后疫情时代“人体及动物生理学”教学体系创新与实践

新冠疫情发生之后,线上教学的全面应用给高校教育教学带来了挑战和机遇。后疫情时代,新的教学体系构建是课程教学改革的重点。针对生物科学专业“人体及动物生理学”的课程特点,课程组教师通过更新教学理念、重构课程内容、转变教学模式、强化德智融合、改进考核方式等构建新的教学体系,以满足学生个性化学习的需求,适应新的教学环境。本文介绍了课程改革创新与实践的情况。     

动物生理学教学改革初探

动物生理学是研究动物生命活动规律的科学,是生物科学专业中的必修基础学科,是生命科学的核心。学生通过该课程的学习,能了解人体和动物各器官、系统的主要生理机能及功能的发生机制;主要生理功能的调节机制及各有关功能间的相互联系及其调节;各有机体与内外环境之间相互影响和相互制约的关系[1]。在生命科学迅猛发展、知识日趋多元化的当下,我国生命科学学科在教学内容和体系方面进行了探索性的改革,旨在培养出"面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来"的高素质科研人才。但是,目前,我国的教育改革还处于初步阶段,依然还没有形成一个成熟、完善的体系。所以,探索更行之有效的先进教学方法和体系以深化我国的教育改革、全面推行素质教育、提高教学质量与水平、努力培养学生的创造性和实际工作能力,是每一个从事教育工作者应尽的责任。笔者就自己对动物生理学科教学实践的体会,作一些初步的探讨。     

基于创新能力培养的“人体解剖与动物生理学实验”教学内容的优化北大核心CSCD

高等教育是实践创新创业教育的主阵地,创新创业教育是培养创新型人才和提升大学生社会适应的重要途径。研究结合“人体解剖与动物生理学实验”课程特点,以实现创新型人才培养为目标对实验教学内容进行改革和优化,旨在培养学生理论联系实践的思维、应用解剖生理学知识与医学、药学、生活实践结合的创新能力及应用科研服务社会的创新意识,为高校毕业生求职创业奠定基础,实现创新教育和专业教育一体化。     

将细胞膜的知识贯穿在人体解剖生理学教学中

在人体解剖生理学的教学过程中应该注重循序渐进、由浅入深,在教材相关内容的教学中融入细胞膜的知识,可以起到"以旧导新"的作用,并帮助学生更好地理解所学的知识,培养学生全面分析和解决问题的能力,进一步激发学生的创造性思维能力。本文对将细胞膜的知识贯穿在与人体解剖生理学教学中进行了研究和探讨。     

将细胞膜的知识贯穿在人体解剖生理学教学中

在人体解剖生理学教学中,遵循承上启下、循序渐进原则,把细胞膜的知识贯穿在教材相关知识点的教学中,以“旧”导“新”帮助学生理解和掌握知识。在潜移默化中训练学生分析和综合思考问题的能力,并以对“学说”的探讨激发学生再创造思维的能力,更好地达到教师“教”的目的。     

铜对人体及动物的生物学效应

铜是生物正常生长发育所必需的微量元素之一。１９２８年威斯康星大学哈特（Ｈａｒｔ）的研究证明，由于喂饲乳汁而患贫血症的大白鼠饲料中添加铜和铁，对血红素的形成是必要的。铜在生物体中的作用主要是参与构成体内具有特殊生理机能的物质，是多种酶系统的活化剂、辅因...     

高师《人体解剖生理学》教学改革研究与实践

分析了高师人体解剖生理学教学现状,提出人体解剖生理学知识体系的构建途径,从教学内容、教学方法、教学手段等方面进行改革与实践。     

“黑箱法”在动物生理学教学中的运用

由信息分析与模型方法相结合所产生的"黑箱法"是动物生理学研究领域的有效手段。在动物生理学教学中运用"黑箱法"对于培养学生的逻辑思维能力具有积极作用,结合教学中的实例介绍"黑箱法"在动物生理学理论与实验教学中的效果。     

人体及动物组织H.E染色石蜡切片法的技术改进

报道人体及动物组织石蜡切片方法的全面革新技术。以组织块的固定、苏木精染色和脱水同时进行为主要技术特征,改进了某些操作细节,获得了良好的效果。     

Teaching human cardiovascular and respiratory physiology with the station method

We have developed a station method to offer combined cardiovascular and respiratory physiology exercises all in one laboratory period during our medical physiology course. This laboratory was designed for first-year medical students in order to minimize equipment costs, maximize efficient use of both student and faculty time, and facilitate integration of basic cardiovascular concepts with those in respiratory physiology. We designed six stations for the students to evaluate: cardiovascular and respiratory responses to dynamic exercise, cold pressor reflex, postural influences and respiratory modulation of cardiovascular functions, forced expiratory maneuvers with inverted bell spirometers, forced expiratory maneuvers and maximal inspiratory maneuvers with electronic spirometers with and without obstruction, and respiratory muscle strength. Students worked in groups of two to four and were assessed by individual laboratory reports. Although we neglected to formally assess the impact on students of changes in laboratory design, students appeared to respond enthusiastically to the laboratory and prepared knowledgeable laboratory reports.     

