浑善达克沙地榆树疏林幼苗更新空间格局

榆树疏林广泛分布于浑善达克沙地,是适应半干旱、半湿润气候的沙地植被类型.采用Ripley的K函数统计方法,分析了浑善达克沙地固定沙丘与丘间低地封育状态下的榆树幼苗空间分布及更新格局.结果表明:两种生境下榆树幼苗密度分别为88株/hm2和77株/hm2,丘间低地更适合幼苗的生长.固定沙丘和丘间低地榆树幼苗均呈聚集分布,但丘间低地的幼苗聚集强度更高.固定沙丘上榆树幼苗与成熟树种群在小尺度上呈负关联,而丘间低地幼苗与成熟树种群呈现较显著的正关联,但二者在大尺度上均无关联性.研究对揭示浑善达克沙地榆树幼苗分布、更新空间格局及其恢复保护具有重要意义.     

疏林草原榆树种子-幼苗更新过程研究进展

榆树疏林草原曾广泛分布于我国北方农牧交错区,是科尔沁沙地、浑善达克沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地特有的原始景观,景观特征类似于热带稀树草原——萨瓦纳,乔木种类单一,草灌木植被发达,是遏制沙漠扩张的重要屏障。但目前榆树疏林的生长状况大都不良,树龄老化,自然消亡长期得不到更新,特别是种子-幼苗时期更新过程受到人为因素和自然环境的影响,使得榆树疏林生态系统处于崩溃边缘。本文基于国内主要的榆树疏林草原分布区榆树种子-幼苗更新过程研究,列举了榆树疏林种子-幼苗的分布特征以及影响其生长发育的主要因素,并且提出进行榆树种源保护、长期定位观测,开展多学科交叉研究和榆树固沙效果分析的展望,对于榆树疏林植被恢复和重建具有重要的理论价值。     

放牧方式对浑善达克沙地榆树疏林退化的影响

浑善达克沙地榆树疏林是分布于草原地带的隐域植被类型,相较周边的典型草原区,其植被更加茂密,乔灌丛生,水草丰美,千百年来一直是牧民的优质冬季牧场。近半个世纪以来,因人类的过度开垦以及不合理的放牧管理,浑善达克沙地植被遭到空前的破坏,沙丘活化,载畜能力降低,生态价值和经济价值严重受损。近年来,随着国家草畜平衡以及禁牧政策的推广落实,放牧的牲畜总量得到一定程度的遏制,然而大面积草场还在继续退化。在牧民对生产生活的基本需求下,牲畜总量不可能无限制的压制。另外,适度的放牧对草原生态系统健康是有益的。因此,如何改良放牧方式,合理利用草场,在保持生态良好的基础上合理发挥草场的畜牧价值,是我们亟待探索的问题。以浑善达克沙地的典型天然植被榆树疏林为例,对不同放牧方式下的植被进行调查,基于沙地特殊的基质和植被特征,探讨适合沙地的放牧利用方式。研究表明,在相似的放牧强度下,把沙地作为冬营地,其榆树种群更新正常,植被覆盖度以及植物种类等均能保持良好,而把沙地作为夏季营地,榆树疏林植被退化严重,具体表现为:(1)榆树种群自然更新受阻;(2)灌木群落大量死亡或消失;(3)草本覆盖度显著降低,植物种类减少,多年生草...     

濒危乔木红豆杉不同更新阶段的生境特征比较

以福建梅花山自然保护区濒危乔木红豆杉(Taxus chinensis(Pilger)Rehd.)为对象,对红豆杉的种子排放、幼苗更新、幼树更新3个更新阶段的生境特征进行研究,并比较生态位的变化,以此评价红豆杉不同更新阶段的生境需求。结果显示:随着个体发育生长,红豆杉更新生境发生了明显转变,种子排放地与幼苗生境空间一致性较高,而它们与幼树生境存在明显的空间不一致性。从生态位角度来看,种子排放地和幼苗生境重叠指数≤0.5的仅有海拔和坡度2个因子,这说明幼苗的空间格局受到鸟类传播的强烈影响,鸟类传播所排放的种子能萌发并生长成幼苗。幼苗和幼树生境重叠指数≤0.5的因子有海拔、坡向、植被类型,说明在大尺度景观因子和庇护植被层面上,植物的更新需求出现了明显的不一致。研究结果表明红豆杉的更新生境存在明显的阶段变化,可能造成植物更新出现建成限制,使幼树阶段成为更新的瓶颈阶段。     

