湘江干流浮游生物群落结构及水质状况分析

为了解湘江干流水质与生物群落现状, 2010-2011年对湘江的水质和浮游生物的分布进行了采样分析, 利用香农-威纳多样性指数分析湘江干流浮游生物群落特征, 并结合水质理化指标评价其水体营养状态。结果表明, 共检出浮游植物8门99属164种, 丰度变化在(1.83-51.1)104cells/L, 生物量变化在0.03-0.60 mg/L; 浮游动物80种, 密度变化在2.16-76.34个/L, 生物量变化在0.01-1.95 mg/L。各采样点的浮游植物多样性指数变化在2.47-5.43, 浮游动物多样性指数变化在1.63-3.38, 浮游生物的多样性较好, 显示出湘江干流的浮游生物群落处于较稳定的状态。对湘江m-m指示种种类组成和群落结构分析, 结果显示湘江水体属于中污带水质; 综合营养状态指数(TIL)在38.27-51.97, 均值为43.73, 属于中营养水平; 综合水质生物学和化学评价结果可知湘江干流的水质较差, 但无明显向富营养化转化的趋势。       

贵阳市小车河浮游生物群落结构与水环境因子的关系

2017年9月至2018年4月,对贵阳市重要水源保护地小车河(阿哈水库至南明河段)进行浮游生物和水质监测调查研究.浮游生物调查结果显示,共鉴定出浮游植物49属71种,优势种为硅藻门(Bacillariophyta),占浮游植物总数的46.48％,浮游动物8属11种.秋季浮游植物、浮游动物平均密度分别为139.5×104...     

亚热带大型水库—新丰江水库的浮游生物群落特征

于2000年丰水期和枯水期,调查了新丰江水库的浮游生物群落结构。新丰江水库处于贫营养状态,浮游生物密度和生物量均较低。浮游植物34种,丰水期以蓝、绿藻为主,分别占总数量的31.7%和26.8%,蓝藻、绿藻细胞微小,chl-a量未占优势;枯水期硅藻为优势种群,占63.9%。浮游动物22种,丰水期轮虫为主,占65.3%,枯水期桡足类占81%,丰水期动物密度较高,但丰水期以轮虫如螺形龟甲轮虫为主,枯水期以无节幼体、桡足幼体及广布中剑水蚤居多,因此枯水期生物量高于丰水期。     

青藏高原柴达木盆地尕海盐湖浮游生物群落多样性特征的初步研究

青海尕海是青藏高原柴达木盆地比较典型的高盐度且具有丰富卤虫资源的盐湖 ,海拔高程 2 849.6m。 1997年夏季我们对尕海盐湖浮游生物主要类群群落多样性特征进行了初步调查。调查期间在内湖主要水体 5个断面2 2个采样站共发现浮游藻类 46种 ,平均密度为 5 4.39× 10 4 Cells/L ;浮游动物 12种 ,全湖平均密度为 8.2 2个 /L ,平均生物量 0 .2 9mg/L。通过盐度含量较高 (119g/L)的内湖主要水体采样断面与盐度含量较低 (1.8g/L)的湖西北岸小水面采样断面比较 ,浮游生物不论是在种类组成特征、群落的多样性还是其个体丰度都存在十分明显的差异。结果表明 :在盐湖生态系统中 ,盐度是决定生物物种多样性及其个体丰度的关键因素之一。     

嘉陵江浮游生物群落结构研究

为揭示嘉陵江梯级水库浮游生物群落结构特征,按枯水期和丰水期对嘉陵江12个梯级水库24个样点进行浮游生物的野外采集,分析其群落结构的物种组成,并采用Shannon-wiener指数、Margalef指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行分析.结果表明:嘉陵江四川段浮游植物共8门42科95属171种,浮游动物的组成共有4纲9目21科30属62种;浮游动物优势种类有21种.浮游生物评价结果表明梯级库区水质处于中度污染状态.     

