Epidemiology and control of powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) on roses

In examinations between September 1966 and December 1968 of 741 specimens of rose species and cultivars, cleistocarps of Sphaerotheca pannosa were found on thirty-two cultivars, mostly ramblers and old shrub roses, and on nine of these they were found in two or three successive seasons. On stem pieces placed on soil in each of the winters 1966-7, 1967-8 and 1968-9 the number of cleistocarps with asci and ascospores decreased during November and December and rose slightly in January, but none showed dehiscence. Cleistocarps on rose bushes examined during the winters of 1967-8 and 1968-9 showed a progressive degeneration of ascospores, and by December none was found. Perennation of S. pannosa in buds was demonstrated by field observations, by inducing bursting of dormant buds on surface-sterilized shoots and by dissection of dormant apical buds. In field studies in 1968 of the development of mildew, infected buds were noted on 22 March but secondary infections did not appear until 17 April, though viable conidia and susceptible leaf tissue were present during this period. Low temperatures appeared to be partly responsible for this lag. On detached leaves in the laboratory the fungus developed from germination to sporulation in 4 days at 20°, 7 days at 15°, 11 days at 10° and 28 days at 3°. Keeping inoculated detached leaves at 0° for 10 days apparently did not affect the viability of the conidia. In both 1967 and 1968 there were two host growth periods, each culminating in flowering, between May and September; mildew did not develop on the shoots until the second growth phase, then the disease increased logarithmically on shoots and blooms during August and September. The disease on the shoots was effectively controlled in the field during 1968 by applications of ‘Benlate’ (benomyl) or dinocap, but not by methy-rimol; these fungicides were less effective in controlling mildew on pedicels. Laboratory tests showed that ‘Benlate’ inhibited sporulation of S. pannosa by deforming the conidiophores.     

Overwintering of Sphaerotheca humuli, the cause of hop powdery mildew

The ability of Sphaerotheca humuli to overwinter as cleistocarps in infected hop cones and leaves and in aerial buds on rootstocks was examined during the winters of 1970-1, 1971-2 and 1972-3. Periodical examination of cleistocarps, collected in October and overwintered in Terylene bags on the soil of a hop garden, consistently revealed two periods of maturation ending in November and in March, when over 50% contained eight, well-defined ascospores. In laboratory tests cleistocarps, kept either in the hop garden or dry at 4, 8 or 18^oC during the winter, could not be encouraged to dehisce earlier than April when naturally dehisced cleistocarps were first detected in the field. More ascospores were discharged from cleistocarps, and germination of ascospores in laboratory tests was greater, at 18 than at 4, 8 or 24^oC. Colonies of S. humuli arose on leaves of potted plants exposed to overwintered cleistocarps in the hop garden and were observed microscopically to originate from ascospores. However, a Burkard spore trap, operated amidst the cleistocarps in this garden in 1972 and 1973, failed to detect ascospores. Ascospores, discharged onto susceptible leaves in the laboratory, germinated but failed to produce colonies. It was demonstrated that S. humuli can perennate in aerial, dormant buds on hop rootstocks. Examination of buds in autumn revealed mycelium external to and between the bud scales. At budburst the mycelium was still present internally. Cleistocarps were occasionally associated with hibernating mycelium. Primarily infected shoots arose from plants bearing infected buds in conditions which precluded chance infection. Some evidence was obtained that conditions during the winter determine the success of survival in buds. The fungus appeared to be incapable of infecting a selection of weeds common to hop gardens and their vicinity.     

The life-history and epidemiology of American gooseberry mildew on black currants

It is shown that conidia of Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw.) Berk, from gooseberry readily infect black currant; therefore it is unlikely that a new race of S. mors-uvae specifically pathogenic to black currants has recently appeared. However, the life-cycle on black currants differs from that on gooseberry. Incubation, infection and sporulation of the fungus have been examined under the optimum conditions of 18 °C and 100% relative humidity. The establishment of infections and sporulation was encouraged by a relatively low soil moisture content, temperatures above 15 °C, 60% relative humidity and good illumination-factors which promote vigorous plant growth. High phosphorus and high potassium nutrition also increased the susceptibility of black currants to infection.     

