多糖类益生元的筛选及凝结芽孢杆菌体外发酵特性北大核心

【目的】探究9种多糖对凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)的增殖、产酶特性的影响。【方法】将凝结芽孢杆菌分别添加至菊粉多糖(inulin polysaccharide)、刺五加多糖(Eleutherococcus senticosus polysaccharide)、壳寡糖(chitosan oligosaccharide)、防风多糖(Saposhnikovia divaricata polysaccharide)、低聚木糖(xylo-oligosaccharide)、黄芪多糖(Astragalus polysaccharide)、甘露糖(D-mannose)、白术多糖(Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz polysaccharide)和玉屏风多糖(Yu Ping Feng polysaccharide)为唯一碳源的培养基中,通过菌株生长、酶活性及其体外厌氧发酵等作为指标,筛选出最优益生元。【结果】凝结芽孢杆菌能很好地利用防风多糖、黄芪多糖、白术多糖和玉屏风多糖;添加量为4%的防风多糖和白术多糖,pH差值差异最大,蛋白酶活性差异显著(P<0.05)。体外发酵乳酸活性和总蛋白酶活性均提高,4%白术多糖的乳酸和总蛋白酶活性差异显著(P<0.05);肠道内容物发酵液16S rRNA基因高通量测序结果表明,与对照组比较,添加黄芪多糖、防风多糖、甘露糖3种益生元发酵凝结芽孢杆菌显著降低了气单胞菌(Aeromonas)、α-变形菌(α-Proteobacteria)、链球菌(Streptococcus)、志贺氏杆菌属(Shigella)等致病菌的相对丰度,提高了乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)、产酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)的相对丰度。【结论】凝结芽孢杆菌发酵4%白术多糖具有较好的产酶性能与益生特性,二者协同发酵添加至饲料中具有较好的发展潜力。     

凝结芽孢杆菌-乳果糖合生元对DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠道健康的影响

[目的]旨在探究凝结芽孢杆菌-乳果糖合生元对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate,DSS)诱导的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠临床体征、肠道形态和肠道菌群结构的影响.[方法]选取24只初始体重为(22.96±1.87)g的7周龄雄性C57/BL6小鼠,随机分为4组,每组6只,即CON组、DSS组(连续5 d饮用...     

转运蛋白提高凝结芽孢杆菌酸耐受性

光学纯乳酸作为可降解生物材料——聚乳酸(polylactic acid,PLA)的前体物质,正在受到广泛关注。乳酸发酵过程中酸性产物的积累会影响菌株的生长,提高菌株酸耐受性具有重要意义。本研究以乳酸生产菌株凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans) DSM1为出发菌株,通过对凝结芽孢杆菌DSM1及其乳酸脱氢酶双敲除菌株(DldhL1DldhL2)进行比较转录分析,筛选酸耐受相关的转运蛋白基因。对关键基因RS16330、RS06895、RS16325、RS10595、RS00500、RS07275、RS10635及RS01930进行实时定量PCR分析,发现基因RS06895、RS10595、RS00500和RS10635在发酵12 h和24 h转录水平显著增强。过表达RS10595基因的菌株,在中性(pH 6.0)条件下生长状况和发酵性能均受到抑制,但在酸性条件下(pH 4.6),其乳酸生成相比对照组显著提高。上述结果表明,RS10595基因与菌株DSM1的酸耐受性密切相关。本研究有助于进一步探究凝结芽孢杆菌酸耐受的机制,也为构建耐酸菌株提供了基础。     

