激光陷阱在显微生物活体研究中的应用

利用激光的力学效应设计三维的光学陷阱,在显微镜下能成功地捕获和操纵活的生物体.这种激光光钳技术可为细胞学研究提供一种新的有效的实验手段.     

不同微生物的单光束激光陷阱操纵

本文报导了分别采用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ和Ａｒ＾＋激光器与光不显微镜构成的单光束激光陷阱操纵酵母菌、青霉等不同微生物的实验观察结果,讨论了操纵条件。研究表明：用单光束高会聚激光产生的梯度力操纵微生物体,其有效作用力的大小不仅与激光功率、波长、束腰半径和光束会聚角有关,还与微生物的大小、吸收系数、菌龄及培养方法等因素有关。     

原子力显微镜对纳米生物结构的观察和操纵

原子力显微镜不仅能对纳米生物结构进行观察,而且也能对其进行操纵。对纳米生物结构的观察已深入到生物大分子结构水平。原子力显微镜对生物大分子的操纵包括从染色质中提取DNA用于基因分析、对膜蛋白的结构进行观察、对蛋白构象进行可控操纵等。这些纳米技术的应用将揭示生物系统更多的结构和功能信息。     

单分子装置：传感器、连接器、致动器

生物大分子之所以可以实现生物学功能是与其独特的力学性质息息相关的。作为纳米科技领域一个重要工具,原子力显微镜（AFM）可以对纳米尺度的生物大分子进行操纵并检测其力学性质。本文介绍了利用原子力显微镜对几类特殊蛋白以及DNA的力学性质的研究结果,发现这些生物分子具有很好的力学传感、连接和致动能力,将来有望作为单分子装置在纳米世界发挥更多功用。     

试论生物信息流与激光生物效应的相关性--激光生物效应分子机理研究

为了探索激光生物学效应的分子机理,以便更好的掌控和利用激光生物效应,用XeCl（308 nm）准分子紫外激光以相同变化的激光参量直接辐照有生物活性的生物大分子BTG DNA、BSA（v）蛋白质和糖Mannan.实验结果分析告知：电镜法观察到受辐照的三类生物大分子的表观结构、构象（含结构信息）和光谱法（IR、Vis-UV、FR、CD）分析指出生物大分子的内在结构部件的相关的特征峰的峰位、峰值都受影响,其变迁都与激光参量的变化相呼应;与三类生物大分子中分子内、分子间沟通与信息传递相关的氢键、糖苷键等的形成与否的类似或相同的结构部件（如-C-H、-N-H、-CH-OH、-C-O、-C =O等）其特征峰的变迁都更敏感于激光参量的改变.激光辐照生物体时,激光似生物信号分子通过它的能量以粒子性、电磁波相干性影响生物大分子的分子结构、构象（含结构信息）的稳定性、增加分子内、分子间相互沟通、信息传递,亦增加了结构部件的被修饰的可能性.进而影响着生物信息流的流量与流向和细胞信号转导的协同与整体表达,产生相应的生物效应.掌握获得功能生物大分子结构构象信息与使用适宜的激光参量的相关的关系值（阈值）是重要的关键.     

激光生物效应的生化分析与机理研究──激光对大豆作用的生化分析与作用机理的初步探讨

比较分析研究红宝石、Ｎ＿２、ＣＯ＿２激光对大（青）豆单独或复合辐照的作用,观察到激光软应对生物大分子的含量和生物活住的影响因激光种类和剂量不同而异,特别是不同激光效应对大（青）豆系列种子蛋白中的组份氢基酸含量的影响各具类型。尤以Ｇｌｕ,Ｍｅｔ含量变化显著而特异。     

激光拉曼光谱在蛋白质构象研究中的应用和进展

激光拉曼光谱法被公认为是研究生物大分子的结构、动力学和功能的有效方法。近年来拉曼光谱在蛋白质构象研究中的最新进展,涉及到拉曼光谱在非折叠蛋白质、蛋白质装配的特征描述,拉曼晶体学在实时监控蛋白质单晶中化学变化等方面的应用。另外,介绍了蛋白质拉曼光谱分析在生物技术中的应用现状。并对拉曼光谱技术在蛋白质等生物大分子领域中的研究前景做了进一步的展望。     

