微生物教学中寓教于乐的几点探索

从学生日常生活的具体事例切入, 寓教于学生感兴趣的事物和多彩的课外活动中, 应用多媒体教学, 尽可能使抽象的微生物学变得具体而有趣, 从而激发学生学习的兴趣和主动性, 提高教学效果和质量。     

微生物课程改革与职业技能鉴定衔接初探

高职院校开展职业技能鉴定,推行职业资格证书制度,是落实“科教兴国”战略方针的重要举措。推行“双证书”制度,创新人才培养模式,强化学生技能训练,使学生在获得学历证书的同时,顺利获得相应的职业资格证书,是高职教育的发展方向。本文根据职业技能鉴定工作与微生物教学改革衔接过程中的具体实践,提出了这方面工作的途径和见解。     

微生物课程改革与职业技能鉴定衔接初探

高职院校开展职业技能鉴定,推行职业资格证书制度,是落实“科教兴国”战略方针的重要举措。推行“双证书”制度,创新人才培养模式,强化学生技能训练,使学生在获得学历证书的同时,顺利获得相应的职业资格证书,是高职教育的发展方向。本文根据职业技能鉴定工作与微生物教学改革衔接过程中的具体实践,提出了这方面工作的途径和见解。     

环境微生物学综合性实验教学改革

目前环境微生物学实验教学还存在学生的实验技能锻炼少、实验与科研训练脱节、有价值的学生实验被忽视等缺点,亟需对此进行改革。本文在分析环境微生物学实验教学的现状及主要问题的基础上,提出了以科研创新项目为基础设计综合性实验,以教学实验结果转化为科研前期成果的改革思路,重点探讨了针对环境微生物学科研实训性实验教学改革的具体方向和措施,以提高学生的实验操作技能,促进学生创新能力的培养。     

思维导图在微生物学教学中的应用实践

在现行多媒体课堂教学的基础上引入思维导图,提出了地方师范院校微生物学课程教学的可视化思维新策略。本文具体实践应用了微生物学教学过程中的教学设计、导入新课、板书设计、课堂笔记、复习总结、教学评价等6个关键教学环节,指出思维导图不仅能够提高教师的教学效果,也能够提高学生的学习效率,同时也是一种能够促进学生学习积极性和主动性、激发学生的联想与创意、让学生形成系统的学习和思维习惯、实现"以学生为中心"的教学方法。     

多媒体应用于微生物学课堂教学的几点思考

将多媒体引入微生物学教学课堂对于提高教学效果具有重要的促进作用 ,这是一项系统工程 ,需要教师、学生、教材、考核制度等各方面的改革或提高。总结了多媒体课堂教学的优越性。同时 ,根据多年的具体实践 ,提出值得注意的几个问题。     

设计教学法在微生物学中的应用

设计教学法是国外教改中的新教学法 ,将这一新教学法在微生物学教学中进行应用研究 ,对研究的方法、步骤和意义进行了全面的总结 ,并举具体经过学生教学实践证明切实可行的实例加以说明。     

在“微生物学”课堂教学中立德树人

立德树人是高等教育的中心环节,思想政治工作应贯穿教育教学全过程。微生物学是一门与人类日常生活密切相关的学科。本文通过若干具体案例,介绍如何在"微生物学"课堂教学过程中立德树人。在传授微生物学专业知识的同时不断加强思想政治教育,从而提高学生的思想水平、政治觉悟、道德品质、文化素养,让学生成为德才兼备、全面发展的人才。此外,为其他自然科学类课程教学实现立德树人提供借鉴和参考。     

“因材施教”与“循序渐进”——微生物学教学中的“以人为本”教育观浅析

通过分析提出"因材施教"和"循序渐进"是"以人为本"教育观在高校人才培养过程中的具体贯彻和体现;结合微生物学教学实践,从"教"与"学"两个方面阐述了:课堂教学要以学生为中心因材施教,实施基于学生需求和认知能力的教学内容和方法;学生学习要循序渐进,发挥教师主导作用,建立实验与课堂协调促进机制,实现阶段性提高等具体措施,从而进一步阐明了全面落实"以人为本"教育观于微生物学教学的重要性和现实意义。     

高校专业基础课程“微生物学”思政案例设计

为充分挖掘微生物学课程中的思政元素,发挥专业课程在立德树人方面的重要作用,本文对微生物学课程思政的设计理念和具体案例进行介绍,构建以微生物学知识为主体,以发展历史、名人故事、励志典故、日常生活等为素材,将专业知识和思政教育融合,引导学生树立辩证思维,端正学生求真求实的科学态度,增强学生社会责任感,实现"全员育人、全程育人、全方位育人"的创新教育模式。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418