大黄鱼共生菌Bacillus coagulans LL1103的代谢产物研究

[目的]研究大黄鱼共生菌Bacillus coagulans LL1103的次生代谢产物及其抑菌活性。[方法]利用色谱层析技术对B.coagulans LL1103发酵液乙酸乙酯和正丁醇提取物进行分离纯化;运用波谱技术鉴定化合物的结构;采用微量肉汤稀释法对化合物进行抗菌活性测定。[结果]从大黄鱼内生菌B.coagulans LL1103发酵液中分离并鉴定9个环二肽类化合物,分别为:(1)环(4-羟基-脯氨酸-亮氨酸)、(2)环(异亮氨酸-丙氨酸)、(3)环(脯氨酸-缬氨酸)、(4)环(脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸)、(5)环(脯氨酸-亮氨酸)、(6)环(甘氨酸-丙氨酸)、(7)环(脯氨酸-甘氨酸)、(8)环(脯氨酸-丙氨酸)和(9)环(络氨酸-甘氨酸)。活性评价显示化合物3、7和9对大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)具有较强抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)分别为8.0、4.0和16.0μg/mL。[结论]从大黄鱼共生菌B.coagulans LL1103的发酵液中分离得到3个对大肠埃希菌(E.coli)具有较好抑制活性的化合物。     

Affinity chromatography of α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis

An affinity chromatographic method with a novel eluant from Bacillus licheniformis is described. α-amylase was bound to starch, starch-celite, starch-Sepharose columns and the bound α-amylase was rapidly eluted with 2% (w/v) white dextrin. The binding capacity of α-amylase to starch column is 380 μmol/g of starch. The purified enzyme showed a single polypeptide on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight of 58 kD. The specificity of purified enzyme was confirmed by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis. Single radial immunodiffusion and western blotting studies analyzed the synthesis of enzyme at different time points.     

凝结芽孢杆菌磷酸盐响应启动子的研究

耐热凝结芽孢杆菌因其对营养要求简单、发酵产物浓度高以及耐高温等特点,已成为乳酸发酵的主要菌种。在前期的研究中,我们发现磷酸盐可以激活凝结芽孢杆菌l-乳酸脱氢酶基因的转录,从而提高乳酸产量。然而,磷酸盐如何激活乳酸脱氢酶的基因表达,目前还不清楚,也未有类似的研究报道。【目的】对凝结芽孢杆菌响应磷酸盐的调控机制进行研究。【方法】通过RT-PCR分析磷酸盐添加时凝结芽孢杆菌乳酸脱氢酶转录水平变化,确定响应磷酸盐的关键元件区域,进一步通过分子生物学手段,分析凝结芽孢杆菌响应磷酸盐的关键基因片段。【结果】确定了响应磷酸盐的关键元件位于乳酸脱氢酶基因上游启动子区,解析了响应磷酸盐的l-乳酸脱氢酶启动子核心区,利用该启动子及核心区能够有效驱动外源d-乳酸脱氢酶基因的表达,实现在凝结芽孢杆菌中d-乳酸的合成。【结论】本研究有望获得一种新的响应磷酸盐的调控元件,为提高其他生物化学品的合成效率改造提供参考。     

Cloning and expression of the gene for neutral protease of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in Bacillus subtilis

A Bacillus amyloliquefaciens neutral protease gene was cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis.The chromosomal DNA of B. amyloliquefaciens strain F was partially digested with restriction endonuclease Sau3AI, and 2 to 9 kb fragments isolated were ligated into the BamHI site of plasmid pUB110. Then, B. subtilis strain 1A289 was transformed with the hybrid plasmids by the method of protoplast transformation and kanamycin-resistant transformants were screened for the formation of large halo on a casein plate. A transformant that produced a large amount of an extracellular neutral protease harbored a plasmid, designated as pNP150, which contained a 1.7 kb insert.The secreted neutral protease of the transformant was found to be indistinguishable from that of DNA donor strain B. amyloliquefaciens by double immunodiffusion test and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The amount of the neutral protease activity excreted into culture medium by the B. subtilis transformed with pNP150 was about 50-fold higher than that secreted by B. amyloliquefaciens. The production of the neutral protease in the transformant was partially repressed by addition of glucose to the medium.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌rocE基因的转录调控

