一株耐酸微藻的分离鉴定及其对锰离子胁迫的生理响应

[目的]探讨在酸性含锰极端水环境中油球藻的生长特性及其对环境pH和Mn2+的影响.[方法]从某硫铁矿山的酸性废水库中分离获得纯化藻株,通过形态观察及18S rRNA基因测序对其进行鉴定,并着重考察了不同pH和典型金属离子Mn2+浓度对其生长特性的影响,并通过测定藻生物量、光合色素、丙二醛(malondialdehyde...     

Laboratory Scale Bioremediation of Acid Mine Water Drainage from a Disused Tin Mine

Real acidic mine-water drainage was seeded with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans to catalyse the removal of iron contained therein. The addition of At. ferrooxidans increased metal precipitation kinetics and decreased the water iron content by ~70%. Supplementing non-sterile mine water with a bacterial growth medium accelerated metal removal by indigenous micro-organisms both at the 500 ml shake-flask and 5 l bioreactor scale.     

一株台湾红酵母(Rhodotorula taiwanensis)的鉴定及其除Mn(Ⅱ)性能研究

【目的】探究一株红酵母对Mn(Ⅱ)的去除效率及其作用机制。【方法】从酸性矿山废水中分离出一株耐酸酵母菌,通过形态和26S rRNA基因测序对菌种进行鉴定,研究不同pH和Mn(Ⅱ)浓度对该菌除Mn(Ⅱ)效果的影响。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析和X射线光电子能谱仪进行产物表征。【结果】分离得到的酵母菌经鉴定为台湾红酵母(Rhodotorula taiwanensis),其在pH 2.0、2 000 mg/L Mn(Ⅱ)条件下仍能生长较好。在初始pH 6.0、Mn(Ⅱ) 300 mg/L条件下培养144 h后,对Mn(Ⅱ)的去除率能达到98.52%;然而较高浓度的Mn(Ⅱ) (≥500 mg/L)会对细胞产生毒性,从而降低去除效果。R. taiwanensis MF4在去除Mn(Ⅱ)的过程中可以将Mn(Ⅱ)氧化成锰氧化物(主要为无定型的MnO₂、Mn₂O₃、MnO),形成层状物质在细胞表面积累,而且能产生碱度,提升环境pH值,最高可达8.4 [初始pH 7.0,Mn(II) 100 mg/L,144 h]。【结论】R. taiwanensis MF4具有耐受低pH和高浓度Mn(II)、有效去除Mn(II)以及产碱的作用,研究结果对酸性矿山废水修复与治理的末端工艺设计具有参考价值。     

Interaction of dietary calcium,manganese, and manganese source (Mn oxide or Mn methionine complex) on chick performance and manganese utilization

Two trials were conducted to determine the utilization of manganese (Mn) as influenced by the level and source of Mn and the level of dietary calcium (Ca) in broiler chickens. Trial One was a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of two Mn sources (Mn methionine or manganous oxide), two levels of dietary Ca (1.8 or 1.0), and three levels of supplemental Mn (30, 60, or 200 mg/kg) fed until 4 wk of age. Total phosphorus (available phosphorus) levels were 0.70% (0.48%) during all ages. High levels of dietary Ca caused a slower early rate of growth (0.53 vs. 0.64 kg) for chicks fed 1.8 vs 1.0% Ca, respectively. Chick weight was equivalent for all diets within the Ca-treatment group, except the dietary combination of high Ca and 200 mg/kg Mn as Mn methionine. Bone and liver Mn were significantly increased as the Mn level increased, but were not affected by the Mn source. Chicks fed 1.8% Ca had higher levels of bone Mn (9.28 ppm) than chicks fed 1.0% Ca (7.23 ppm). High levels of dietary Ca and 200 ppm Mn methionine dramatically depressed early growth, feed intake, and bone ash in this trial, raising the question of a diet x environment (heat-stress) effect. Trial Two was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of two levels of dietary Ca (1.8 or 1.0%) and two Mn sources (200 mg/kg Mn as Mn methionine or MnO) up to 3 wk of age in a controlled heat-stress environment. No growth depression in the chicks fed high levels of Ca and Mn methionine was observed. In the presence of high levels of dietary Ca, bone Mn was significantly higher when chicks were fed the MnO source. In summary, dietary Ca did not decrease Mn utilization in these trials, and availability of Mn in Mn methionine as a source compared to MnO depended on dietary Ca levels.     