植物天然更新过程中种子和幼苗死亡的影响因素

植物天然更新包括有种子搬运、种子库动态、种子萌发和幼苗定居等过程。从种子生产到幼苗定居的更新是植物生活史中最为敏感的阶段之一 ,多种因素的影响种子和幼苗的命运。其中包括 :( 1 )动物取食或病原体侵袭。种子在扩散和搬运过程中 ,易被小哺乳动物或无脊椎动物取食。蛀虫也可以使种子失去萌芽能力。病原体感染种子和幼苗 ,容易引起种子和幼苗的死亡。 ( 2 )异质生境的影响。在不同生境中 ,光照条件、土壤水分和化学成分等因子的组合严重影响种子和幼苗的命运。 ( 3 )干扰的影响。小尺度和大尺度的干扰都可以影响到植物更新时种子和幼苗的命运。林窗作为特殊的干扰体系 ,为不同种类植物提供了更新的机会。 ( 4 )繁殖体特征。种子大小、质量和保护色等特征影响种子和幼苗在更新过程中的生存。种子休眠期间 ,由于生理衰老和腐烂的原因使种子失去活力而不能萌发。 ( 5 )密度和距离制约。母株附近由于密度竞争的影响 ,种子和幼苗死亡率都较高。     

不同生境条件下紫茎泽兰幼苗生长动态

紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)种子属投机式萌发, 一年内只要有适合的温湿条件都可以萌发。种子萌发的高峰期主要集中在雨季, 而干旱的冬、春季节萌发率很低。未开花结实的紫茎泽兰个体可终年持续生长, 生长速率受光照、湿度和温度影响显著。秋季萌发的紫茎泽兰幼苗在冬季及干旱季节中, 各项生长指标(包括主茎长度、总叶面积、基径等)增长缓慢。在不同生境中, 紫茎泽兰平均月增长量由高到低依次为: 偏阳生境＞全荫湿润生境＞灌丛遮荫生境, 生长旺季为6–10月份的雨季。实生苗越年后通常在第一个旱季即可开花结实; 但萌发较晚以及生长发育不良的个体一般并不开花而是保持营养生长。未开花结实的越年生实生苗的生长节律与当年生实生苗相似, 但需要再经过一个生长季节甚至更长的生长发育期才能进行开花结实, 完成其生活史周期。本研究结果进一步揭示了紫茎泽兰是通过有性生殖与无性生殖相互补充的繁殖策略进行种群更新与种群扩张的。     