Protein O-mannosylation in animal development and physiology: From human disorders to Drosophila phenotypes

Protein O-mannosylation has a profound effect on the development and physiology of mammalian organisms. Mutations in genes affecting O-mannosyl glycan biosynthesis result in congenital muscular dystrophies. The main pathological mechanism triggered by O-mannosylation defects is a compromised interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix due to abnormal glycosylation of α-dystroglycan. Hypoglycosylation of α-dystroglycan impairs its ligand-binding activity and results in muscle degeneration and failure of neuronal migration. Recent experiments revealed the existence of compensatory mechanisms that could ameliorate defects of O-mannosylation. However, these mechanisms remain poorly understood. O-mannosylation and dystroglycan pathway genes show remarkable evolutionary conservation in a wide range of metazoans. Mutations and downregulation of these genes in zebrafish and Drosophila result in muscle defects and degeneration, also causing neurological phenotypes, which suggests that O-mannosylation has similar functions in mammals and lower animals. Thus, future studies in genetically tractable model organisms, such as zebrafish and Drosophila, should help to reveal molecular and genetic mechanisms of mammalian O-mannosylation and its role in the regulation of dystroglycan function.     

生理学教学改革随想

范少光教授是我国著名生理学家,他五十余年致力于生理学教育事业,在生理学教育与教学改革的调研与实践上倾注了大量心血。他注重对学生进行专业素质教育及个性化培养,强调学生的专业英语学习,并主编了双语(中英文对照)人体生理学教科书。他主张人体生理学与临床相结合,并有独到见解。在他担任《生理科学进展》主编时,即创立了"生理科学与临床"栏目。范少光教授曾获"北京医科大学桃李奖"、北京市高等学校教学成果一等奖,以及北京市优秀教师等荣誉称号。他为人师表,勇于创新的精神,值得敬佩和学习。     

Studies on human prolactin physiology

Although the clinical and experimental data were in favour of the existence of prolactin in humans like other vertebrates, as a pituitary hormone distinct from growth hormone, its presence remained contested until recent years. The predominant influence of the human hypothalamus on prolactin secretion is inhibitory. Circulating prolactin shows diurnal variations, which are not synchronized with that of TSH or ACTH; the prolactin rhythm is abolished during the last trimester of pregnancy and in patients with prolactin secreting tumors. Estrogens appeared to be less marked stimulators of prolactin secretion in man than in animals, although serum prolactin levels follow a pattern similar to that of endogenous estrogens during the normal menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. After delivery, basal prolactin levels declined progressively. In women under long term medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment, the immunoreactive serum prolactin was within the normal range of cycling women. Prolactin is found in appreciable amounts in amniotic fluid and in the serum of newborn infants. Synthetic LH and FSH releasing hormone did not change circulating prolactin levels in normal humans. A possible luteotrophic action of human prolactin in synergism with LH cannot be excluded.     

“人体解剖及动物生理学实验”教学中科教融合理念的强化与运用

高等教育承担着人才培养的重大任务。教学和科研是高等学校不可或缺的两大职能,在当前的教育教学中,两者的关系存在失衡、融合度低等问题。本文从人体解剖及动物生理学实验及教学已存在的问题出发,主要从应用科研思政教育提高学生认知能力、结合科研实践开发实验项目、加强课堂教学与科研实践的结合等方面进行探索,树立科教融合发展的基本理念,实现高素质创新人才的培养目标。     

《计算机在动物学上的应用》教学改革与加强素质教育

近十多年来 ,随着计算机软、硬件的飞速发展 ,计算机作为一种强有力的工具 ,在动物学研究、教学和生产的各个领域里有着广泛的应用。如 :文字图像处理、音像资料的分析整理、资料查找收集及保存、讲演稿和课件的制作、翻译、信息传递、实验设计、仪器的自动控制、实验数据的自动分析、数理统计分析、模型模拟、资源调查和管理、鼠虫害预测预报、生态区域划分、饲料配方的调整及优化、经营管理和经济预测等等。因此 ,每一个现代动物学工作者必须掌握并熟练地应用计算机已是大势所趋 ,这对于年青的一代动物学者尤显重要。但现在高等院校《计算…