Transference of resistance to black-currant gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribis, from gooseberry to black currant

Field and insectary tests confirmed that the black-currant gall mite (Cecidophyopsis ribis) is unable to survive on gooseberry and red currant. A dominant gene Ce, controlling resistance to the gall mite, has been transferred from gooseberry to black currant. Resistant, large-fruited, self-fertile black currants of commercial potential have been obtained in the third backcross. One accession of Ribes bracteosum and three of R. americanum proved field susceptible to the gall mite, but twenty-four accessions of other Ribes species remained free from galled buds for at least 3 years in an infection plot.     

Pustules on wood as sources of inoculum in apple scab and their response to chemical treatments

The green stems and leaves of potted Cox's Orange Pippin trees were susceptible to infection by Venturia inaequalis from June to August. Some isolates of the fungus showed conspicuous ability to attack the wood. In the orchard, many conidia were released from pustules in early March (2—3 wk before bud-burst) but in the 3 years examined (1967—9) most were liberated in April and May. In 1969 it was shown that a decline in numbers in June was accompanied by a decrease in viability of conidia. Infections near the tips of leading shoots were partially controlled by a single treatment with 5% urea (aqueous solution) in October 1966 or 2% urea or 0·01% phenylmercuric chloride (PMC) in March 1967. The subsequent reduction in inoculum was correlated with a reduction in the numbers of primary infections developing on leaves. Basal infections on leading shoots were not susceptible to treatment in October 1967 or March 1968, but in 1969 similar infections were controlled with PMC applied mid-April when the pustules had burst and were actively sporulating.     

The relationship between the release of ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,infection and disease in sunflower plots in the United Kingdom

In 1988 and 1989 a plot containing 668 sunflower plants (cv. Sunbred 246) was inoculated with similar amounts of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in February or March and disease development was monitored on each plant during the summer. The concentration of airborne ascospores in the plots was measured and was found to correspond to the number of apothecia. In both years ascospore production started early in June and in 1988 reached a peak in mid-July and lasted until the beginning of August. However, in 1989 ascospore production only lasted for about two weeks and airborne concentrations were small. Ascospores were released predominantly during the day, mostly around 1200 BST. Disease symptoms were not observed until July, between 25 and 40 days after ascospores were first found. Disease incidence increased roughly linearly with time until mid-August when the rate of infection declined. In 1988 the number of plants per week with new symptoms was roughly proportional to the average ascospore concentration measured 5 weeks previously. The observations suggest that severity of disease may be related to ascospore concentration during the infection period.     

Influence of meteorological parameters on Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa spore release in central and eastern Poland

Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa are fungal pathogens able to cause allergic reactions in humans and infect plants of Brassica species. The rate of their development and subsequent spore release depend on weather conditions. The aim of this paper was to pinpoint the exact meteorological conditions triggering the release of L. maculans and L. biglobosa ascospores in central and eastern Poland. Multiple regressions indicated that the frequency and amount of rainfall over short periods were important in mediating spore release. The first ascospore event depended mainly on the number of rainy days during the first 10 days of July and the cumulative precipitation during July and September. The most important variables for maximum spore release were cumulative rainfall in the beginning of July and the end of September, as well as the number of days with precipitation events in the first 10 days of August. The results highlighted for the first time the importance of the days preceding the collection of oilseed rape plants from the field. Higher moisture content of senescing but still living stems play a crucial role in the early start of the ascospore season and the maximum release of ascospores. This was not yet considered to date.     

Ecology of Phytoplankton of the Volta Lake

Summary Regular limnological observations at the lower reaches of the Volta Lake revealed significant changes in the transparency, colour, total iron and dissolved oxygen from 1965 to 1966 but not from 1966 to 1967. These factors also showed correlations of such a significance that many of them could be estimated from a simple measurement of the transparency alone. The density of phytoplankton did not change significantly either from 1965 to 1966 or from 1966 to 1967. The chief constituents, however, passed through a series of changes from a green alga (Actinastrum) in early 1965, through the flagellates (Crytomonas and Peridinium) during 1965–1966, to the diatoms (Nitzschia and Synedra) during 1966–1967. The density of phytoplankton correlated significantly only with the dissolved oxygen from which it could be roughly estimated.