Screening, identification and kinetic characterization of a bacterium for Mn(II) uptake and oxidation

Following sample collection and screening at a number of Mn-associated mine sites in Northern Australia, a microbial strain was selected for its enhanced rate of Mn uptake. The strain was identified by phylogenetic analysis as a Rhizobium sp. Kinetic studies of Mn(II) uptake and oxidation by this strain in glucose-based media established that the uptake of Mn(II) was much greater than the conversion of Mn(II) to Mn oxide. Chemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the production of significant amounts of polysaccharides by this strain. These polysaccharides may play a role both in enhancing Mn(II) accumulation and in minimizing Mn oxide production.     

A sulfate-reducing bacterium with unusual growing capacity in moderately acidic conditions

The use of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is a cost-effective route to treat sulfate- contaminated waters and precipitate metals. The isolation and characterization of a SRB strain from an AMD in a Brazilian tropical region site was carried out. With a moderately acidic pH (5.5), the C.1 strain began its growth and with continued growth, modified the pH accordingly. The strain under these conditions reduced sulfate at the same rate as an experiment performed using an initial pH of 7.0. The dsrB gene-based molecular approach was used for the characterization of this strain and its phylogenetic affiliation was similar to genus Desulfovibrio sp. The results show an SRB isolate with unexpected sulfate reducing capacity in moderately acidic conditions, bringing new possibilities for the treatment of AMD, as acid water would be neutralized to a mildly acidic condition.     

锰胁迫对盐肤木种子萌发、幼苗生长及理化特性的影响

为揭示植物适应锰胁迫的生理机制,通过在不同Mn²⁺浓度(0、1、5、10、15、20 mmol/L)下开展盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)种子萌发以及幼苗生长实验,检测锰胁迫处理7、15、30 d后幼苗生理生化特性的变化。结果表明:(1)随着Mn²⁺浓度的升高,盐肤木种子发芽率变化不显著,在80.0%-81.6%之间,发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数则呈先升后降的趋势;其幼苗生物量也呈现先升后降的趋势;(2)随着Mn²⁺浓度的升高与胁迫时间的延长,盐肤木幼苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,类胡萝卜素含量呈现下降的趋势;(3)胁迫7 d时,随着Mn²⁺浓度的升高,盐肤木幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著上升;胁迫15、30 d时,高Mn²⁺浓度(15-20 mmol/L)下POD、CAT活性则均降低;(4)胁迫7 d时,随着Mn²⁺浓度的升高,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量升高;胁迫15、30 d时,在Mn²⁺浓度为20 mmol/L时可溶性蛋白与游离脯氨酸含量显著降低;(5)随着Mn²⁺浓度的升高与胁迫时间的延长,丙二醛(MDA)含量均升高。研究说明盐肤木具有较强的耐受锰胁迫能力,它可通过增强抗氧化酶活性、积累渗透调节物质含量来应对锰胁迫。     

Effects of manganese on chlorophyll fluorescence in epiphytic cyano- and chlorolichens

Incubation with 10 mM MnCl₂ for 1 h decreased the effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem 2 in the bipartite chlorolichen Hypogymnia physodes as well as in the bipartite cyanolichens Leptogium saturninum and Nephroma helveticum, but not in the tripartite lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. Among the bipartite species, Mn sensitivity increased in the order H. physodes < N. helveticum < L. saturninum. This equals the sequence heteromerous chlorolichen < heteromerous cyanolichen < homoiomerous (gelatinous) cyanolichen. MnCl₂ reduced non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the bipartite cyanolichens and in H. physodes; in the latter, however, this decrease was limited to light intensities above the adapted growth light intensity. Photochemical quenching was increased in H. physodes, but reduced in the bipartite cyanolichens. The results indicate that the bipartite cyanolichens L. saturninum and N. helveticum are even more sensitive to high Mn concentrations than the chlorolichen H. physodes, the low Mn tolerance of which has been already demonstrated. This agrees with results of field studies from western North America, where conifer bark under cyanolichens (including L. saturninum and N. helveticum) was found to contain less Mn than bark which only supported chlorolichens. The high sensitivity of the bipartite cyanolichens probably results from high sensitivity of the Nostoc photobiont. The high Mn tolerance of L. pulmonaria is probably not due to its being a tripartite lichen, but might be caused by high tolerance of the green-algal primary photobiont Dictyochloropsis, which is, however, not experimentally proven. The high Mn tolerance of the highly SO₂-sensitive L. pulmonaria shows that different mechanisms are responsible for Mn and SO₂ toxicity in lichens.     