第七届全国激光生物学学术会议征文通知

由中国遗传学会主办 ,海南大学生物科学技术研究所承办的第七届全国激光生物学学术会议 ,将于 2 0 0 0年 1 1月下旬在海南省海口市举行 ,其征文内容与要求如下 :一、征文内容本届学术会议征文范畴包括 :1、激光 (光 )对生物大分子的作用与激光生物学效应的研究 ;2、激光细胞工程、激光遗传工程的研究与应用 ;3、等离子体生物工程的研究与应用 ;4、激光 (光 )生物医学、激光医疗 (含光动力疗法 )的研究、应用 ;5、诱变育种 (含空间诱变育种 )的研究 ,推广 ;6、光谱技术在生物、医学、农学中的应用研究 ;7、激光生物物理技术的研究、应用以及…     

人工操纵病毒的原子力显微镜研究

人工操纵生物大分子是目前科学研究的一个前沿领域, 我们利用改进的“分子梳”方法,首次实现了复杂的体系——一种线性噬菌体病毒的人工拉直与定向. 这种操纵是在大面积平整的固体表面实现的, 并利用原子力显微镜对拉直前后的病毒进行了观察与测量.     

XeCl（308nm）准分子紫外激光对生物大分子酵母甘露聚糖分子结构的辐照效应

激光在农业和医疗等方面已有广泛应用,并且取得增产和一定疗效,但也有费介现象(暂称后继效应或潜在效应).激光辐照生物体虽然是局部的有限时间,但对由多种生物大分子组成的牛物体的影响可能是综合的.为了探索激光生物学效应的分子机理,以便进一步认识和掌握激光的生物学效应,对激光直接辐照有生物活性的生物大分子一酵母甘露聚糖产生的效应进行电镜扫描观察和紫外及红外光谱法分析研究.实验结果表明:308 nm 激光(单脉冲25 mJ,33.3 ml-34.4 ml,脉冲频率2次/s)无论是固定辐照时间(45 s)变化样晶所置距离,或反之固定样品所置距离(290 mm)改变辐照时广开J为15 s、30 s、45 s或60 s,都能引起受照样品的结构(构象)变化,特别足糖分子结构中富含的-OH、-CH-OH、-C-O-c-、-N-C=0、-C=0等结构部件处的IR谱线对激光能最变化影响敏感.它们既是糖分子内或分子间形成氧键和糖苷键的结构基础部件,又是甘露聚糖(Man-nan)糖基化其他生物大分子进而影响它们在生物信息流中作用的重要结构部件.结果显示糖在激光牛物效应中起了不可忽视的作用,这为综合探索激光生物效应分子机理和糖在生物信息传递中的作用提供了重要线索,为选择甘露聚糖作为生物导弹载体提供了参考依据.     

光钳操纵生物活体的动态监测技术的研究

采用摄像、录像和视屏监控系统及显色偏振装置与光钳系统耦合,从空间分辨、色分辨和时间分辨多方面改善系统品质,实现了光钳捕获与操纵生物活体的动态监测、实时记录、资料保存和屏幕再现的功能,并能测量光钳操纵细胞的位移量和由此计算操纵速度,提高了光钳的自我调整和光钳操纵细胞的精细度。本研究为激光光钳技术在细胞工程等方面的应用研究提供了行之有效的技术手段。     

Differences in degree of trapping between AR-R15896 and other uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists

Summary. NMDA antagonists like AR-R15896 have been selected on the basis of their good therapeutic indices. As Dr. Rogawski has pointed out, there may be a number of molecular factors which can improve the therapeutic index of NMDA antagonists. In this paper we will consider three factors; use-dependence, low affinity/fast kinetics, and partial trapping. Received August 31, 1999 Accepted September 3, 1999     

In situ laser manipulation of root tissues in transparent soil

Plant and Soil - Laser micromanipulation such as dissection or optical trapping enables remote physical modification of the activity of tissues, cells and organelles. To date, applications of laser...     