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Résumé Les observations limnologiques régulières dans la partie Sud du Lac Volta révélaient des changements significatifs dans la transparence, la couleur, la quantité totale de fer et l'oxygène dissout pour la période de 1965 à 1966 mais rien de semblable pour celle de 1966 à 1967. Ces facteurs montraient aussi des corrélations si significatives que beaucoup d'entre eux pouvait être estimé à partie de la simple mensuration de la seule transparence. La densité de phytoplancton ne changeait pas de manière significative que ce soit de 1965 à 1966 ou de 1966 à 1967. Toutefois, les principaux constituants passaient par une série de changements allant des algues vertes (Actinatrum) au début de 1965, aux flagellates (Cryptomonas et Peridinium) de 1965 à 1966 puis aux diatomées (Nitzschia et Synedra) de 1966 à 1967. La densité de phytoplancton presentait une corrélation significative uniquement avec l'oxygène dissout duquel il pouvait être grossièrement estimé.

     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Wallraff, H. G., und N. Kleber (1967): Eine Dressurmethode für wahrnehmungsphysiologische Untersuchungen und ihre Anwendung in Orientierungsversuchen mit Vögeln. Wallraff, H. G. (1966): Über die Anfangsorientierung von Brieftauben unter geschlossener Wolkendecke. Wallraff, H. G. (1967): The present status of our knowledge about pigeon homing (Was wir heute vom Heimfinden der Brieftaube wissen). Tschanz, B. (1968): Trottellumen. Die Entstehung der persönlichen Beziehung zwischen Jungvogel und Eltern. Lohmann, M. (1967): Nahrungsparasitismus bei Limikolen. Heinroth, Oskar und Magdalena (1967): Die Vögel Mitteleuropas. Marler, Peter R., und William J. Hamilton III (1966): Mechanisms of animal behavior (Mechanismen tierischen Verhaltens). Römer, A. Sh. (1966): Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere. Giersberg, H., und P. Rietschel (1967): Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere: 1. Band: Integument, Sinnesorgane, Nervensystem von P. Rietschel VEB Gustav Fischer-Verlag Jena. Weiss, G. (1961): Start in die Manege, die Geschichte einer gemischten Raubtiergruppe. Löhrl, H. (1968): Tiere und wir, Beobachtungen und Erlebnisse am Rande der Verhaltensforschung. ed. Friedrich , H. (1968): Mensch und Tier Gerlach, R. (1965): Psychologie der Haustiere. ?Der farbige Brehm” , Gekürzte und ergänzte Überarbeitung der Wirbeltiere von Dr. Theo Jahn. Grzimek Hildegard (1967): Tiere, meine lieben Hausgenossen. Dröscher , V. (1966): Magie der Sinne im Tierreich. Morris, Desmond (1968): Der nackte Affe, Übersetzung von The Naked Ape (1967) von Fritz Bolle.     