Bioaccumulation of manganese in selected tissues of the freshwater crab,Potamonautes warreni (Calman), from industrial and mine-polluted freshwater ecosystems

Manganese concentrations in water and sediments of the Bronkhorstspruit River, Nooitgedacht Dam and especially in the Natalspruit River, did not fall within stated limits for the protection of aquatic life. Tissue manganese concentrations in Potamonautes warreni from the Natalspruit River were generally higher than those in the tissues of crabs from the other two aquatic ecosystems. The highest mean manganese tissue concentration in crabs from the three systems was detected in the carapace (587± 445 µg g^-1 wet weight). It appears that the carapace in these animals acts as a sink in which manganese can be deposited, thus also playing an important role in the detoxification of manganese in these crustaceans. No seasonal or sex-related variation was detected. Body size of the crabs, however, seems to be an important influencing factor in manganese bioaccumulation. A significant increase in carapace manganese concentrations was detected with an increase in body size. However, muscle manganese concentrations were higher in the smaller groups.The concentration factors (BF) calculated for the different tissues with respect to the water were highest in the carapace and ranged from 280.9 to 742.8. The BF with respect to the sediment was comparatively low for all the tissues (0.1 to 0.7). As the manganese concentration in the tissues reflects to some extent the degree of manganese contamination of the surrounding aquatic environment, it appears that P. warreni may be useful as a potential biomonitor of manganese pollution.     

Endogenous inhibitors and seasonal changes in abscisic acid in Dioscorea floribunda Mart. & Gal.

In the tubers of medicinal yam (Dioscorea floribunda Mart. & Gal.) abscisic acid (ABA) content was high in all the parts during the dormant condition in the winter, but it decreased to a very low level in the actively growing plants. ABA content of the entire tuber was negatively correlated with temperature and photoperiod. Growth inhibitors including batatasin-I and phthalic acid were identified in the dormant tuber.CIMAP Communication No. 673.     

Bacteria and Archaea in acidic environments and a key to morphological identification

Natural and anthropogenic acidic environments are dominated by bacteria and Archaea. As many as 86 genera or species have been identified or isolated from pH <4.5 environments. This paper reviews the worldwide literature and provide tables of morphological characteristics, habitat information and a key for light microscope identification for the non-microbiologist.     

Growth and nutrition of small Betula pendula plants at different relative addition rates of iron,manganese and zinc

In order to investigate the dependence of growth rate upon plant concentrations of iron, manganese and zinc, Betula pendula seedlings were cultivated in a hydroponic system. In three different experiments, all essential nutrient elements except iron, manganese or zinc, were titrated in non-growth limiting amounts at low external concentrations. The solution was continuously recirculated and sprayed on the roots. The micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn) were added as addition rates, R_A (day^-1), relative to the calculated internal amount in the plants. No chelates were added to the culture solution.At steady-state nutrition, plant relative growth rate showed a linear dependence upon the internal concentration of the limiting micronutrient. These data do not support the Steenbjerg effect where negative correlations between growth and plant nutrient concentrations have been reported. Steady-state nutrition was associated with very different growth responses to the different limiting nutrients.     

Effects of silicon supply on apoplastic manganese concentrations in leaves and their relation to manganese tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

The effects of silicon (Si) supply on manganese (Mn) toxicity symptoms and Mn and Si concentrations in the leaf apoplast in a Mn-sensitive cowpea cultivar (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. TVu 91) were investigated in solution culture experiments. When 1.44 mM Si was supplied concurrently with 50 M Mn, the Mn toxicity symptoms were clearly avoided without decreasing the total Mn concentration. On the other hand, the symptoms were not completely alleviated when the plants were pretreated with 1.44 mM Si and then exposed to 50 M Mn without concurrent Si supply. Plants of both of these treatments exhibited lower Mn concentrations in the apoplastic washing fluids but higher amounts of adsorbed Mn on the cell walls than the plants treated with 50 M Mn without Si supply. However, the difference in Mn concentration between plants with continuous and interrupted Si supply was not significant. Moreover, the Mn concentration in the apoplastic washing fluids of the plants with continuous supply of 1.44 mM Si and 50 M Mn and not showing Mn toxicity symptoms was higher than that of the plants grown at 10 M Mn without Si supply which showed distinct Mn toxicity symptoms. These results show that Si supply alleviates Mn toxicity not only by decreasing the concentration of soluble apoplastic Mn through the enhanced adsorption of Mn on the cell walls. A role of the soluble Si in the apoplast in the detoxicification of apoplastic Mn is indicated.     

