆象和嵌齿象类化石的归类一直存在较多的争议,尤其是涉及中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)的起源问题.本文对此前发表及最近发现的产自元谋盆地中新世晚期小河组(8.2-7.2 Ma)的玛姆象类化石进行了深入研究,从中辨认出了两个颊齿形态截然不同的类群.一类颊齿轭形化程度高,将其鉴定为曾经在禄丰、昭...     

贵州毕节麻窝口洞与智人伴生的长鼻类化石

最近在贵州毕节麻窝口洞发现了3枚古人类牙齿化石和伴生的哺乳动物群。其中,古人类牙齿经初步研究可归入解剖学上的现代人,而与古人类相伴的大、小哺乳动物化石,经初步鉴定共计8目20科43属53种。本文系统记述了该动物群中大哺乳动物的典型代表——长鼻类化石,共2属2种:东方剑齿象(Stegodon orientalis)和亚洲象(Elephas maximus)。麻窝口洞的长鼻类缺失我国南方早更新世的典型种类——中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)和华南剑齿象(Stegodon huananensis),具有从典型的中更新世大熊猫-剑齿象动物群(Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna)向晚更新世亚洲象动物群(Asian elephant fauna)过渡的特征。依动物群的性质和地貌地层的特征,毕节麻窝口洞的智人及伴生动物群的地质时代很可能为中更新世晚期或晚更新世早期,这与堆积物的光释光年代测定的初步结果(距今约11.2-17.8万年)基本吻合。麻窝口洞东方剑齿象与亚洲象的组合明显具有东洋界亚热带动物群的特点,指示温暖潮湿的气候,这些长鼻类与智人等生存于近水的森林和灌丛中,并镶嵌了一些草地。     

中国北方上中新统的早期玛姆象属(Mammut)及其在玛姆象科(Mammutidae)分化和演化中的意义（英文）

玛姆象属是长鼻类玛姆象科这一重要类群的最终成员。虽然这一属在上新世的欧亚大陆和更新世的北美大陆广泛分布,它早期的进化历史却鲜为人知。报道了中国北方上中新统发现的斜脊玛姆象(相似种)(Mammut cf.M.obliquelophus)的新材料,包括一个几乎完整的幼年头骨,这些材料显示了玛姆象科的许多原始特征,因此很好地解释了玛姆象属形态特征的形成过程。斜脊玛姆象(相似种)具有强烈向两侧扩展的枕部,在门齿窝的基部具有收缩,这些特征与莫罗托始轭齿象(Eozygodon morotoensis)和广河豕脊齿象(Choerolophodon guangheensis)均具有相似性,后两者分别为玛姆象科与豕脊齿象科的早期代表。因此,玛姆象科与豕脊齿象科(Choerolophodontidae)具有近的亲缘关系,二者同位于象形类(Elephantimorpha)系统发育中的基部。支序分析支持了这一结论。     

中国北方上中新统的早期玛姆象属(Mammut)及其在玛姆象科(Mammutidae)分化和演化中的意义

玛姆象属是长鼻类玛姆象科这一重要类群的最终成员.虽然这一属在上新世的欧亚大陆和更新世的北美大陆广泛分布,它早期的进化历史却鲜为人知.报道了中国北方上中新统发现的斜脊玛姆象(相似种)(Mammut cf.M.obliquelophus)的新材料,包括一个几乎完整的幼年头骨,这些材料显示了玛姆象科的许多原始特征,因此很好地解释了玛姆象属形态特征的形成过程.斜脊玛姆象(相似种)具有强烈向两侧扩展的枕部,在门齿窝的基部具有收缩,这些特征与莫罗托始轭齿象(Eozygodon morotoensis)和广河豕脊齿象(Choerolophodon guangheensis)均具有相似性,后两者分别为玛姆象科与豕脊齿象科的早期代表.因此,玛姆象科与豕脊齿象科(Choerolophodontidae)具有近的亲缘关系,二者同位于象形类(Elephantimorpha)系统发育中的基部.支序分析支持了这一结论.     