三峡库区浮游生物群落DNA结构与水体理化因子的分析

本文对三峡水库大坝至香溪河段所设A、B、C、D、E、F和G等7个站点浮游生物群落DNA进行了RAPD分子生物学研究,并分析了其与水体理化因子的关系。各站点间RAPD研究表明：D和E首先聚到一组, 然后与A聚到一起, 最后与C聚成一大类;B和F聚成一大类;而站点G独自归于一类。而理化因子聚类结果显示：B首先与C聚为一小类,再与D聚到一起,然后与G、F聚成的小类聚为一类,而E与A分别单独归为一类。比较发现,RAPD聚类结果中相距较近的站点在理化因子聚类中显示为相距较远的站点（如站点A、C、D、E之间）,而在RAPD聚类中相距较远的站点在理化因子聚类中显示为相距较近的站点（如站点B、F分别与G之间）,这可能因为它们之间存在负相关性,也可能部分因为试验条件本身所造成的误差。为确定浮游生物DNA指纹结构与理化因子的关系提供了新的信息,进而为建立一种新的水质评价体系积累了理化因子的一些背景资料。     

广东长潭水库浮游生物群落结构特征

长潭水库是广东梅州市重要的备用水源地,属于国家一类水源保护区。2010年7月,通过分析长潭水库浮游生物群落组成、生物量及多样性指数等群落结构特征和水体理化指标,揭示长潭水库富营养化水平。结果显示,长潭水库鉴定出55种浮游植物,隶属于6个门,优势种为绿藻门的栅藻（Scenedesmus sp.）、蓝藻门的微囊藻（Microcystis sp.）和伪鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena sp.）、隐藻门的隐藻（Cryptophyta sp.）以及硅藻门的小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）和针杆藻（Synedra sp.）;藻类密度范围1.71×10⁶~2.44×10⁸ cells/L;浮游动物共检出44种,包括轮虫、枝角类和桡足类,其中轮虫是主要类群。综合营养状态指数评价结果显示,长潭水库部分水体呈轻度富营养化。典范对应分析结果显示,浮游动物、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和化学需氧量是影响长潭水库浮游植物群落结构的关键环境因子。     

武汉东湖浮游生物群落DNA多态性与富营养化

对武汉东湖不同程度富营养化湖区 ,即站 、站 与站 浮游生物进行了群落级 DNA多态性的 DNA指纹研究 ,并就其拓扑结构与富营养化特征参数之间关系进行了分析。实验结果如下 :(1)各站点总氮、总磷及叶绿素 a分别为 1.14 6～ 2 .2 35mg/ L、0 .0 13～ 0 .2 10 mg/ L 和 4 0 .2 5～ 10 9.2 2 μg/ L;(2 )所筛选的 5个随机引物共获得 2 9个扩增位点 ,其中多态位点占75 .9% ,各引物扩增谱带数在 2～ 6间。站 的扩增条带数最多、谱带多态率最高 (6 9.6 % )、特有带最多 ;(3)特定浮游生物类群的特异性 PCR扩增谱带为 1～ 6条不等 ,站间差别甚小。聚类及综合分析表明 :DNA指纹拓扑结构与浮游生物及特定浮游生物类群的物种多样性丰度相吻合 ,并与富营养化主要指示参数存在明显相关 ,即在一定范围内浮游生物群落 DNA多态性与富营养化程度呈反方向发展 ,而原生动物则表现出同向性发展趋势。因此 ,群落级 DNA指纹分析不仅能为生态学研究洞开一片新颖的视窗 ,并有可能孕育出一种简便而灵敏的水体富营养化危机预警系统     

黄河上游玛曲段春季浮游生物群落结构特征

为了了解黄河上游玛曲段的水质状况,于2006年4—5月对黄河玛曲段干流浮游生物的群落组成进行了调查。结果表明：全段的浮游植物共有5门23种（属）,浮游植物密度为3.2×10⁴～54×10⁴ cells·L^-1,平均密度为19.7×10⁴ cells·L^-1,生物量为0.069～0.464 mg·L^-1,平均生物量为0.228 mg·L^-1,其中密度最高的为齐哈玛,生物量最高的为玛曲大桥;浮游动物共有2门10种（属）,密度为670～1273 cells·L^-1,平均为881.56 cells·L^-1,生物量为0.044～0.089 mg·L^-1,平均为0.064 mg·L^-1;该河段浮游生物组成多以冷水性为主;浮游植物多样性指数介于2～3,表明黄河上游玛曲段水质呈轻度污染;浮游生物丰富度与均匀度值均较低,群落结构组成不稳定,易受外界环境的干扰。     