Bacteria of the sulfur cycle in the sediments of gold mine tailings,Kuznetsk Basin,Russia

The number and diversity of culturable microorganisms involved in sulfur oxidation and sulfate reduction were investigated in the oxidized sediments of gold mine tailings, Kuznetsk Basin, Russia. The sediments had a low pH (2.4–2.8), high SO ₄ ^2? content (up to 22 g/l), and high concentrations of dissolved metals. The arsenic content was as high as 1.9 g/l. Bacterial phylogeny in microcosms was investigated by amplification of 16S rRNA gene fragments with subsequent denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Spore-forming bacteria Desulfosporosinus were the only bacteria revealed for which the capacity for dissimilatory sulfate reduction is known. Strain Desulfosporosinus sp. DB was obtained in pure culture, and it was phylogenetically remote from other cultured and uncultured members of the genus. No sulfate-reducing members of the Deltaproteobacteria were detected. The Firmicutes members were the most numerous phylotypes in the microcosms, including a separate cluster with the similarity to Pelotomaculum not exceeding 94%. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and A. caldus were found in anaerobic and microaerophilic microcosms. The number of sulfate reducers did not exceed 9.5 × 10² cells/ml.     

The microdistribution of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in myriophyllum beds in Pennington Creek,Johnston County,Oklahoma

I studied the population densities and the microdistributions of the four most abundant mayfly (Ephemeroptera) nymphs in Myriophyllum heterophyllum beds in Pennington Creek, Johnston County, Oklahoma, from May to December, 1977. The section of the stream studied has relatively constant flow rates and temperatures throughout the year due to continuous inflow from groundwater. This uniform physical environment allows the plant beds to grow throughout the year and provide a permanent habitat. The four mayflies are Tricorythodes fictus (Tricorythidae), Caenis delicata (Caenidae), Baetis favistriga and B. quilleri (Baetidae). All four species are of similar size and feed by scraping periphyton from the surface of the Myriophyllum. T. fictus and the two species of Baetis have overlapping microdistributions in the leafy, upper one-half of the plant bed. T. fictus and C. delicata have overlapping microdistributions in the lower portion of the plant bed and roots. Each species has similar population densities where their distributions overlap. There is no significant selection for position with respect to current flow in the Myriophyllum for any of the species. Food and space are always abundant, especially in the top one-half of the Myriophyllum. There are no major changes in these trends over the year.     

A 10-year study of changes in forest vegetation on Silhouette island, Seychelles

A 10 year study of forest communities on Silhouette island, Seychelles demonstrates stability of forest composition in most areas over this time-scale. Areas with heavy invasion by alien species were found to be regenerating, particularly with the rapid loss of Clidemia hirta. This is attributed to the abundance of well-adapted native plants allowing competitive exclusion to take place, throughout competition for light. It was noted that invasive plant species tend to be unstable on the rocky slopes covered by native high forest. A high rate of tree fall and limited seed dispersal may reduce the impact of the invasive tree Paraserianthes falcataria in the future. Other species such as Cinnamomum verum and Psidium cattleianum may persist as major invaders due to wider seed dispersal.     

Chemical,physical and biological changes associated with chara succession in farm ponds

Four farm ponds in various stages of Chara vulgaris succession -from the initial invasion of the alga to its nearly complete replacement-were followed each week from ice cover to ice cover. Chemical, physical, and biological parameters were analyzed in order to determine differences between ponds and to discover the biological and physicochemical factors associated with succession in Chara vulgaris ponds. The data were analyzed statistically by intraclass (single factor) analysis of variance, the Student's t-test, and stepwise multiple regression analysis.The initial invasion of C. vulgaris appeared to be preceded by a lowering of the nutrient levels of the pond by Zygnematales growth and by the substrate-stabilizing growth of Rhizoclonium sp. Chara-dominated ponds had significantly lower free CO₂, bicarbonate alkalinity, and total hardness readings. Carbonate alkalinity, low phytoplankton productivity, high dissolved O₂, low phosphate, and high Secchi disk readings were also characteristic of ponds in which C. vulgaris was dominant.In ponds where C. vulgaris appeared in the process of being replaced, the physicochemical factors were more closely associated with phytoplankton productivity and diversity and less closely with submerged vegetation species.Succession from C. vulgaris domination to a Najas-Potamogeton community appeared to involve shading of the former by the latter and was accelerated by the smothering effect of decaying debris caused by Gloeotrichia sp.In the final stages of succession, turbid conditions resulting from the lack of substrate-stabilizing vegetation and increased phytoplankton growth appear to have discouraged C. vulgaris growth early in the season.     

