Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of NaCl stress-responsive proteins in Arabidopsis roots

Salt is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting the productivity and the geographical distribution of crops. To gain a better understanding of NaCl stress responses in model plant Arabidopsis roots, the protein changes in the abundance (Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-350 stain) and phosphorylation (Pro-Q Diamond stain) were examined using two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Seventeen unique proteins differentially changed in abundance, phosphorylation, or both in response to NaCl. Nonsynchronous differences were found between total proteins and phosphorylated proteins. Protein synthesis, proteolysis, post-translational modifications, and isoforms might cause the differential protein redundancies. The identified proteins are involved in binding, catalysis, signal transduction, transport, metabolisms of cell wall and energy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and defense. These protein changes provide new avenues of investigation into the underlying salt stress response in Arabidopsis roots and demonstrate the advantages of proteomic approach in plant biology studies.     

Structure of Carbohydrate Moiety in Asterosaponin A. Isolation of Three New Disaccharides

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the role of serine/threonine kinase PkaE in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was performed for comparative phosphoproteome and proteome analyses of S. coelicolor A3(2), followed by an in vitro phosphorylation assay. Actinorhodin production in the pkaE deletion mutant was lower than that in wild-type S. coelicolor A3(2), and the spores of the pkaE deletion mutant were damaged. Furthermore, phosphoproteome analysis revealed that 6 proteins were significantly differentially hypophosphorylated in pkaE deletion mutant (p < 0.05, fold-change ≤ 0.66), including BldG and FtsZ. In addition, the in vitro phosphorylation assay revealed that PkaE phosphorylated FtsZ. Comparative proteome analysis revealed 362 differentially expressed proteins (p < 0.05) and six downregulated proteins in the pkaE deletion mutant involved in actinorhodin biosynthesis. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that PkaE participates in various biological and cellular processes. Hence, S. coelicolor PkaE participates in actinorhodin biosynthesis and morphogenesis.     

磷酸化蛋白质组学的新进展及其在肝脏生理和病理机制中的应用

蛋白质磷酸化是最常见的蛋白质翻译后修饰形式。由于蛋白质的磷酸化形式可以被磷酸酶和磷酸激酶进行可逆的调控,所以在众多的生命活动过程中蛋白质的磷酸化修饰起着重要的调控作用,因此对生物体内蛋白质磷酸化修饰的系统研究对于揭示生命科学的奥秘显得十分重要。近年来,随着质谱技术和生物信息学软件以及磷酸化肽段富集方法的发展,利用质谱对生物体内蛋白质磷酸化修饰研究的技术逐渐成熟。肝脏作为人体最重要的代谢和免疫器官,深入研究肝脏细胞内蛋白质磷酸化修饰形式对于理解其功能具有重要指导意义。目前,迅速发展的磷酸化蛋白质组学技术已经被广泛应用到肝脏功能的生物学研究中。这些研究加深了人们对肝脏的生理及病理状态的分子生物学机制的了解。本文综述了当前磷酸化蛋白质组学的研究进展和磷酸化蛋白质组学在肝脏中的研究。     

Identification of Two Protein-Signaling States Delineating Transcriptionally Heterogeneous Human Medulloblastoma

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Advances,challenges and tools in characterizing bacterial serine,threonine and tyrosine kinases and phosphorylation target sites.

Introduction: The cellular response to infection by bacterial pathogens involves a complex and highly regulated series of pathways that carry messages to various parts of the cell. These messages are transferred using post-translational modifications including phosphorylation by kinases. Understanding the host’s signaling pathways is valuable in identifying potential treatment targets, but the bacterial signaling pathways and host-pathogen crosstalk are equally important to the development of therapeutics.

Areas covered: This review summarizes some of the recent findings related to the bacterial phosphoproteome and especially serine/threonine/tyrosine sites, including methods and considerations for identifying novel phosphosites. We also consider the bioinformatics tools that have been developed to sift through the large volume of data in these studies and connect them to biologically relevant knowledge about pathways and function. Literature databases used include PubMed and Google Scholar from April 2018 to December 2018.

Expert opinion: While the field has developed significantly in the past decade of research, high-quality experimental sequence data remains the limiting factor to future research into bacterial phosphoproteomics. As more proteomes are explored, it will be easier to tailor tools and techniques to prokaryotes. It will be necessary to consider the phosphoproteome in the broader biological context, through interdisciplinary collaborations.     

Deep Multilayer Brain Proteomics Identifies Molecular Networks in Alzheimer’s Disease Progression

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恩度联合新辅助化疗DIA方案治疗骨肉瘤的临床疗效分析

目的:观察恩度联合新辅助化疗DIA方案治疗骨肉瘤的临床效果和安全性.方法:对2011年1月至2012年8月期间在我院肿瘤骨科接受治疗的48例患者随机分成两组,治疗组接受恩度联合新辅助化疗DIA方案治疗,然后手术,对照组先手术后接收DIA方案治疗.结果:治疗组疾病的总缓解率为75％,对照组疾病总缓解率为50％,两组疾病总缓解率相互比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患者术后肿瘤复发率及生存率比较无明显差异(P＞0.05);治疗组患者肿瘤细胞的坏死率明显低于对照组,二者组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患者肝肾功能损害相互比较有统计学差异(P＜0.05);两组患者口腔黏膜炎、骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应相互比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:恩度联合新辅助化疗DIA方案能提高骨肉瘤的治疗效果,减轻肝肾功能损害,值得在临床推广应用.     