广东沿海与粤北山区中小型水库浮游生物群落比较分析

于丰水期和枯水期对广东山区水库(赤石迳水库)、沿海水库(大水桥、赤沙水库)三个水库的湖泊区和河流区进行研究,分析水质和浮游生物群落结构。三个水库之间的浮游生物群落均有所区别,地理位置和地形不同而引起的温度差异以及外源性营养盐输入是造成浮游生物种类和数量差异的主要原因。沿海水库不分层,而山区水库丰水期温跃层明显。各水库的氮磷比均较高,chl.a水平主要受磷限制,沿海水库则多喜暖性的种类,如裸藻、隐藻、沙居剑水蚤等,山区水库发现较多喜冷性浮游生物,如金藻、透明溞等,丰水期的甲藻丰度也相对高于枯水期。     

香溪河库湾轮虫现状及水质评价初探

香溪河是长江三峡水库湖北省最大的支流。通过对香溪河库湾(下游河段)一周年的调查,发现轮虫80种,其中占优势的有13种。轮虫密度在不同样点差异显著,样点Ⅸ最低(仅为68.96 ind./L),样点Ⅵ最高(为1505.83ind./L);对9个样点进行聚类分析,可分为4组,第1组为样点Ⅰ至Ⅴ,第2组为样点Ⅵ,第3组为样点Ⅶ、Ⅷ,第4组为样点Ⅸ;除样点Ⅸ外,沿着水流方向,轮虫密度逐渐降低;在时间上差异也显著(P<0.01),9月份最高(2664.17ind./L),12月份最低(85.00ind./L)。水质评价表明香溪河库湾属于中污染。     

Exploring spatio-temporal patterns of plankton diversity and community structure as correlates of water quality in a tropical stream

Ecology of plankton in the downstream reaches of Kaduna River, Zungeru, Niger state, Nigeria was investigated between April and August 2015. Plankton and surface water samples were collected monthly from three stations for analysis of plankton diversity and physico-chemical parameters respectively. Station 1 is relatively unperturbed station located at the outskirts of Zungeru town, station 2 with moderate human activity located in Zungeru town while station 3 with minimal level of anthropogenic activities was located in Wushishi town about 7 km from station 2. The result revealed that the minimum and maximum values for pH water temperature, air temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate, Nitrate, and secchi disc transparency were 5.38–6.79, 25–31 °C, 26–31 °C, 32–72 μs/cm, 3.50–8.20 mg/l, 1.00–5.00 mg/l, 0.06–1.13 mg/l 0.44–1.31 mg/l, 39.140 cm respectively. A total of 26 species of zooplankton and 24 species of phytoplankton were encountered in the study. The highest number of plankton (20 taxa) was recorded at station 2 while station 1 with 18 taxa and station 3 with 13 representative taxa. For zooplankton, the highest number of taxa was recorded at station 1 (20 taxa), followed by station 3 (14 taxa) and 10 taxa in station 2 were identified. Copepoda of the order cyclopidae dominated all the three stations while Bacillariophyta dominated the three stations for phytoplankton diversity. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination was used to determine phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance in relation to the physico-chemical parameters. Nitrate, phosphate and dissolved oxygen had over riding influence on the distribution of the plankton in the water body which indicate that the river is still very productive in terms of providing starter food organisms for higher aquatic life. However, care should be taken to protect the river from further deterioration due to various degrees of human activities.     