北京东灵山区两种生境条件下辽东栎幼苗补充与建立的比较

 北京东灵山区的人工油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林中常常混生有萌生的辽东栎（Quercus wutaishanica）种群。局部地带辽东栎与油松形成混交林,在山脊及山坡上部一些特殊生境辽东栎甚至取代油松林成为优势种。为了探讨北京东灵山区辽东栎林的天然更新机制及辽东栎幼苗在人工油松林中的天然更新,在油松人工林的林下和林缘两种生境条件下将辽东栎种子播种于2 cm深的土中,对辽东栎幼苗的补充和建立进行了对照试验。结果显示,在辽东栎结实丰年,两种生境条件下播种后辽东栎种子丢失差异并不显著,而辽东栎幼苗补充和建立方面的差异极显著。由于森林动物特别是啮齿类动物的活动对辽东栎幼苗建立的影响具有二重性：消耗种子与促进萌发,本试验特别关注辽东栎幼苗子叶丢失现象及其丢失后果。由于辽东栎种子萌根较早,在幼苗出土前其粗大的主根长达10～20 cm,并已初步形成根系,表明已有相当比例的营养物质从子叶转移到根部。因此当幼苗出土后如果仅仅只是子叶的丢失对辽东栎幼苗的成活和生长均无明显的影响。通过研究发现辽东栎幼苗期子叶丢失有3种形式：1）仅丢失子叶,幼苗其它部位未受伤害,多发生在林缘生境中,占发芽坚果的29.69%;2）整个幼苗连根被拖出地面,多发生在林下生境,占62.43%;3）在子叶与根颈的连接处主干被咬断,林缘为50.88%,显著高于林下的8.41%。但只有后两种形式才导致幼苗死亡。导致这些现象的原因是由于林缘土壤腐殖质含量低,比较干燥,土质较坚实,以及幼苗出土前坚果主根生长得较长等缘故,当幼苗遭受动物捕食时不会轻易地被拖出地面,拖走的往往仅仅是子叶。至生长季节结束,林缘样方辽东栎幼苗的成活率接近20%,茎干平均高度7.94 cm,芽数11.24·株-1,叶片平均干重为81.14 mg·株-1,且几乎全部由丢失子叶的幼苗所构成;而林下样方辽东栎幼苗的成活率不足2%,茎干平均高度4.74 cm,芽数7.52·株-1,叶片平均干重仅为42.27 mg·株-1,以未丢失子叶的幼苗为主。试验结果表明,林缘及类似林缘的环境条件更有利于辽东栎的实生更新。     

油松人工林林窗对幼苗天然更新的影响

为了阐明油松人工林间伐产生的林窗对幼苗天然更新的影响,通过典型样地调查,对不同生境的生态因子,以及1 ～ 10年生油松幼苗的年龄结构、高度、基径、针叶长及根、茎、叶生物量进行了调查,并对影响幼苗更新数量的环境因子进行通径分析.结果表明:阴坡与阳坡不同大小林窗下的生态因子存在明显差异.林下缺少3年生以上的幼苗,小林窗下缺少7年生以上的幼苗,大林窗下5、6年生幼苗较少.1 ～10年生油松幼苗可分为1～3年生、4～7年生和8 ～ 10年生3个阶段,1～3年生幼苗的存活是种群能否成功更新的关键.幼苗生长总体表现为阴坡大林窗＞阳坡大林窗＞阳坡小林窗＞阴坡小林窗＞阳坡林下＞阴坡林下.通径分析表明,光照强度对各个阶段的幼苗数量起积极的决定作用,灌木层盖度对4～7年生及8 ～ 10年生幼苗数量均起积极的决定作用,腐殖质干质量对4～7年生幼苗数量起消极作用,但对8～10年生幼苗数量起积极作用.在油松人工林经营中,应进行高强度的间伐,同时清理林下灌木,为油松种群可持续发育提供条件.     

人为干扰对浑善达克沙地榆树疏林的影响

 榆树（Ulmus pumila）疏林灌丛草原是浑善达克沙地植被演替的顶极群落。但近年来,榆树数量减少、树龄老化严重。2001～2002年,在浑善达克沙地榆树疏林集中分布地区,选取了轻度（LD）、中度（MD）和过度（HD）3个不同干扰强度的地点进行实地调查。分析了浑善达克沙地榆树数量     

浑善达克沙地榆树疏林自然保护区核心区设计的初步研究

为了保护浑善达克沙地榆树(Ulmus pumila)疏林景观,拟建立自然保护区。基于榆树疏林植被图,运用ArcGIS分析榆树疏林斑块数量、面积、破碎化程度,发现该区榆树疏林斑块大小差异较大,小斑块较多,斑块边界割裂严重,破碎化程度高,需要及时加以保护。按照景观生态学原理、生物岛屿地理学设计自然保护区原则,选择疏林斑块集中分布区,作为潜在核心区,运用ArcGIS的缓冲区分析功能,设计不同的宽度,发现斑块边界向外延伸3 km能够连接较多的斑块,而占用较少的非疏林斑块土地面积。同时调查斑块外不同距离样方与疏林斑块的群落相似度,发现1 km以内能够包含大于10%相似度的群落。由此而初步确定的核心区分布在正蓝旗23个嘎查,面积1 531 km²,约占全旗总面积的13%。     