TAXONOMIC, FAUNISTIC AND MISCELLANEOUS

Al -Dabagh , M. A. 1964. The incidence of blood parasites in wild and domestic birds of Columbus, Ohio. Amadon , D. 1966. The super:pecies concept. Bergstrand , J. L. & Klimstra , W. D. 1964. Ectoparasites of the Bobwhite Quail in Southern Illinois. Bernis , F. 1963. La invernada y migración de nuestros Ansares. Brinck , P., Svedmyr , A. & Zeipel , G. von . 1965. Migrating birds at Ottenby, Sweden, as carriers of ticks and possible transmitters of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Carrick , R. & Ingham , S. E. 1967. Antarctic sea-birds as subjects for ecological research. Carriker , M. A. 1966. New species and records of Mallophaga (Insectnt) from Neotropical owls (Strigiformes). Davis , P. 1963. Recent developments at Fair Isle. Diamond , A. W., Douthwaite , R. J. & Indge , W. J. E. 1965. Notes on the birds of Berneray, Mingulay and Pabbay. Dott , H. E. M. 1967. Numbers of Great Skuas and other seabirds of Hermaness, Unst. Evans , P. R. & Flower , W. U. 1967. The birds of the Small Isles. Grierson , J. 1962. A check-list of the birds of Tentsmuir, Fife. Gysels , H. 1964. Bijdrage tot de Systematiek van de Vogels, aan de hand van de elektroforese in agar van de oplosbare lens- en spierproteinen. Harris , M. P. 1964. Ring loss and wear of rings on marked Manx Shearwaters. Hytönen , 0. 1965. Fruhjahrsbeobachtungen uber die Vogelwelt der siidlichen Toskana. Jackson , E. E. 1966. The birds of Foula. Johnsgard , P. A. 1967. Sympatry changes and hybridisation incidence in Mallards and Black Ducks. Johnson , N. K. 1966. Bill size and the question of competition in allopatric and sympatric populations of Dusky and Gray Flycatchers. MOEPCKE, M. 1965. Zur Kenntnis einiger Furnariiden (Aves) der Küste und des westlichen Andenabhanges Perus. Lanyon , W. E. 1966. Hybridization in Meadowlarks. Maynard Smith , J. 1966. Sympatric speciation. Mayr , E. 1965. What is a fauna? Mc Clure , H. E. 1966. An Asian bird-bander's manual. Medway , Lord . 1966. Field characters as a guide to the specific relations of Swiftlets. Novobytov , A. 1968. [Bird strikes on aircraft in the Soviet Union.] Yuni Tekhnik [The Young Technician] Packard , G. C. 1967. House Sparrows: Evolution of populations from the Great Plains and Colorado Rockies. Pearson , J. M. & Scott , P. 1965. “Save the Flamingo”: was it a good idea? Pennie , I. D. 1962. A century of bird-watching in Sutherland. Pennie , I. D. 1966. Ornithology in Scotland: a historical review. Penny , R. L. & Sladen , W. J. L. 1966. The use of Teflon for banding Penguins. Prigogine , A. 1967. La faune ornithologique de l'ile Idjwi. Sandeman , P. W. 1965. Attempted reintroduction of White-tailed Eagle to Scotland. Sessions , P. H. B. 1966. Notes on the birds of Lengetia Farm, Mau Narok. Short , L. L. 1965. Variation in West Indian Flickers (Aves, Cokzptes). Sick , H. 1963. Hybridisation in certain Brazilian Fringillidae (Sporophila and Oryzoborus). Siaden , W. J. L. & Friedmann , H. 1961. Antarctic Ornithology. Sladen , W. J. L. 1965. Ornithological research in Antarctica. Slater , R. L. 1967. Helminths of the robin, Turdus nzigratorius Ridgway, from Northern Colorado. Smith , V. W. 1966. Birds seen on a trans-Saharan overland crossing in spring 1966. Strange , I. J. 1965. Beauchene Island. Voous , K. H. 1967. Man and predators. Vos , A. De . 1964. Range changes of birds in the Great Lakes region. Waters , W. E. 1962. The birds of St. Kilda—winter 1961–62. Weins , J. A. 1966. On group selection and Wynne-Edwards' hypothesis.     

Besprechungen

Book Reviewed in this article: Salzen, Eric A. (1968): Contact and social attachment in Domestic Chicks (Berührungsreize und soziale Bindungen bei Hühnchen). Oviatt, Candace A. (1968): Light-influenced movement of the starfish Asterias forbesi (Desor) (Lichtabhängige Bewegungsweisen beim Seestern). Emlen, Stephen T. (1968): Homing ability and orientation in the Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta marginata (Heimfinden und Orientierungsweise bei der Zierschildkröte Ch. p. m.). Burghardt, Gordon M. (1968): Comparative prey-attack studies in newborn Snakes of the genus Thamnophis (Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Beuteauswahl neugeborener Strumpfbandnattern). Dingle, Hugh , und Roy L. Caldwell (1968): The aggressive and territorial behaviour of the Mantis Shrimp Gonodactylus bredini Manning (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) (Angriffs- und Revierverhalten des Stomatopoden G. b.). Delius, Juan D. (1968): A stochastic analysis of the maintenance behaviour of Skylarks (Eine stochastische Analyse des der Selbsterhaltung dienenden Verhaltens der Feldlerche). 1. Ruttner, F. (1966): Welche Faktoren bestimmen das Geschlecht? Neue Ergebnisse der Studien an Hautflüglern. 2. Ruttner, Friedrich und Hans (1965): Untersuchungen über die Flugaktivität und das Paarungsverhalten der Drohnen: 2. Beobachtungen an Drohnensammel-plätzen. 3. Dieselben (1966): dasselbe, 3. Flugweite und Flugrichtung der Drohnen. 4. Dieselben (1968): dasselbe, 4. Zur Fernorientierung und Ortsstetigkeit der Drohnen auf ihren Paarungsflügen. Norman, J. R. (1966): Die Fische. Eine Naturgeschichte für Sport- und Berufsfischer, Aquarianer, Biologen und Naturfreunde. In 2. engl. Ausg. bearb, von P. H. Greenwood. Deutsche Ausg. bearb. und erweit. von K. H. Lüling. Lüdicke, N. (1964): 5. Ordnung der Klasse Reptilia, Serpentes (5). Dücker, G. (1965): Das Verhaten der Viverriden. Frädrich, H. (1967): Das Verhaten der Schweine (Suidae, Tayassuidae) und Flußpferde (Hippopotamidae). Lang, T. G. , und H. A. P. Smith (1965): Communication between Dolphins in separate tanks by way of an electronic acoustic link (Telefonische Unterhaltung von Delphinen in verschiedenen Tanks). Müller-Using, D., und R. Schloeth (1967): Das Verhalten der Hirsche. Kellogg, Winthrop N. (1968): Communication and Language in the Home-Raised Chimpanzee (Verständigungsweisen und Sprache bei vom Menschen aufgezogenen Schimpansen). Kühn, A. ? (1969): Grundriß der allgemeinen Zoologie, 17. Auflage. Raikov, Boris Eugenewitsch (1968): Karl Ernst v. Baer 1792–1876, sein Leben und sein Werk. Hazelhoff, F. F. (1968): Belauschte Tierwelt. Aus dem Holländischen übersetzt von Margret Hossmann. Carthy, J. D. (1967): Tiere in ihrer Welt, englisch 1965: Animal Behaviour, übersetzt von Margaret Auer. Jahn, Theo (1968) Wunder des Lebendigen, mit einer Einleitung von Adolf Portmann. Altner, G. (1966): Charles Darwin und Ernst Haeckel, ein Vergleich nach theologischen Aspekten, mit einem Geleitwort von Wulf Emmo Ankel.     