麦积山肉鞭毛虫的物种多样性

用活体观察法对迄今缺乏了解的麦积山肉鞭类原生动物的物种多样性进行了调查,共鉴定出水生肉鞭虫100种,包括2个未知种。鞭毛亚门（Mastigophora）有2纲9目15科31属59种。植鞭纲（Phytomastigophorea）有52种,其中眼虫目(Euglenida) 36种,占鞭毛虫物种总数的61.02%,为优势类群;动鞭纲（Zoomastigophorea）仅有7种,没有明显的优势类群。肉足亚门（Sarcodina）有4纲6目19科32属41种。叶足纲（Lobosea）有31种,其中变形目（Amoebida）16种,占肉足虫物种总数的39.02%,为优势类群;表壳目（Arcellinida）12种,占29.27%,为次优势类群。在麦积山风景名胜区的南坡（为嘉陵江水系）分布有71种,北坡（为渭河水系）分布有56种,分水岭分布有13种,水生肉鞭毛虫的群落组成也显著不同;与国内典型的长江水系、雅鲁藏布江水系和黄河水系相比,麦积山分布的水生肉鞭毛虫群落组成均存在显著性差异。结果表明,麦积山水生肉鞭毛虫物种十分丰富,特有和稀有物种繁多,具有鲜明的独特性。     

滩涂富营养池塘中浮游生物种群结构及其生态调控研究

本文研究了种植芦苇和菖蒲,放养鲢,接种有益微生物对滩涂富营养水体藻类和浮游动物的群落结构、数量、生物量等。不同处理藻的种类有差异,对照和放养鲢水体无隐藻门和黄藻门,其他两处理都有7门。种植芦苇、菖蒲等水生植物以及接种有益微生物都可以使水体藻类多样化,减少蓝藻生物量比例。放养鲢水体藻类种数减少,提高了蓝藻生物量的比例,优势种群变为铜绿微囊藻、针状蓝纤维藻、线形棒条藻等。对照和放养鲢处理水体原生动物种类较多,其生物量比例较高;接种有益微生物水体浮游动物数量最多、生物量最大,以轮虫类和枝角类为主。接种有益微生物大幅度地降低生态系统中总氮、氨态氮、总磷的浓度,其含量分别是对照的57.1%、42.7%、57.9%;同时可以降低COD值,提高溶氧水平和透明度。总之,种植芦苇、唐菖蒲等水生植物或接种有益微生物可以改善水体微生态机构和生态结构。       

飞来峡水库水质现状及其向广州供水能力的探讨

水库供水(特别是对城市的供水)已成为缓解全球水资源供给不足的重要途径。于2001年至2003年的丰水期和枯水期调查分析了新建河流型水库-飞来峡水库的水质、浮游植物群落特征和营养状态。结果表明飞来峡水库水质良好,多数水质指标为地表水Ⅱ水质标准,其营养盐浓度、浮游植物的密度均较低,属于贫中营养。从近几年的水质变化来看,建库后,水质改善明显。通过对广州市饮用水源水水质现状及存在问题的分析,从水质和水量两方面探讨了飞来峡水水库作为广州优质水源地的优势。由于来水量大,水库水质净化能力强,飞来峡水库水质和水量均有保证,可作为广州市重要水源地之一。但今后,在流域管理和水土保持工作更应重视和加强。     

Water quality index,Labeo rohita,and Eichhornia crassipes: Suitable bio-indicators of river water pollution

The present study investigated the water quality index (WQI) of the Kshipra river at Dewas, Madhya Pradesh, India, using native fish Labeo rohita, and plant Eichhornia crassipes. The temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, turbidity, and dissolved solids were found to be within the prescribed limits. However, heavy metals concentration exceeded the limit except for Cu and Zn. Their occurrence in river water was as follows: Ni > Fe > Cd > Cr > Mn > Zn > Cu. Among these heavy metals, Cd was found to be highly bioavailable, whereas Zn was the least bioavailable metal. Based on WQI, the water was found to be unfit for drinking, and the high WQI value was due to the presence of Cr and Cd. In fish tissues (muscle, liver, gut, gills, and kidney), the highest and lowest metal pollution index was found in gills (45.03) and kidneys (12.21), respectively. Bioaccumulation of these metals resulted in significant depletion of energy reserves (protein, glucose, and glycogen) and also altered hematological parameters. Moreover, liver function tests showed hepatic damage in the exposed fish. In-plant, both the bioaccumulation and mobility factor exceeded 1 for all these metals. On the other hand, the translocation factor was found to be beyond 1 for Fe, Ni, and Zn. These high values make this plant fit for phytoextraction of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cd and phytostabilization of Cr in water. Moreover, consumption of L. rohita from the Kshipra River does not pose a non-cancer risk as the target hazard quotient was below 1, but it may pose cancer risk because of the presence of Cr in the range of 1.402 × 10^?3 to 1.599 × 10^?3.     