【目的】rocE基因编码精氨酸降解途径中的精氨酸通透酶,通过分析苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt) rocE基因的转录活性,明确rocE基因的转录调控机制。【方法】通过RT-PCR确定rocE基因所在基因簇的转录单元;β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定分析rocE基因启动子(ProcE)的转录活性;采用同源重组技术敲除BtHD73菌株的rocE基因;通过融合His标签的方法在大肠杆菌中表达纯化RocR蛋白的HTH结构域;通过凝胶阻滞实验明确RocR与rocE基因启动子的结合作用。【结果】在M9培养基中,精氨酸可诱导ProcE的转录活性;在SSM培养基和精氨酸诱导培养基中,与出发菌株HD73相比,ProcE在sigL (编码Sigma54因子)突变体和rocR突变体中的转录活性显著下降。RocR-HTH蛋白与ProcE有结合作用。rocE基因的缺失对菌体生长和Cry1Ac蛋白产量无显著影响。rocE缺失突变体的芽胞形成率为65.5%,HD73出发菌株为85.7%,显著性分析结果表明差异显著(P0.05)。【结论】rocE基因的转录活性受Sigma54的控制,并受RocR正调控。rocE基因的缺失影响菌株的芽胞形成率。     

Solid state fermentation for production of α-amylase by a thermotolerant Bacillus subtilis from hot-spring water

The production of extracellular α-amylase by thermotolerant Bacillus subtilis was studied in solid state fermentation (SSF). The effect of wheat bran (WB) and rice husk (RH) was examined. The appropriate incubation period, moisture level, particle size and inoculum concentration was determined. Maximum yields of 159,520 and 21,760 U g⁻¹ were achieved by employing WB and RH as substrates in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7 with 30% initial moisture content at 24 and 48 h. Particle size and inoculum concentration were found to be 1000 μm, 20% and 500 μm, 15% for WB and RH, respectively. Enzyme yield was 7.3-fold higher with WB medium compared with RH.     

Purification, biochemical characterisation and partial primary structure of a new α-amylase inhibitor from Secale cereale (rye)

Plant α-amylase inhibitors show great potential as tools to engineer resistance of crop plants against pests. Their possible use is, however, complicated by the observed variations in specificity of enzyme inhibition, even within closely related families of inhibitors. Better understanding of this specificity depends on modelling studies based on ample structural and biochemical information. A new member of the α-amylase inhibitor family of cereal endosperm has been purified from rye using two ionic exchange chromatography steps. It has been characterised by mass spectrometry, inhibition assays and N-terminal protein sequencing. The results show that the inhibitor has a monomer molecular mass of 13 756 Da, is capable of dimerisation and is probably glycosylated. The inhibitor has high homology with the bifunctional α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors from barley and wheat, but much poorer homology with other known inhibitors from rye. Despite the homology with bifunctional inhibitors, this inhibitor does not show activity against mammalian or insect trypsin, although activity against porcine pancreatic, human salivary, Acanthoscelides obtectus and Zabrotes subfasciatus α-amylases was observed. The inhibitor is more effective against insect α-amylases than against mammalian enzymes. It is concluded that rye contains a homologue of the bifunctional α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor family without activity against trypsins. The necessity of exercising caution in assigning function based on sequence comparison is emphasised.     

一株抑制产气荚膜梭菌的枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2特性

【背景】感染产气荚膜梭菌会引起动物坏死性肠炎,通常使用抗生素进行预防和治疗。随着我国饲料禁抗、养殖减抗的实施,寻找绿色微生态制剂及其代谢产物成为当前研究的热点。【目的】旨在研究前期筛选的一株抑制产气荚膜梭菌的枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2特性。【方法】检测了菌株生长曲线、代谢物质的抑菌特性及细菌素基因簇mRNA表达。【结果】枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2代谢物质对革兰氏阴性菌无抑制作用,而对革兰氏阳性菌具有较强的抑菌性能,并且对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌性能在2-12 h内迅速增长,在12-24 h内抑菌性能较稳定;该抑菌性能不受胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶K的影响,具有良好的热稳定性;进一步分析抑菌物质基因簇mRNA表达,发现枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2抑制产气荚膜梭菌的活性可能与表面活性素(surfactin)和美杀菌素(mersacidin)表达有关。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2对产气荚膜梭菌具有较强的抑制作用,可能通过抑菌物质surfactin和mersacidin表达发挥作用。     

