Miscellaneous new taxa of Bromeliaceae (XVI)

Four new taxa of Bromeliaceae are described:Billbergia acreana from Brazil;Pitcairnia chocoensis from Colombia; andGuzmania diazii andPitcairnia filifera from Peru. Also included is the new nameWerauhia moralesii from Costa Rica. Miscellaneous new taxa of Bromeliaceae (XV) appeared in Selbyana 21: 125–131. 2000.     

Novelties in spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) from Bolivia and Paraguay

One new Bolivian species (Borreria pazensis) and three new varieties (Borreria densiflora var.minima, Richardia, scabra var.chacoensis andStaelia virgata var.killeenii) are described and illustrated. The genusDiodella, with three species (D. apiculata comb. nov., D. radula comb. nov., andD. teres), is reported for the first time.Borreria limae, B. wunschmannii, B. scabiosoides var.scabiosoides, andB. scabiosoides var.anderssonii are also reported as new to Bolivia.     

New species and a new combination in Myrtaceae from northeastern South America

Three new species of Myrtaceae (Calyptranthes bracteata, Eugenia gonglycocarpa, andMyrcia rupta) from northeastern South America are described and illustrated, and a new combination (Eugenia tetramera) is proposed. The closed-calyx and the completely or partially fused cotyledons ofMyrcia rupta, unusual features for the genus, are discussed and compared with related species inMyrcia andMarlierea.     

Production and cytogenetic analysis of intergeneric hybrids betweenElymus anthosachnoides andPsathyrostachys huashanica (Poaceae: Triticeae)

Intergeneric hybridization betweenElymus anthosachnoides (2n = 28,SSYY) andPsathyrostachys huashanica (2n = 14,NN) was performed. Three hybrid plants, obtained via embryo rescue, were intermediate between the parents in morphology and developed vigorously, but were completely sterile. The mean chromosome configuration was 19.48 I + 0.76 II per cell in the hybrids at meiotic metaphase I. This result indicates thatE. anthosachnoides andP. huashanica are distantly related and that there is little or no homoeology betweenN (P. huashanica) andS orY (E. anthosachnoides) genomes.     

Generic delimitation of Aralia (Araliaceae)

Aralia, described by Linnaeus, remains a poorly defined genus. Many satellite genera ofAralia have been proposed, and some have been accepted without critical evaluation. These genera includeCoudenbergia, Megalopanax, Parapentapanax, andPentapanax. This study examined the historical background of the establishment of these genera and their diagnostic characters. It was found that (1)Aralia s. str. is a relatively diverse genus; (2) the separation ofPentapanax andParapentapanax fromAralia is unsubstantiated; (3)Megalopanax is synonymous withCoudenbergia; and (4) the boundaries betweenAralia and bothCoudenbergia andPentapanax intergrade. It is proposed, therefore, to mergeCoudenbergia, Parapentapanax, andPentapanax withAralia, which has nomenclatural priority.Aralia is herein defined as consisting of those species in Araliaceae with pinnate leaves, articulated rachises, five to eight-merous flowers, petals imbricate in buds, and articulated pedicels. The revised generic concept requires the following new combinations or new names:Aralia castanopsisicola, A. franchetti, A. gigantea, A. laevis, A. leschenaultii, A. parasitica, A. rex, A. subcordata, A. verticillata, andA. warmingiana.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Scaphyglottis and related genera (Laeliinae: Orchidaceae) based on nrDNA ITS sequence data

Sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions 1 & 2 (nrDNA ITS) including the intervening 5.8S region were analyzed cladistically for 43 individuals of 35 species ofScaphyglottis s.l. plus two outgroup taxa. Low levels of sequence divergence do not allow estimation of relationships among most clades, but the analyses indicate that four segregate genera (Hexisea Lindl.,Reichenbachanthus Barb. Rodr.,Hexadesmia Brogn., andPlatyglottis coriacea L.O. Williams) are embedded within a broad paraphyleticScaphyglottis. This broadly definedScaphyglottis sensu Dressler is characterized within Laeliinae by the usual presence of superposed growth habit and the presence of a column foot. In order to accommodate species formerly placed inPlatyglottis andReichenbachanthus, three new combinations are made inScaphyglottis:Scaphyglottis brasiliensis (Schltr.) Dressler,S. coriacea (L. O. Williams) Dressier, andS. emarginata (Garay) Dressler.     

New Mexican species of Byttneria (Sterculiaceae), Bakeridesia (Malvaceae), and Triumfetta (Tiliaceae)

Recent collections have brought to light the following new species from the states of Tabasco and Oaxaca, Mexico:Byttneria fluvialis (Sterculiaceae) from Tabasco;Bakeridesia amoena (Malvaceae), andTriumfetta calzadae (Tiliaceae) from Oaxaca.     

Agouticarpa, a new neotropical genus of Tribe Gardenieae (Rubiaceae)

Agouticarpa, a new genus of the informalAlibertia group (Rubiaceae), is described and illustrated. It comprises six species, and occurs from Costa Rica to Bolivia. Three species are here described as new:Agouticarpa grandistipula, A. hirsuta, andA. velutina. Additionally, three new combinations are made:A. curvifolia andA. williamsii (previously inGenipa) andA. isernii (previously inAlibertia). Agouticarpa is characterized by being dioecious, having elliptic to abovate, membranaceous stipules, male flowers in a branched dichasial or thyrse-like inflorescence, a poorly developed cup-shaped calyx, pollen grains with 3–7 apertures, and large globose fruits.     