Effects of sand burial on survival, growth, gas exchange and biomass allocation of Ulmus pumila seedlings in the Hunshandak Sandland, China

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In the last decade, the number of young plants of Ulmus pumila in the Hunshandak Sandland has decreased sharply because of severe sand burial, and their ecological protective function has been weakened. In order to develop an understanding of the tolerance of U. pumila to sand burial and to suggest reasonable measures to protect the sparse-elm-grassland ecosystem, the effects of burial on the survival, growth, photosynthesis and biomass allocation in U. pumila were studied. METHODS: Seedlings were buried at five different depths in pot experiments: no burial (control), partial burial (33 % and 67 % stem height), and complete burial (100 % and 133 % stem height). Growth analyses and measurements of photosynthesis were carried after the plants had been uncovered. KEY RESULTS: All the plants survived partial burial, but about 30 % and 80 % of the seedlings died as a result of the 100 % and 133 % sand burial treatments, respectively. The numbers of newly produced leaves and branches, and the height of the stems of the seedlings in the 33 % and 67 % burial treatments during the period of the experiment were significantly greater than those in the control. Furthermore, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency were also elevated by the partial burial, but not affected by burial time. This might be attributed to the increased root length, which improved water acquisition. The biomass and biomass allocation of the seedlings were significantly changed by the burial treatments and burial times. The biomass was enhanced by partial burial but was reduced by complete burial at each burial time. However, the biomass allocation was not significantly changed by the 33 % and 67 % sand burial treatments 2 or 4 weeks following the burial. CONCLUSIONS: Ulmus pumila was shown to be tolerant to partial sand burial, but must be protected from complete burial.     

Leaf osmotic potentials of 104 plant species in relation to habitats and plant functional types in Hunshandak Sandland,Inner Mongolia,China

Leaf osmotic potentials ( _s) of 104 plant species from different habitats, i.e., fixed sand dunes, lowland and wetlands in Hunshandak Sandland, Inner Mongolia, China, were investigated. The values of _s were strongly species-specific, and varied from –6.54 MPa ( Caragana microphylla), to –0.44 MPa ( Digitaria ischaemum); 75% of plants investigated had _s from –1.01 to –3.0 MPa. Shrubs were found to have the lowest _s, with an average value of –3.19 MPa, while grasses showed the highest _s. The order of plant _s is shrubs<trees<grasses. The result may relate to anatomical features of shrubs. C₄ photosynthetic pathway plants showed lower _s values. The _s values of 104 species were negatively correlated with their rooting depths ( r ²=0.42; P <0.001). High hydraulic pressure resulting from the deep roots may well explain this trend. The value of _s increased as the environment became wetter, ranging from –0.79 MPa in wetlands to –2.09 MPa in fixed sand dunes. Although soil salt content was higher in wetlands, we did not find any effect on _s.An erratum to this article can be found at     

浑善达克沙地三种生境中不同植物的水分生理生态特征

对浑善达克沙地固定沙丘、丘间低地和湿地 3种生境中 83种植物的叶片渗透势 (Ψs)和含水量 (L WC)进行了对比研究 ,结果表明 :各生境下植物Ψs之间差异显著 (P<0 .0 1 )。固定沙丘的小叶锦鸡儿 (Caragana microphylla)Ψs最低 ,为 - 6 .5 4 MPa;湿地的湿车前 (Plantago cornuti)最高 ,为 - 0 .6 3MPa。 4 3%的植物 Ψs变化于 - 1 .0 0至 - 1 .99MPa之间 ,33%的植物变化范围为 - 2 .0 0至 - 2 .99MPa。 L WC变化也很大 ,小叶锦鸡儿最低 ,为 2 6 % ;而碱蓬 (Suaeda glauca)和钝叶瓦松 (Orostachysmalacophyllus)的则很高 ,分别为 98%和 97%。统计表明 ,85 %植物 L WC变化于 6 0 %至 89%之间。就生活型而言 ,灌木 Ψs最低 ,乔木次之 ,草本植物最高。在不同生境中 ,植物Ψs随生境土壤水势 (Ψsoil)升高而增加 ,其中乔木和灌木Ψs变化趋势为 :固定沙丘 <丘间低地 (P<0 .0 1 ) ;草本植物为 :固定沙丘 <丘间低地 <湿地 (P<0 .0 1 )。叶片含水量随生活型及生境的变化与渗透势相似。植物叶片渗透势与根系分布深度呈极显著负相关 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,而叶片渗透势与含水量呈显著正相关 (P<0 .0 1 )。     