Mitochondrial import driving forces: enhanced trapping by matrix Hsp70 stimulates translocation and reduces the membrane potential dependence of loosely folded preproteins

The mitochondrial heat shock protein Hsp70 (mtHsp70) is essential for driving translocation of preproteins into the matrix. Two models, trapping and pulling by mtHsp70, are discussed, but positive evidence for either model has not been found so far. We have analyzed a mutant mtHsp70, Ssc1-2, that shows a reduced interaction with the membrane anchor Tim44, but an enhanced trapping of preproteins. Unexpectedly, at a low inner membrane potential, ssc1-2 mitochondria imported loosely folded preproteins more efficiently than wild-type mitochondria. The import of a tightly folded preprotein, however, was not increased in ssc1-2 mitochondria. Thus, enhanced trapping by mtHsp70 stimulates the import of loosely folded preproteins and reduces the dependence on the import-driving activity of the membrane potential, directly demonstrating that trapping is one of the molecular mechanisms of mtHsp70 action.     

激光技术在医学发展中的地位

本文叙述了激光技术促进医学发展的几个方面：激光为分析细胞学提供了技术基础;激光推动现代分子生物学的发展;Ｘ激光将革新体视和显微成象技术;激光已成为解决临床治疗难题的有力武器。     

Molecular neurogenetics of chemotaxis and thermotaxis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Chemotaxis and thermotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans are based on the chemical senses (smell and taste) and the thermal sense, respectively, which are important for the life of the animal. Laser ablation experiments have allowed identification of sensory neurons and some interneurons required for these senses. Many mutants that exhibit various abnormalies have been isolated and analyzed. These studies have predicted novel signaling pathways whose components include a putative odorant specific transmembrane receptor (ODR-10) and a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (TAX-4/TAX-2) functioning in taste and thermosensation as well as in smell. The emerging picture of the mechanisms of sensory transduction in C. elegans seems to be basically similar to what is known of visual and olfactory sensory transduction in vertebrates. Thus, molecular and cellular analyses of chemotaxis and thermotaxis in C. elegans have proved useful and will continue to provide significant implications for the molecular basis of sensory systems in higher animals.     

Copper resistance mechanisms in bacteria and fungi

Abstract: Copper is both an essential micronutrient and a toxic heavy metal for most living cells. The presence of high concentrations of cupric ions in the environment promotes the selection of microorganisms possessing genetic determinants for copper resistance. Several examples of chromosomal and plasmid copper-resistance systems in bacteria have been reported, and the mechanisms of resistance have started to be understood at the molecular level. Bacterial mechanisms of copper resistance are related to reduced copper transport, enhanced effiux of cupric ions, or copper complexation by cell components. Copper tolerance in fungi has also been ascribed to diverse mechanisms involving trapping of the metal by cell-wall components, altered uptake of copper, extracellular chelation or precipitation by secreted metabolites, and intracellular complexing by metallothioneins and phytochelatins; only the metallothionein chelation mechanism has been approached with molecular detail.     

Assessing biodiversity 'sampling packages': how similar are arthropod assemblages in different tropical rainforests?

Arthropod sampling protocols have been applied to four areas of undisturbed rainforest in Australia and Borneo at sites located between 28° S and 4° N. Seven different trapping methods have been used in each case following a strictly comparable protocol applied during single wet-season surveys at each location. A number of large scale patterns across sites correlated with latitude, altitude and/or biogeographical history are evident at the ordinal level. The results are used to evaluate two key ideas in biodiversity survey. The first tests questions of the constancy of particular trap types in terms of the target animals. The second attempts to design an efficient multiple method sampling 'package' for rapid biodiversity assessment. Across all sites similar traps behaved in a similar manner in terms of the profile of arthropods that they caught although Malaise traps and pitfalls are particularly 'constant' in this regard. Subsets of both trapping methods and target taxa are identified which will maximise the opportunities for detecting between site differences.     

Mechanical force characterization in manipulating live cells with optical tweezers

Laser trapping with optical tweezers is a noninvasive manipulation technique and has received increasing attentions in biological applications. Understanding forces exerted on live cells is essential to cell biomechanical characterizations. Traditional numerical or experimental force measurement assumes live cells as ideal objects, ignoring their complicated inner structures and rough membranes. In this paper, we propose a new experimental method to calibrate the trapping and drag forces acted on live cells. Binding a micro polystyrene sphere to a live cell and moving the mixture with optical tweezers, we can obtain the drag force on the cell by subtracting the drag force on the sphere from the total drag force on the mixture, under the condition of extremely low Reynolds number. The trapping force on the cell is then obtained from the drag force when the cell is in force equilibrium state. Experiments on numerous live cells demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed force calibration approach.