Novae Gesneriaceae Neotropicarum XII. New species of Gesneriaceae from the Guianas

Five new species of Gesneriaceae are described from the Guianas:Nautilocalyx coccineus, Paradrymonia anisophylla, andParadrymonia barbata in the tribe Episcieae, from Guyana;Napeanthus angustifolius from French Guiana andNapeanthus rupicola from Guyana in the tribe Napeantheae.     

Species-specific albumin in fossil bones from Orce, Granada, Spain

A skull fragment (VM-0) from Orce, Granada, Spain, dated palaeomagnetically at about 1.6 Myr, is thought by some palaeontologist to be hominid, while others maintain it is equid. If hominid, it would be by far the oldest evidence ofHomo in Europe. Immunological studies on residual albumin in this fossil were carried out independently, and with different immunological methods, at the University of California, San Francisco (radioimmunoassay), and at the University of Granada, Spain (enzyme immunoassay). Other fossils attributed to hominids also studied wereVM1960 from Venta Micena, andCV-1 from Cueva Victoria, Murcia, Spain. Undisputed equid and bovid fossils from the same deposits and dated to a similar period as the Orce skull were also analyzed. Our results showed that species-specific albumin can be detected in 1.6 Myr-old hominid, equid and bovid fossils. The albumin from the Orce skull fragment and fromVM-1960 was immunologically closer to human albumin. These findings support the contention that theVM-0 andVM-1960 are hominid and that members of the genusHomo occupied southern Spain 1.6 Myr ago.     

苦槛蓝叶的黄酮类成分及其荔枝霜疫霉抑制活性研究

为了解苦槛蓝(Myoporum bontioides)的化学成分,采用色谱分离法从叶中分离得到11个化合物,分别鉴定为：5,7,3’-三羟基-4’-甲氧基黄酮(1)、3,5,7,4’-四羟基-3’-甲氧基黄酮(2)、5,7,4’-三羟基-3’,5’-二甲氧基黄酮(3)、木犀草素(4)、山奈酚(5)、鼠李黄素(6)、5,7-二羟基二氢黄酮(7)、7,4’-二羟基二氢黄酮(8)、5,7,3’,4’-四羟基二氢黄酮(9)、5-O-乙酰基-3,7,3’,4’-四羟基二氢黄酮(10)和7-甲氧基香橙素(11)。除化合物4、7、11之外,其他化合物均为首次从苦槛蓝叶中分离得到。菌丝生长速率法测试表明化合物4、7～9和11对荔枝霜疫霉菌具有较好的抑菌活性。     

Two new species and two new combinations in Mesoamerican Ericaceae

Satyria ventricosa andVaccinium monteverdense from Panama and Costa Rica, respectively, are described and illustrated.Gonocalyx megabracteolatus andVaccinium talamancense are new combinations. Relationships of the new species are discussed. Keys are provided for the entire genusGonocalyx, and forSatyria in Mesoamerica.

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Resumen  Se describenSatyria ventricosa yVaccinium monteverdense de Panamá y Costa Rica, respectivamente, con sus ilustraciones. Se hace una nueva combinación deGonocalyx megabracteolatus yVaccinium talamancense. También se discuten las relaciones entre las nuevas especies. Se incluyen claves para el género completoGonocalyx y para el géneroSatyria en Mesoamérica.

     

The taxonomy of some Swartzieae (Leguminosae, subfam. Papilionoideae) from southeastern brazil

Three new species of Swartzieae are described and illustrated:Swartzia alternifoliolata, S. capixabensis, andZollernia cowanii. Swartzia apetala var.blanchetii and var.subcordata are considered to be synonyms ofS. apetala var.apetala, andS. grazielana a synonym ofS. macrostachya var.macrostachya. Keys to southeastern Brazil members ofSwartzia andZollernia are provided.     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

Three new Pteridophytes from Mexico

Two new species of ferns and a hybrid horsetail are described from Mexico:Diplazium wendtii, Polypodium microgrammoides, andEquisetum × haukeanum.     

Selective synthesis of cerebrosides: (2S, 3R, 4E)-1-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-N-(2′R and 2′S)-2′-hydroxytetracosanoyl-sphingenine

The cerebrosides were first isolated by Thudicum in 1874 and the structures were established by Carteret al. in 1950 (for review, see [2]). In 1961 Shapiro and Flowers [3] reported the first total synthesis of a cerebroside1 (Fig. 1) which was identified with the natural sample, only through comparison of their i.r. data. In order to confirm the absolute configuration at C-2 of natural cerebroside1, we describe here an unambiguous synthesis of two stereoisomeric cerebrosides1 and2, and found that the¹H-NMR spectra of the synthetic1 (Fig. 2) was completely identical with that of the natural cerebroside reported recently by Dabrowskiet al. [4].In planning the synthetic route, the target structures1 and2 were disconnected at the dotted lines to give three key synthetic intermediates3, 4 and5 or6 (Fig. 1).Abbreviations Bu butyl - Ph phenyl - t-BuPh₂SiCl t-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride - MTPA -methoxy--trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid - THF tetrahydrofuran Part 36 in the series Synthetic Studies on Cell-surface Glycans, for part 35, see [1]     

Three new species of ferns (Woodsiaceae and Polypodiaceae) from Mexico

Three new species of ferns are described from Mexico:Athyrium tripinnatum, Cystopteris millefolia, andPolypodium praetermissum.     

New taxa of heliconia (Heliconiaceae) from Ecuador

Three new species (Heliconia fredberryana H. litana, andH. lutheri) and one new subspecies (H. obscura ssp.dichroma) from Ecuador are described, illustrated, and discussed.