The effect of weather on the concentration of pollen within sugar-beet seed crops

The concentration of pollen in the air within diploid open-pollinated sugar-beet seed crops at Broom's Barn Experimental Station increased between 05.00 and 09.00 G.M.T. as relative humidity became less than 90%, was greatest between 09.00 and 11.00, when relative humidity was c. 75%, and gradually decreased towards evening. The average pollen concentration during 24 h periods ranged from 170 to 12400/m³ being greatest on fine, windy, dry days after periods of cooler weather. Rain during the morning washed pollen out of the air and damaged developing anthers, but rain in the late afternoon following a sunny morning seemed hardly to affect the pollen catch, while rain at night sometimes caused an immediate temporary increase in pollen concentration. Most pollen was released between 27 June and 31 July in all years (1965-7); more in the first than in the second half of July. 1965 was cool and damp, 1967 warm and dry, 1966 warm and dry early, and cool and wet late. The total pollen catch in 1965 was 83% and in 1966 31% of that in 1967 but the percentage germination of seed harvested in the 3 years was similar. The total pollen catch on a trap 230 m east of the 1965 crop was c. 1% of the catch within the crop on days with gusty westerly winds and the catch on a trap c. 46 cm above the 1966 crop averaged 78.6% of that at the level of most flowers.     

Incidence of resistance to tetracycline,chloramphenicol and ampicillin amongSalmonella species isolated in the Netherlands in 1967 and 1968