枯草芽胞杆菌降解毒死蜱特性研究

研究生物量、pH、毒死蜱浓度和温度对枯草芽胞杆菌3374菌株(编号为GU086422)在水溶液中降解毒死蜱特性,考察该菌株对白菜上毒死蜱残留的降解特性。结果表明,在毒死蜱质量浓度为240 mg/L、pH7.0、温度30℃的适宜条件下,枯草芽胞杆菌3374菌株对毒死蜱的降解率达到92.48%。该菌株能够有效提高白菜叶面上毒死蜱残留的降解速度,表明其在白菜上具有有效降解毒死蜱的能力,在无公害农产品生产中具有广阔的应用潜力。     

生防解淀粉芽胞杆菌的研究进展

解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)因能抑制植物病害和促进植物生长而被广泛研究。随着测序技术的不断发展,解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌株的全基因组序列陆续被测定,综述了其拮抗作用相关的功能基因、生防机制及植物-病原物-生防菌的相互作用,并对后续研究趋势进行了展望,为解淀粉芽胞杆菌的深入研究及其更好的应用提供理论参考     

fliY基因失活减弱沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株的锰氧化能力

【背景】沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株具有较强的锰氧化能力,但其分子机制不清楚。【目的】着重研究鞭毛马达开关蛋白基因(fliY)对沙福芽孢杆菌锰氧化能力的影响。【方法】根据同源重组原理,以沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株为起始菌株,构建fliY基因敲除的突变株ΔfliY,测定菌落迁徙、细菌生物膜和锰氧化率等,研究fliY基因突变后菌株的运动能力、生物膜生成和锰氧化能力是否发生变化。【结果】经克隆测序,证实突变株ΔfliY中fliY基因的后半段被卡纳霉素抗性基因取代,fliY基因失活;与野生型菌株ST7相比,突变株ΔfliY在全营养的LB培养基中生长变化不大,但在含锰的PYCM培养基中,突变株的生长速度减慢、菌落较小、生物膜生成量显著下降,运动性和锰氧化能力分别下降65%和20%。【结论】fliY基因不仅影响菌株的生长和运动,而且参与细菌的趋化和锰氧化等生物学过程。     

抗菌肽天蚕素B基因在纳豆芽胞杆菌中的表达

抗菌肽是生物体内经诱导产生的一类具有生物活性的小分子多肽。天蚕素B(Cecropin B)是最早从天蚕体内分离得到的一种热稳定的可溶性多肽,在已分离的众多抗菌肽中抗性较强。纳豆芽胞杆菌具有优良的益生特性,本研究选择枯草芽胞杆菌的一种表达载体p HT43,将抗菌肽天蚕素B基因导入纳豆芽胞杆菌中,验证其在目的菌中是否能够表达和稳定传代以及进行抗菌活性分析。结果表明,天蚕素B基因在纳豆芽胞杆菌中表达,并能稳定传代,能够提高纳豆芽胞杆菌的抑菌活性,抗金黄色葡萄球菌的活性优于干酪乳杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌。本研究为该重组菌作为饲料添加剂的应用提供了技术基础。本文首次报道天蚕素B在纳豆枯草芽胞杆菌中表达。     

Lysis of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacterium) by a bacterium Bacillus cereus