Biomass carbon storage and net primary production in different habitats of Hunshandake Sandland, China

Terrestrial ecosystems are playing important roles in global carbon cycling. However, the information is still limited with regard to the semi-arid sandland or desert area, compared with the thorough studies on forest and grassland. We here estimated the biomass carbon storage, net primary production (NPP) and rain use efficiency (RUE) of Hunshandake Sandland, a semi-arid sandy region in Inner Mongolia covered with vegetation of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) sparse forest grassland. Five main habitats, i.e. fixed dunes, semi-fixed dunes, shifting dunes, lowland, and wetland, were compared to analyze the patterns of carbon storage and NPP distribution. The average biomass (9.19 Mg C ha^?1) and NPP (4.79 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1) of the sparse forest grassland were respectively 82% and 54% higher than the mean level of the surrounding temperate grassland. Governed by the same climate, sparse forest grassland ecosystem had RUE almost twice that of surrounding grassland. The ratio of below to aboveground biomass was 3.5: 1 in the sandland, indicating that most of the vegetational carbon was stored in belowground pool. Although trees were functionally critical in maintaining the integrity of sparse forest grassland, they accounted for only 10.6% and 1.2% of the biomass and NPP, respectively. The sparse forest grassland in Hunshandake Sandland should be recognized as a temperate savanna ecosystem which is distinctively different from typical temperate grassland in the same region as evidenced by the higher NPP and vegetation carbon storage. Well designed management and restoration efforts can potentially sustain ecosystem services in both forage production and carbon sequestration.     

Biomass carbon storage and net primary production in different habitats of Hunshandake Sandland, China

Terrestrial ecosystems are playing important roles in global carbon cycling. However, the information is still limited with regard to the semi-arid sandland or desert area, compared with the thorough studies on forest and grassland. We here estimated the biomass carbon storage, net primary production (NPP) and rain use efficiency (RUE) of Hunshandake Sandland, a semi-arid sandy region in Inner Mongolia covered with vegetation of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) sparse forest grassland. Five main habitats, i.e. fixed dunes, semi-fixed dunes, shifting dunes, lowland, and wetland, were compared to analyze the patterns of carbon storage and NPP distribution. The average biomass (9.19 Mg C ha^?1) and NPP (4.79 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1) of the sparse forest grassland were respectively 82% and 54% higher than the mean level of the surrounding temperate grassland. Governed by the same climate, sparse forest grassland ecosystem had RUE almost twice that of surrounding grassland. The ratio of below to aboveground biomass was 3.5: 1 in the sandland, indicating that most of the vegetational carbon was stored in belowground pool. Although trees were functionally critical in maintaining the integrity of sparse forest grassland, they accounted for only 10.6% and 1.2% of the biomass and NPP, respectively. The sparse forest grassland in Hunshandake Sandland should be recognized as a temperate savanna ecosystem which is distinctively different from typical temperate grassland in the same region as evidenced by the higher NPP and vegetation carbon storage. Well designed management and restoration efforts can potentially sustain ecosystem services in both forage production and carbon sequestration.     