In 1967 and 1968 respectively 10450 and 8665Salmonella strains were screened for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. It was found that in 1967, 17.8% and in 1968, 14.6% of the isolated strains were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Most strains appeared to be only tetracycline-resistant. Strains from human sources that were only ampicillin-resistant increased from 0.8 % in 1965 to 3.2% in 1967, and then decreased in 1968 to 1.3%. Resistance to chloramphenicol remained low (1.4% and lower).     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Brakenberg, V., und K. Kirschfeld (1968): Optische und neurale Projektion der Umwelt auf die Ganglien im Komplexauge der Fliege. Schmidt, K. (1967): Die Entwicklung der Scolopidien im Johnstonschen Organ von Aedes aegypti während der Puppenphase. Adam, Lutz-J. (1967): Funktionsbereiche einzelner Hörneuronen im Gehirn und Tonbereiche arteigener Laute der Heuschrecke Locusta migratoria. Elsner, N. (1967): Muskelaktivität und Lauterzeugung bei einer Feldheuschrecke. Otto, D. (1967): Untersuchungen zur nervösen Kontrolle des Grillengesanges. Hölldobler, B. (1967): Verhaltensphysiologische Untersuchungen zur Myrmecophilie einiger Staphylinidenlarven. Luther, Wolfgang ?, und Kurt Fiedler (1968): Die Unterwasserfauna der Mittelmeerküsten. Berck, H.-H. (1968): Tier- und Humanpsychologie — eine methodische Anleitung für den Unterricht. Magnus, D. (1967): Zur Deutung der Igelstellung beim Jungfisch-Schwarm des Korallenwelses, Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch), im Biotop. Fiedler, K. (1967): Verhaltenswirksame Strukturen im Fischgehirn. Portmann, Adolf (1965): Einführung in die vergleichende Morphologie der Wirbeltiere. Grzimeks Tierleben Band 13 Wahlert, Gerd v. (1968): Latimeria und die Geschichte der Wirbeltiere, eine evolutionsbiologische Untersuchung. Stadie, Chr. (1967): Verhaltensweisen von Gattungsbastarden Phasianus colchicus x Gallus gallus f. domestica im Vergleich mit denen der Ausgangsarten. Hess, W. R. (1968): Hypothalamus und Thalamus, Experimentaldokumente, 2. erweiterte Aufl. Crandall, Lee S. (1968): Im Zoo daheim, meine Erfahrungen mit vielerlei Tieren. Deutsche Übersetzung von: A Zoo man's notebook, 1966 von Gret Ziswiler. Alpers, Antony (1966): Delphine, Wunderkinder des Meeres, Übersetzung des Originals: Dolphins, the myth and the mammal (1962) von Fritz Moeglich. Thorpe, W. H. (1968): Science, Man and Morals. (Wissenschaft, Mensch und Moral.) Adler, Mortimer J. (1967): The difference of man and the difference it makes. Gérardin, Lucien (1968): Natur als Vorbild, die Entdeckungen der Bionik.     

Evaluation of a modified encapsulation-dehydration procedure incorporating sucrose pretreatments for the cryopreservation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ribes</Emphasis> germplasm

Summary A modified encapsulation-dehydration cryopreservation protocol based on the replacement of cold acclimation with high-sucrose pretreatment was assessed for the long-term storage of Ribes germplasm. Four steps in the procedure were examined for eight genotypes: (1) pregrowth of shoot tips in sucrose-supplemented solid growth medium for 1 wk; (2) pretreatment of alginate-encapsulated shoot tips in sucrose-supplemented liquid culture medium for 21 h; (3) evaporative desiccation of encapsulated-dehydrated shoot tips; and (4) exposure to liquid nitrogen (LN). Differential responses were observed for black currant and gooseberry genotypes. Recovery of growing shoots was high (72–100%) at all four steps for the five black currants tested. Evaporative desiccation slightly decreased viability for some black currants and in some cases LN exposure reduced regrowth. In contrast, three gooseberry species had poor recovery from the initial sucrose culture step (32–67%), indicating sensitivity to osmotic stress, which predisposed these genotypes to poor survival after LN exposure (12–26%). The effectiveness of the modified protocol for conserving a wider range of Ribes genotypes was further ascertained by screening 22 genotypes derived from nine Ribes species. The procedure was successful for 18 of the 22 genotypes in the gene bank in Scotland. Screening genotype responses at the time of storage demonstrated regrowth ≥60% for 15 genotypes, and only four genotypes had regrowth of 0–28%. Additional genotypes were also added to the USDA cryopreserved Ribes collection.     

