563. PASSIFLORA LONGICUSPIS

Summary.  Passiflora longicuspis (Passifloraceae), a new, red, large-flowered species of Passiflora from French Guiana is described; its history, taxonomy, distribution, pollination ecology and cultivation are discussed.     

562. PASSIFLORA MINIATA

Summary.  A well-documented Passiflora species from Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia, which has been extensively cultivated under the erroneous name Passiflora coccinea Aubl., is here described as P. miniata Vanderplank; its history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation are discussed.     

879. PASSIFLORA EMARGINATA

Passiflora emarginata Bonpl. (synonyms Astrophea emarginata (Bonpl.) M.Roem. and Passiflora caucaensis Holm‐Niels.), a medium‐sized tree from Colombia, is described and illustrated. Its history, taxonomy, conservation status, observations from the wild and cultivation including its propagation are discussed.     

778. PASSIFLORA PITTIERI

Passiflora pittieri Mast., a woody liana from Central and South America, is described and illustrated. Its natural history and cultivation are discussed.     

Passiflora fieldiana Tillett ex Vanderplank,a new species in subgenus Passiflora supersection Laurifolia from Venezuela: Passifloraceae

Passiflora fieldiana Tillett ex Vanderplank, a most spectacular passion flower, is fully described for the first time. Its history, distribution and cultivation are discussed.     

866. PASSIFLORA MACROPHYLLA

Passiflora macrophylla Spruce ex Mast., a small weak tree from Ecuador and Colombia, is described and illustrated. Its history and cultivation are discussed.     

565. PASSIFLORA PARDIFOLIA

Summary.  A new egg-mimic Passiflora (Passifloraceae) from Brazil, P. pardifolia is described; its history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation are discussed.     

673. PASSIFLORA LINDENIANA

Passiflora lindeniana Triana & Planch. is described and illustrated. Its history, distribution, cultivation and conservation status are discussed.     

564. PASSIFLORA GABRIELLIANA

Summary.  A new, large and fragrant-flowered species of Passiflora, P. gabrielliana (Passifloraceae), from French Guiana, is described; its history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation are discussed.     

626. PASSIFLORA POSLAE

Summary A new leaf‐tip egg mimic Passiflora poslae Vanderplank & Boender from Peru is described; its history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation are discussed.     

PASSIFLORA TACANENSIS

Passiflora tacanensis Port.‐Utl. from Mount Tacaná in south eastern Mexico on the border with Guatemala is fully described for the first time with illustrations of flowers, leaves and pollen; its history and cultivation are provided.     

777. PASSIFLORA TRANSVERSA

Passiflora transversa Masters, considered by Killip to be a synonym of P. biflora Lam., is reinstated at species rank. It is here illustrated in colour and with black and white line drawings. Its history, distribution, similarities to related species and cultivation are discussed.     

779. PASSIFLORA EDULIS f. ALBIDA

Passiflora edulis f. albida Vanderplank & S. L. Edwards, a new form with white flowers, yellow fruit and black petiole glands is described, and illustrated with a colour painting and black and white line drawings: Its history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation are discussed.     

747. TROPAEOLUM SMITHII

Tropaeolum smithii DC, a climber from the mountains of tropical South America from Venezuela to Peru is illustrated. Its history and variation are discussed. The two forms in cultivation are described.     

937. PASSIFLORA PUNICEA

Passiflora punicea Ruiz & Pavón ex DC., considered by Maxwell T. Masters (1872) and E. P. Killip (1938) to be a synonym of P. vitifolia Kunth is here reinstated at species rank. It is described and illustrated in colour and with black and white line drawings. Its history, distribution, similarities to related species and cultivation are discussed. A key to its closest related species is provided.     

Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae): A new fruit crop

Passiflora incarnata:A New Fruit Crop. Economic Botany 53(2): 161–176, 1999. Passiflora incarnata bears flavorful fruits consumed by past and present peoples, and this plant deserves greater use as a fruit crop. Native to southeastern North America, it is an herbaceous perennial vine which flowers and fruits over much of the growing season. P. incarnata is self-incompatible and usually pollinated by carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.). Plants are functionally andromonoecious, and low resource status favors male flower production and thus reduces fruit set. The fruits contain many seeds, each surrounded by an aril holding edible juice, and this juice can be consumed fresh or used in processed products. Because it is a minor agricultural weed, P. incarnata should not be introduced into regions where it may naturalize. Polyploid hybrids of P. incarnata and the subtropical and tropical passionfruit, P. edulis, are also potential temperate fruit crops. Future research on P. incarnata should evaluate intraspecific genetic variation and performance in cultivation.