浑善达克退化沙地草地生态恢复试验研究

选择草地退化十分严重的浑善达克沙地腹地开展恢复生态学研究 ,试图寻求沙地草地生态恢复的新途径。采取“以地养地”模式 ,在小范围的土地上 ,建立高产饲草基地 ,使牲畜的压力逐步向高效地集中 ,同时改变畜群结构 ,解决当地牧民生活出路 ;而大面积的退化草地 ,主要借助自然力恢复。结果表明 ,自然力在浑善达克沙地退化生态系统恢复中起到巨大的作用 ,群落生物量、平均高度和总盖度 2年后均随恢复时间增加而增加 ( P<0 .0 5 )。流动沙丘的裸沙 ,经 2 a自然恢复后 ,生物量达 1 0 1 2 g/m,总盖度高达 60 %。与对照相比 ,封育 2 a后固定沙地群落盖度增加近 3倍 ;滩地群落生物量提高了 9倍 ,平均高度增加 4倍。植被组成方面 ,恢复前固定沙地以冷蒿 ( Artemisia frigida)、糙隐子草 ( Cleistogens squarrosa)和寸草苔 ( Carexduriuscula)等为主 ,恢复 2 a后冰草 ( Agropyron cristatum)、褐沙蒿 ( Artemisia intramongolica)等占优势 ;滩地植被中 ,羊草 ( L eymus chinensis)、披碱草 ( Elymus dahuricus)等逐步取代了灰绿藜 ( Chenopodiumglaucum)和尖头叶藜 ( Chenopodium acuminatum)等。生态恢复不仅使自然生态系统得以保护 ,而且带动了社会经济的发展 ,项目中的正蓝旗巴音胡舒嘎查牧民 ,在实验示范前后     

浑善达克退化沙地恢复演替18年中植物群落动态变化

探讨了浑善达克退化沙地草地围封后流动沙丘的稳定程度 ,以及相应的群落特征随恢复进程的变化规律。采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法 ,从物种丰富度、生活型及功能型多样性等方面探讨了围封 18a(1985～ 2 0 0 3年 )过程中草地自然恢复演替进程。在这一过程中 ,物种多样性、丰富度和生物量随恢复演替先增加而后基本稳定或略有降低 ,呈抛物线型的变化趋势 (P<0 .0 0 1)。依群落特征变化 ,大致可将退化沙地恢复过程分为 3个阶段 :(1)流动沙丘向半固定沙丘转变的过程。在围封的前 2 a内 ,群落盖度增加 6倍 ,物种丰富度增加了 1倍 ,而物种多样性增加较缓慢 ;(2 )半固定沙丘向固定沙丘演替的过程。围封后 3～5 a内 ,尽管群落盖度只增加了约 2 0 % ,但物种丰富度和多样性显著增加 ,植物种类在 3a期间增加了 15种 ,是沙地恢复演替的关键时期 ;(3)固定沙丘稳定阶段。围封第 6 a后 ,群落总盖度、生物多样性、物种丰富度保持不变或略呈下降趋势。在恢复演替中 ,C4 植物在初期起先锋作用 ;而 C3植物在后期对群落稳定起重要作用 ;豆科植物尽管在群落中所占的比重较小 ,但可能对改善沙丘土壤养分方面起重要作用。从生活型多样性来看 ,1年生植物在恢复演替早期阶段对沙丘稳固起重要作用 ;而中后期群落则以多年生植物为     

The Role of Soil Seed Banks in Natural Restoration of the Degraded Hunshandak Sandlands, Northern China

The density of seeds in soil seed banks and the species composition of both seed banks and aboveground vegetation were examined in naturally restored sites (NRS) and aerially seeded sites (ASS) in the Hunshandak sandlands of northern China. Five sites were naturally restored 1, 2, 4, 8, and 15 years ago and four sites were aerially seeded 1, 2, 5, and 7 years ago. In total, 36 species were recorded in the seed bank and 41 species in the aboveground vegetation for all NRS, whereas the numbers were 17 and 19, respectively, for ASS, indicating that the NRS can support higher diversity of species than the ASS. During the initial 2 years of restoration, introduced alien shrubs by aerial seeding dominated the vegetation of ASS, although there were indigenous pioneer species in the seed bank which failed to establish in the community. In contrast, indigenous species were dominant components in both the seed bank and the vegetation at the NRS. These findings suggest that the establishment of introduced species might have restricted the germination of certain indigenous pioneer species. Seed bank density of NRS significantly increased with time from 459 ± 76 seeds m⁻² at NRS2 to 3,351 ± 694 seeds m⁻² at NRS15, showing that the seed bank in degraded grassland is large enough to allow natural restoration. It is not always necessary to actively introduce seeds to enhance vegetation diversity.