GENERAL BIOLOGY OF SPECIES

Balfour , E., Anderson , A. & Dunnet , G. M. 1967. Orkney Cormorants—their breeding distribution and dispersal. Bernis , F. 1966. El Buitre Negro Aegypius monachus en Iberia. Boase , H. 1965. Movements of the Mute Swan in East Scotland. Boylan , P. J. 1967. Western Atlantic Fulmars on the East Yorkshire coast. Bray , R. P. 1966. Progress report on the Pheasant Study, 1965. Brown , L. H. 1965. Redwinged starlings of Kenya. Brown , L. H. 1965. Observations on Verreaux's Eagle Owl Bubo lacteus (Temminck) in Kenya. Caldwell , L. D. 1964. Dove production and nest-site selection in southern Michigan. Campbell , B. 1965. The Crested Tit. Forestry Commission leaflet No. 41. Dowsett , R. J. 1967. Breeding biology of Lamprotornis mevesii (Wahlberg). Evans , P. R. 1966. Some results from the ringing of Rock Pipits on Skokholm, 1952–65. Harris , S. W., Morse , M. A. & Longley , W. H. 1963. Nesting and production of the Mourning Dove Zenaidura macroura in Minnesota. Hewson , R. 1967. The Rock Dove in Scotland in 1965. Hilden , O. 1965. Zur Brutbiologie des Temminckstrandlaüfers Calidris temininckii (Leisl.). Lind , E. A. 1964. Nistzeitliche Geselligkeit der Mehlschwalbe Delichon u. urbica Macdonald , D. 1965. Notes on the Corn Bunting in Sutherland. Macmillan , A. T. 1965. The Collared Dove in Scotland. Nelson , J. B. 1964. Some aspects of breeding biology and behaviour of the North Atlantic Gannet on the Bass Rock. Newton , I. 1964. The breeding biology of the Chaffinch. Nickell , W. P. 1965. Habitats, nesting, and territory of the Catbird. Nyholm , E. S. 1965. Ecological observations on the geese of Spitzbergen. Pinder , R. 1966. The Cape Pigeon Duption capensis Linnaeus at Signy Island, South Orkney Iskands. Richdale , L. E. 1965. Biology of the birds of Whero Island, New Zealand, with special reference to the Diving Petrel and the White-faced Storm Petrel. Rogers , J. P. & Korschgen , L. J. 1966. Foods of Lesser Scaups on breeding, migration and wintering areas. RYDER, J. P. 1967. The breeding biology of Ross' Goose in the Perry River region, Northwest Territories. Sandeman , G. L. 1963. Roseate and Sandwich Tern colonies in the Forth and neighbouring areas. Siegfried , W. R. 1967. The distribution and status of the Black Stork in southern Africa. Soikkeli , M. 1964. The distribution of the Southern Dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii in Finland. Speidel , G. 1966. Adelie Penguins in the Milwaukee County Zoo. Suetens , W. & Groenendael , P. Van . 1966. Ecología y conducta reproductora del Buitre Negro Aegypius monachus. Taylor , W. K. 1966. Additional records of Black-tailed Gnatcatchers Polioptila melanura parasitized by the dwarf-headed cowbird Molothrus ater Valverde , J. A. 1966. Sobre Buitres Negros en Andalucia. Waters , W. E. 1963. Observations on the Fulmar at St. Kilda. Waters . W. E. 1964. Observations on small petrels at St. Kilda. 1961–62. Scott.     

Quantification of Monosporascuscannonballus Ascospores in Muskmelon Fields in Eastern Spain