Comparisons of the food niches of three native and two introduced fish species in an Australian river

Synopsis The breadth, correspondence and overlap of the diets of the small and large size classes of the three native species (Galaxias occidentalis, Bostockia porosa and Edelia vittata) and two introduced species (Gambusia holbrooki and Perca fluviatilis) of fishes found in the shallows of the main channel and in the tributary creeks of a south-western Australian river have been compared in each season. Classification and ordination were used to examine the overall interrelationships of the diets across species, size groups, seasons and the location where the fish were caught (channel or creek). The smaller fish had a narrower dietary breadth than larger fish in the spring and summer, presumably reflecting the size limit imposed on prey size by their possession of a relatively small mouth in these seasons. Intraspecific dietary overlap between large and small size classes was usually high in G. occidentalis, but generally low in G. holbrooki and P. fluviatilis, and also in B. porosa and E. vittata when the difference between the lengths of the two size groups was greatest. Dietary overlap was least in autumn when the main prey taxa were most abundant. During winter, the diets of the three native species in the tributaries converged, probably reflecting a relatively low faunal diversity in these highly seasonal water bodies. The only relatively consistent interspecific overlap in diet was between B. porosa and E. vittata. Classification and ordination of the dietary samples separated G. occidentalis (which fed extensively on terrestrial organisms from the water surface) from the smaller P. fluviatilis (that concentrated on copepods in the plankton) and from B. porosa and E. vittata (which ingested primarily benthic organisms). Furthermore, B. porosa tended to ingest larger prey taxa than E. vittata. The diet of Gambusia holbrooki is sometimes dominated by terrestrial insects and at other times by benthic organisms, demonstrating that this species is an opportunistic carnivore. It is concluded that food partitioning by the three native and two introduced fish species in the Collie River is likely to be one of the principal factors facilitating the coexistence of substantial populations of these species in this system.     

Water displacement by sewer infrastructure and its effect on the water quality in rivers

Water quality is affected by a complex combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. To assess watershed integrity on a larger scale and for an optimal, cost-effective integrated watershed management, defining linkages between upstream watershed land cover and riverine water quality is essential. A correct upstream area calculation is an absolute necessity to reach conclusive results, but remains problematic in human influenced catchments. Especially sewer infrastructures (including wastewater treatment plants) are difficult to incorporate. We developed a method that allows us to integrate the sewer system in the upstream calculations and applied it on the Nete catchment in Belgium. Our results show strong changes in results compared to standard runoff methods. We conclude that if sewer systems are not incorporated in upstream area calculation, the impact of human activities on the water quality at a catchment scale estimates will be severely biased. A thorough understanding of the evaluated catchment and a correct translation of the different hydrological flow paths in the upstream area calculation is absolutely necessary to gain reliable results.     

旅游景区低碳行为绩效及其驱动机制——以世界遗产地张家界为例

旅游景区低碳行为直接影响世界遗产地生态环境系统与社会经济系统协同有序发展.本研究构建了包括5个一级变量和38个二级变量的低碳行为绩效(LCBP)指标体系,系统评估世界自然遗产地张家界市的景区(点)低碳行为绩效;采用单因素方差分析方法和邦弗朗尼多重比较检验方法,比较不同等级景区(点)低碳行为绩效;通过冗余分析和Monte Carlo Permutation,提取能显著影响景区低碳行为绩效的关键驱动因子.结果表明: 研究区32个景区(点)的低碳行为表现总体良好(3.10);低碳设计、日常节能、节水管理、废弃物减量和低碳意识的绩效组均值分别为0.49、0.74、0.24、1.51、0.11;在所有被调查的景区中,黄龙洞景区低碳行为绩效独占鳌头(4.193),贺龙故居则排名垫底(2.400).5A、4A和3A景区(点)与非A景区(点)的低碳行为得分并未呈现显著的梯度差异,仅有11项指标存在显著差异.景区投资者、景区管理处、游客和地方政府的压力是景区低碳行为的主要驱动因素.