雌性偏好促进象型类的性别异时进化（英文）

性双型的特征通常被认为产生于种内争夺交配优先权的斗争。例如,现生和化石的雄性长鼻类动物具有较大的体型和较粗壮的上门齿。本研究阐释了如下现象:化石象型类动物(Elephantiformes,长鼻类的主要类群)一些性双型特征与其进化历史具有相关性,而与性别竞争并非直接相关。在中新世的葛氏铲齿象(Platybelodon grangeri)和狭齿嵌齿象(Gomphotherium angustidens)中,雄性比雌性倾向于具有进化中更进步的特征,如同雄性在进化中领先雌性一步。这种现象可能与雌性偏好的机制相耦合。在象型类动物进化的早期(繁荣期),性别选择压促使雄性比雌性产生更加显著的进步特征;然而,在它们进化的晚期(衰退期),性别选择压似乎减弱,性别的异时进化也减少。这种新的发现或许在大型有蹄类的演化过程中有一定的普遍意义,因为那些繁荣的类群中通常性双型显著,如鹿科和牛科;而衰落的类群中通常性双型不显著。     

江西萍乡上栗杨家湾洞晚更新世长鼻类化石:兼论东方剑齿象–亚洲象组合

江西萍乡杨家湾1、2号洞出土了40余种哺乳动物化石,其中包括剑齿象和亚洲象,其地质时代为更新世晚期。杨家湾洞的剑齿象化石包括DP2, DP3, DP4, M1, M3, dp3, m2和m3等40余件;根据形态特征和测量数据,可将其归入东方剑齿象(Stegodon orientalis);在形态方面最显著特征是乳齿的宽/长比值较大、每个齿脊上乳突数目较少和白垩质层不发育。亚洲象化石只发现2件齿板,其特征和大小均与现生亚洲象(Elephas maximus)的一致;此外,2号洞还出土了1件门齿残段;我国南方更新世的长鼻类化石多为颊齿,门齿则报道较少;首次观察了我国化石象类门齿施氏线,其外施氏角为136°,该数值在剑齿象和亚洲象的变化范围之内,因此,仅藉此特征很难将其归入二者之一。东方剑齿象的地质分布纵贯整个更新世,但亚洲象在我国的初现时间却至今不明,其根本原因是对早–中更新世亚洲象(古菱齿象)的分类、演化问题没有很好解决;不过,在晚更新世,亚洲象已在我国南方广泛分布;依据现生亚洲象可能出现的时间判断,东方剑齿象–亚洲象组合在我国南方地区的分布时间应当是在中更新世晚期至晚更新世末期,并以晚更新世最为常见。剑齿象出现于我国南方第四纪各个时期,早更新世甚至在北方少数地点发现;真象类在早更新世期间在南方地区缺失,而中–晚更新世时却几乎遍布全国(高山地区除外)。这种时空分布上的变化,究竟是长鼻类自身演化的结果还是由环境变化所致,目前还不清楚。     

甘肃平凉五稜齿象一新种

文中记述的材料是1972年中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所野外队赴甘肃陇东地区考察时,于平凉县境内收集的,确切层位不明。长鼻目(Proboscidea)嵌齿象科(Gomphotheriidae)短喙象亚科(Brevirostrinae)五稜齿象属(Pentalophodon Falconer 1855,1865)平凉五稜齿象新种(Pentalophodon pingliangensis sp.nov.)     

临夏盆地中中新统维曼嵌齿象(Gomphotherium wimani)(长鼻目,嵌齿象科)的头骨及颊齿

嵌齿象是真象的基干类群,其研究历来受到重视,同时也存在很多争议。维曼嵌齿象(Gomphotherium wimani)是中国的一个特有种,之前仅有一些牙齿和破碎下颌的报道,研究者对其形态特征和演化地位的认识一直比较模糊。本文报道了发现于甘肃省临夏盆地的维曼嵌齿象的新材料,包括上沟地点一件未成年头骨和倒黑沟地点属于同一个体的部分颊齿。通过研究对比,认为维曼嵌齿象是嵌齿象中一个比较进步的种,具有如下独有特征:颊齿的主齿柱前后中心小尖分裂并成嵴状,副齿柱趋向于分裂,发育有弱的副齿柱中心小尖,齿谷中等开阔,齿冠相对较高。对过去发现的维曼嵌齿象材料的厘定表明,该种最初建立时产于泉头沟地点的一颗m3实际上是葛氏铲齿象(Platybelodon grangeri)的M3;而西宁吊沟地点发现的维曼嵌齿象的一件M3极有可能属于铲齿象类(amebelodontids)。对厘定后的维曼嵌齿象地点的研究表明,维曼嵌齿象分布于中国甘肃、青海的几个中中新统地点,其时代基本上可以与MN6-MN7/8早期相对比,时代跨度估计为15~13 Ma。     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Stenotrachelidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Myceteridae, Boridae, Pythidae, Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae, and Aderidae

We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.