The populations of Monosporascuscannonballus ascospores in the soils of 14 muskmelon fields throughout muskmelon production areas of Comunidad Valenciana (eastern Spain) were quantified from 2002 to 2003. The fields were surveyed in July, at the end of the cropping season, when plants approached maturity and symptoms of vine decline in the canopy appeared as patches of wilted or dead plants. Ascospores were recovered from all muskmelon fields surveyed. The average soil populations ranged from 1.54 to 6.33 per g of soil and the number of ascospores within a soil sample ranged from 0.50 to 16.20 ascospores/g of soil. This is the first detailed report on ascospore populations of M. cannonballus in muskmelon fields from a cucurbit‐growing area in Spain and the Mediterranean basin.     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Jensen, Gordon D., Ruth A. Bobbitt und Betty N. Gordon (1968): Sex differences in the development of independence of infant monkeys (Geschlechtsverschiedenes Selbständigwerden von Affenkindern). Dunham, David W., K. Kortmulder und J. J. A. van Iersel (1968): Threat and appeasement in Barbus stoliczkanus (Cyprinidae) (Drohen und Beschwichtigen bei B. s.). Landreth, Hubart F., und Denzel E. Ferguson (1968): The sun compass of Fowler's Toad, Bufo woodhousei fowlerei (Der Sonnenkompaß der Fowlerkröte). Salzen, Eric A., und James M. Cornell (1968): Self-perception and species recognition in birds (Wahrnehmung seiner selbst und Erkennen seiner Art bei Vögeln). Bremond, Jean-Claude (1968): Valeur specifique de la syntaxe dans le signal de défense territoriale du Troglodyte (Troglodytes troglodytes) (Der besondere Wert des “Satzbaues” im Reviergesang des Zaunkönigs). Franck, Dierk (1968): Weitere Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Ethologie der Gattung Xiphophorus (Pisces). Clayton, Frances L., und Robert A. Hinde (1968): The habituation and recovery of aggressive display in Betta splendens (Abgewöhnen und Wiederaufbau des Imponierverhaltens beim Kampffisch). Assem, J. van den (1967): Territory in the Three-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), an experimental study in intraspecific competition. (Revierverhalten des dreistachligen Stichlings, eine Experimentaluntersuchung über innerartlichen Wettbewerb). Hailman, J. P. (1967): The ontogeny of an instinct. The pecking response in chicks of the Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla L.) and related species (Die Entwicklungsgeschichte eines Instinkts: das Picken von Kücken der amerikanischen Lachmöwe und Verwandter). Buchholtz, Chr. (1967): Neuroethologische Untersuchungen an Calopteryx splendens nach Röntgenbestrahlungen des Zentralnervensystems. Montagner, H. (1966): Le mécanisme et les conséquences des comportements trophallactiques chez les guêpes du genre Vespa (Formen und Auswirkungen der Trophallaxis im Wespenstaat). Harder, W. (1965): Elektrische Fische. Hughes, G. R., A. J. Bass und M. T. Mentis (1967): Further studies on marine turtles in Tongaland, I. (Weitere Untersuchungen an Meeresschildkröten in Tongaland). Lohmann, N. (1967): Ballspiel einer Westmöwe, Larus occidentalis. Emlen, J. T., und R. L. Penney (1964): Distance navigation in the Adélie Penguin (Richtungsfinden beim Adélie-Pinguin). Müller-Schwarze, D. (1967): Die Tagesperiodik der Aktivität des Adelie-Pinguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) im südlichen Polarsommer. Nicolai, J. (1967): Rassen- und Artbildung in der Viduinengattung Hypochera. Blume, D. (1965): Ausdrucksformen unserer Vögel. Nr. 342 der Neuen Brehm-Bücherei, A. Ziemsen-Verlag, Wittenberg-Lutherstadt. Crowcroft, P. (1966): Mice all over (Überall Mäuse). Schenkel, R. (1967): Submission: its features and function in the Wolf and Dog. Schenkel, R., und Lotte Schenkel-Hulliger (1967): On the sociology of free-ranging Colobus (Colobus guereza caudatus Thomas 1885). Grau, H., und P. Walter (1967): Grundriß der Histologie und vergleichenden mikroskopischen Anatomie der Haussäugetiere. Busnel, R.-G. ed. und 23 Mitarbeiter (1963): Acoustic behaviour of animals (Lautund Hörverhalten von Tieren), for the International Committy of Bio-Acoustics. Bastock, Margaret (1967): Courtship: a zoological study (Balz, Werben, eine zoologische Untersuchung). Slijper, E. J. (1967): Riesen und Zwerge im Tierreich. Kleemann, G. (1968): Manege frei. Die “weiche” Tierdressur. ed. Huxley, Julian und 35 Mitarbeiter (1966): A discussion on ritualization of behaviour in animals and man.     

Depletion of biotin from brain and liver in biotin deficiency

The effects of biotin deficiency on the metabolism of glucose (Bhagavan, Coursin and Dakshinamurti, 1965; Bhagavan, Maruyama and Coursin, 1967; Bhagavan, Coursin and Stewart, 1969) and central nervous system function (Bhagavan, Stewart, Dakshinamurti and Coursin, 1966; Stewart, Bhagavan, Coursin and Dakshinamurti, 1966; Stewart, Bhagavan and Coursin, 1967 a, b ; 1968) have already been reported. In a study of the biochemical changes in the brain and other tissues of the rat in biotin deficiency, the depletion of biotin from the brain and liver during the course of the deficiency has been followed. We found that while the liver lost over 90 per cent of its biotin, the depletion from the brain was only about 50 per cent after 8 weeks on the deficient diet. These data comprise the present report.     

Isolation of glycosaminoglycans and variation with age in the feline brain

M any laboratories have reported the presence of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the brains of a variety of species, including monkey, man, cat, pig, rabbit, sheep, rat and chicken (C handrasekaran and B achhawat , 1969; C lausen and H ansen , 1963; C lausen and R osenkast , 1962; C ustod and Y oung , 1968; M argolis , 1967; O nodera , H irona , H oriuchi and K ashimura , 1966; S aigo and E gami , 1970; S ingh and B achhawat , 1965 , 1968; S ingh , C handrasekaran , C herian and B achhawat , 1969). Because of the interest of our laboratory in the GAG of the cat brain (C ustod and Y oung , 1968; Y oung , 1963), we initiated the present studies to quantify these various brain polysaccharides and to investigate their changes as a function of postnatal age.