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Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae): Un Nuevo Cultivo Frutal

Resumen  Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae): Un Nuevo Cultivo Frutal. Tanto historicamente como actualmente el consumo de la fruta Passiflora incarnata justifica su consideración como un cultivo frutal. P. incarnata es una liana herbácea perenne, indígena del sudeste de America del Norte, que produce fruta a lo largo de la temporada de crecimiento. P. incarnata es autoincompatible y, usualmente, polinada por abejas carpinteras (Xylocopa spp.). Estas plantas son funcionalmente andromonoícas. Niveles de recursos bajos favorecen la production deflores masculinas y reducen el nuúmero defrutos. Los frutos contienen muchas semillas, coda una de ellas rodeada por un aril con jugo comestible. Este jugo se puede usar tanto para productos naturales como procesados. Es importante evitar la introduction de P. incarnata en regiones donde se pueda aclimatar, ya que se comporta como una mala hierba. Es posible cultivar los híbridos de P. incarnata y P. edulis, la fruta depasión tropical y subtropical, en zonas templadas. Futuras pesquisas se deberían enfocar en la evaluación de la variación genética intraespecífica y su rendimiento como cultivo.

     

Passiflora plastome sequencing reveals widespread genomic rearrangements

Although past studies have included Passiflora among angiosperm lineages with highly rearranged plastid genomes (plastomes), knowledge about plastome organization in the genus is limited. So far only one draft and one complete plastome have been published. Expanded sampling of Passiflora plastomes is needed to understand the extent of the genomic rearrangement in the genus, which is also unusual in having biparental plastid inheritance and plastome‐genome incompatibility. We sequenced 15 Passiflora plastomes using either Illumina paired‐end or shotgun cloning and Sanger sequencing approaches. Assembled plastomes were annotated using Dual Organellar GenoMe Annotator (DOGMA) and tRNAscan‐SE. The Populus trichocarpa plastome was used as a reference to estimate genomic rearrangements in Passiflora by performing whole genome alignment in progressiveMauve. The phylogenetic distribution of rearrangements was plotted on the maximum likelihood tree generated from 64 plastid encoded protein genes. Inverted repeat (IR) expansion/contraction and loss of the two largest hypothetical open reading frames, ycf1 and ycf2, account for most plastome size variation, which ranges from 139 262 base pairs (bp) in P. biflora to 161 494 bp in P. pittieri. Passiflora plastomes have experienced numerous inversions, gene and intron losses along with multiple independent IR expansions and contractions resulting in a distinct organization in each of the three subgenera examined. Each Passiflora subgenus has a unique plastome structure in terms of gene content, order and size. The phylogenetic distribution of rearrangements shows that Passiflora has experienced widespread genomic changes, suggesting that such events may not be reliable phylogenetic markers.     

Three new species of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba (Passifloraceae) from Ecuador

Three new species of Passiflora have been collected in the province of ZamoraChinchipe within the last 12 years. They are here described and illustrated as Passiflora carnasisepala, P condarita, and P.parvipetala. The total number of species of Passiflora in Ecuador is now 94, of which 40 belong to the subgenus Decaloba and 32 are endemic to the country.     

A HPTLC densitometric determination of flavonoids from Passiflora alata, P. edulis, P. incarnata and P. caerulea and comparison with HPLC method

A high-performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was developed in order to determine quantitatively the flavonoids in leaves of Passiflora alata, P. edulis, P. caerulea and P. incarnata. The content of orientin and isoorientin was determined, and the results were compared with those obtained using a quantitative HPLC-UV method. The latter employed rutin as standard and was developed to analyse flavonoid content from Passiflora leaves for the purpose of ensuring the quality of Passiflora phytomedicines. The results obtained using the two methods indicate that there are qualitative and quantitative differences in the flavonoids of the reference Passiflora species studied. The two methods were also employed to analyse commercial samples to illustrate their application in qualitative ('fingerprint') and quantitative determination, demonstrating their feasibility in the quality control of flavonoids from crude Passiflora drugs and phytomedicines. The HPLC conditions used are also suitable for the quantitative analysis of aqueous extracts (Passiflora infusions).     

Anopheles (Anopheles) neomaculipalpus: a new malaria vector in the Amazon basin?

Abstract. Anopheles (Anopheles) neomaculipalpus Curry (Diptera: Culicidae) collected by human landing catches and light traps in southern Venezuela were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Plasmodium circumsporozoite (CS) protein. A total of 356 An. neomaculipalpus were collected, of which three (0.84%) were positive for P. vivax, two for the variant 247 and one for the variant 210. The overall sporozoite rate in An. neomaculipalpus was similar to that for the principal vector An. (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root (0.82%) and higher than in An. (Nys.) marajoara Galvão & Damasceno (0.27%). This is the first report of An. neomaculipalpus naturally infected with Plasmodium parasites in Venezuela.