TRAIL与顺铂联用对人骨肉瘤细胞杀伤作用的实验研究

目的探讨TRAIL与顺铂联合应用对人骨肉瘤细胞的杀伤作用.方法将TRAIL与顺铂单独及联合应用于体外培养的骨肉瘤OS-732细胞,采用MTT法测定细胞抑制率,于倒置相差显微镜、荧光显微镜、扫描及透射电镜下观察细胞的形态学改变及超微结构变化.结果 50ng/ml的TRAIL与5μg/ml顺铂合用于OS-732细胞24小时后,细胞抑制率为84.37%,明显高于单用TRAIL(50μg/ml)时的9.68%及单用顺铂(5μg/ml)时的24.39%(P<0.01).细胞的形态与超微结构观察均显示,合用比单用促凋亡效应更显著.结论 TRAIL与顺铂合用,可高效杀伤人骨肉瘤细胞,此协同作用主要是通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡来实现的.     

死亡受体5介导细胞凋亡的研究及应用

死亡受体DR5(death receptor 5)属于肿瘤坏死因子受体(tumor necrosis factor receptor,TNFR)超家族的成员,其胞质区部分含有死亡结构域(death domain,DD),广泛分布于各种肿瘤细胞和正常组织细胞的膜上.配体TRAIL与肿瘤细胞表面的DR5结合,可诱导大多数肿瘤凋亡,而对正常的组织几乎没有作用.近年来死亡受体DR5与细胞凋亡的关系已成为研究热点之一,对DR5介导细胞凋亡的机制和应用进展作一综述.     

TRAIL及其受体在细胞凋亡中的作用

ＴＲＡＩＬ是最近发现的ＴＮＦ家族的新成员。它在结构和功能方面和ＴＮＦ家族的另一成员———Ｆａｓ／ＡＰＯ １Ｌ很相似。ＴＲＡＩＬ能够诱导多种转化细胞凋亡,但对正常细胞没有这种作用。目前共发现了ＴＲＡＩＬ的５个受体。本文就ＴＲＡＩＬ及其受体的结构和功能以及可能存在的调控机制等方面进行了综述。     

TRAIL的研究进展

TRAIL(TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)是TNF家族新成员,它在细胞凋亡中介导一个非常复杂的信号调控与转导过程,在这一过程中,NF—κB和p53发挥了很重要的调节作用。TRAIL亦能诱导多种肿瘤细胞凋亡而对正常细胞没有显著细胞毒性,可能成为一新的抗肿瘤药物。本文介绍了其在结构、生理功能、表达调控及凋亡诱导机制上的研究进展。     

人TRAIL基因cDNA的克隆与序列测定

为研究人TRAIL的基因组结构,生物学性能和用于肿瘤生物治疗的可能性,利用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)从人急性早幼粒白血病细胞系HL-60细胞总RNA中扩增出人TRAIL基因编码区cDNA序列,将其克隆至pGEM-T载体中,序列测定表明,克隆片段与文献报道的人TRAIL基因编码区cDNA序列完全一致.     

多囊卵巢综合征模型鼠颗粒细胞凋亡及TRAIL蛋白的表达

目的通过观察卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡及TRAIL(肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体)蛋白的表达情况,探讨颗粒细胞凋亡与PCOS发病的相关性及凋亡调控蛋白TRAIL在PCOS颗粒细胞凋亡中的作用。方法采用硫酸普拉睾酮钠诱导大鼠PCOS模型,3’-末端原位标记法(TUNEL)检测大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡情况,免疫组化染色及RT-PCR分析检测TRAIL蛋白及TRAIL mRNA在颗粒细胞的表达。结果PCOS组大鼠卵巢窦状卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡发生率及TRAIL蛋白的表达较对照组明显增强(P<0.01,P<0.05),窦前卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡发生率及TRAIL蛋白的表达两组无显著性差异(P>0.05),两组卵巢始基卵泡颗粒细胞未发现凋亡征象及TRAIL蛋白表达。PCOS组大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞TRAIL mRNA的表达较对照组明显增强(P<0.01)。结论PCOS大鼠卵巢窦状卵泡颗粒细胞凋亡明显增强,TRAIL在PCOS大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡调控中发挥了作用。     

质谱技术解析磷酸化蛋白质组

蛋白质磷酸化是生物体内存在的一种普遍的调节方式,在细胞信号传递中占有极重要的地位.质谱已逐渐被人们认为是挑战这一领域的有利工具.综述了目前利用质谱技术分析磷酸化蛋白质的方法,包括利用固定化的金属亲和层析柱、抗体和化学标签技术富集目的分子,肽片段质量图和前体离子扫描（precusor ion scans）等技术检测磷酸化肽段,串联质谱对磷酸化肽段测序鉴定磷酸化位点,以及引入质量标签对蛋白质的磷酸化水平进行定量等.虽然现在已经有很多可行的方法用于分析磷酸化蛋白质,但要达到从少量生物样品中解析其全部磷酸化蛋白质仍需要有很多技术上的突破.     

Large‐scale phosphorylation mapping reveals the extent of tyrosine phosphorylation in Arabidopsis

Protein phosphorylation regulates a wide range of cellular processes. Here, we report the proteome‐wide mapping of in vivo phosphorylation sites in Arabidopsis by using complementary phosphopeptide enrichment techniques coupled with high‐accuracy mass spectrometry. Using unfractionated whole cell lysates of Arabidopsis, we identified 2597 phosphopeptides with 2172 high‐confidence, unique phosphorylation sites from 1346 proteins. The distribution of phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, and phosphotyrosine sites was 85.0, 10.7, and 4.3%. Although typical tyrosine‐specific protein kinases are absent in Arabidopsis, the proportion of phosphotyrosines among the phospho‐residues in Arabidopsis is similar to that in humans, where over 90 tyrosine‐specific protein kinases have been identified. In addition, the tyrosine phosphoproteome shows features distinct from those of the serine and threonine phosphoproteomes. Taken together, we highlight the extent and contribution of tyrosine phosphorylation in plants.