A phytoplankton-lytic (PL) bacterium, Bacillus cereus, capable of lysing the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was isolated from Lake Dianchi of Yunnan province, China. This bacterium showed lytic activities against a wide range of cyanobacteria/algae, including A. flos-aquae, Microcystis viridis, Microcystis wesenbergi, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Oscillatoria tenuis, Nostoc punctiforme, Anabaena flos-aquae, Spirulina maxima, and Selenastrum capricornutum. Chlorophyll a contents, phycocyanin contents, and photosynthetic activities of the A. flos-aquae decreased evidently in an infected culture for a period. Bacterium B. cereus attacked rapidly A. flos-aquae cells by cell-to-cell contact mechanism. It was shown that the lysis of A. flos-aquae began with the breach of the cyanobacterial cell wall, and the cyanobacterial cell appeared abnormal in the presence of the PL bacterium. Moreover, transmission electron microscope examinations revealed that a close contact between the bacterium and the cyanobacterium was necessary for lysis. Some slime extrusions produced from B. cereus assisted the bacterial cells to be in close association with and lyse the cyanobacterial cells. These findings suggested that this bacterium could play an important role in controlling the Aphanizomenon blooms in freshwaters.     

Interaction between the δ-endotoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. entomocidus and liposomes

The δ-endotoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. entomocidus induced the release of encapsulated [¹⁴C]sucrose from reverse-phase vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. No such release was detected when the phospholipid component of the vesicles was either phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, or sphingomyelin. The toxin-induced release was competitively inhibited by negatively charged organic ions while positively charged organic ions, apart from choline chloride, had no such effect. The existence of a polar head group in the phospholipid as well as intermolecular hydrogen bonding at the membrane surface, was found to be of major importance in the toxin-liposome interaction.     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌抗真菌能力及基因组分析北大核心CSCD

蛋白水解酶及脂肽类化合物具有广谱的抑菌活性,这些抑菌活性蛋白及物质拥有巨大的研究和开发潜力。本研究通过蛋白水解酶平板筛选到一株对6种不同病原真菌有较明显抑菌效果的菌株,命名为X49,对该菌株进行理化分析,并由16S rRNA基因测序、API测试和电镜分析鉴定菌种,进一步分析其基因组序列,再利用偶氮酪蛋白方法分析蛋白水解酶活性及提取脂肽类化合物进行抗真菌测试。结果表明,该菌株在10–50℃、pH 4.0–9.0范围内均可以生长,对环境盐浓度的适应性较强,在10%NaCl浓度下仍然能够生长。菌种鉴定发现X49菌株属于贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)。基因组分析则显示,B. velezensis X49菌株有11个编码的丝氨酸蛋白酶,其基因编号1_894属于S8枯草杆菌蛋白酶家族,与已知具有抗真菌能力的丝氨酸蛋白酶有高达99%的相似度。另外有多达30个编码的非核糖体肽合成酶,其中包含参与合成已知的表面活性素、伊枯草菌素、丰原素、杆菌肽及短杆菌肽脂肽类化合物。胞外蛋白水解酶活性分析发现其在高温下仍具有一定的活性。将B. velezensis X49菌株与中药干姜共发酵后,提取出的脂肽类化合物,其抑菌功效大大提高。由此可见,本研究筛选出的B. velezensis X49菌株对于植物及人类病原菌都有很显著的抑制作用。而与中药共发酵的活性物质可作为未来药物的研究开发。     

Characterization of a cryptic plasmid pPZZ84 from Bacillus pumilus

The complete nucleotide sequence of a cryptic plasmid pPZZ84 from Bacillus pumilus strain ZZ84 was determined. Plasmid pPZZ84 is 6817 bp long with GC content of 36.7%. Seven putative open reading frames were identified. ORF7 shows 91% and 90% amino acid identity with rep proteins of pSH1452 and pPL1, respectively, members of rolling-circle replication (RCR) pC194-family. A typical pC194-family double strand origin (dso), a single-stranded origin (sso) and rap (regulator aspartate phosphatase) proteins were also identified in the plasmid. These results imply that pPZZ84 belongs to the Bacillus subtilis species group of small rolling circle (BsSRC) replicating plasmids. The plasmid copy number of pPZZ84 in B. pumilus ZZ84 was estimated to be 46 per cell, more than that of other BsSRC plasmids in their hosts.