Differential responses of soybean genotypes to excess manganese in an acid soil

To determine the tolerance of soybean genotypes to Mn toxicity, a green house study was conducted. Hayesville sandy loam (clayey, oxidic, mesic, Typic Hapludult), high in manganese, was used for the experiment. The experimental design was split-plot with three replications. Forty-one different soybean genotypes were planted in pots at two different pH levels: 5.2 (original soil pH) and 6.4 (amended with lime). Soybean genotypes were allowed to grow to the dry pod stage.Soil pH levels affected the soybean genotypes yields significantly (p < 0.01). Tolerant genotypes showed a higher or similar seed yield at pH 5.2 compared to pH 6.4. Sensitive genotype yields were lower at pH 5.2 than at pH 6.4. In general, Mn in leaves was higher at pH 5.2 than at pH 6.4. Some of the sensitive genotypes at pH 5.2. showed severe chlorosis and crinkle leaf symptoms as a result of Mn toxicity. Excess available Mn at pH 5.2. induced Ca deficiency. Soybean genotypes PI423758, PI417440, Aoda, Kingston, Rokusum and some others were tolerant to Mn toxicity, whereas PI417288, Verde, Wilson 5, Sango, Funk Delicious and some others were sensitive to Mn toxicity. The genotypes found to be tolerant can be recommended to plant breeders for development of Mn-tolerant cultivars.     

Comparative in situ study of the intestinal absorption of aluminum, manganese, nickel, and lead in rats

This comparative study of the intestinal absorption of four toxic metals (aluminum, manganese, nickel, and lead) carried out in rats using the in situ intestinal perfusion technique was able to measure the partition of each metal between the intestine (intestinal retention), the blood circulation, and target tissues after 1 h. The perfused metal solutions were at concentrations likely to occur during oral intoxication. It was found that aluminum (48 and 64 mM), even as a citrate complex, crossed the brush border with difficulty (0.4% of the perfused amount); about 60% of this was retained in the intestine and the remainder was found in target tissues (about 36%). Conversely, lead (4.8–48 μM) penetrated the intestine more easily (about 35% of the perfused amount), was slightly retained (about 12% of the input), and was soon found in the tissues (about 58% of the input) and to a lesser degree in circulation (about 29%). Within the same concentration range, nickel and manganese showed certain similarities, such as a reduced crossing of the brush border proportional to the increase in the concentration perfused (0.17–9.5 mM). There was similar intestinal retention and absorption (about 80% and 20% of the input, respectively). Manganese crossed the brush border more easily and was diffused more rapidly into tissues. Finally, the addition of equimolar amounts of iron (4.7 mM) produced opposite effects on the absorption of the two elements, inhibiting manganese and showing a trend to increase in nickel absorption. This could be the result of competition between Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ for the same transcellular transporters and the slight predominance of paracellular mechanism in the event of “Fe²⁺-Ni²⁺” association.     

Invasive filamentous fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients after recovery from neutropenia: Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic characteristics

Invasive filamentous fungal infection (IFFI) is an important cause of mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We reviewed 22 consecutive cases of IFFI in allogeneic HSCT recipients at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. IFFI was diagnosed after neutrophil recovery in 21 patients (95%). All had received corticosteroids within 1 month prior to IFFI diagnosis. Fourteen (64%) presented with dyspnea, and only 7 (32%) were febrile. Aspergillus species were isolated in 18 (82%) cases. Thirty day mortality after IFFI diagnosis was associated with a higher mean daily dose of corticosteroids (P = 0.02) and receiving OKT3 (P = 0.01) within 1 month prior to IFFI diagnosis and serum creatinine >2 mg/dl at the time of diagnosis (P = 0.004). Histopathologic material from biopsy or autopsy was available in 15 patients (68%). In 8 (53%), the predominant lung histopathology was an acellular coagulative necrosis and hyphal angioinvasion was observed in some of these cases. These findings have generally been observed in neutropenic patients but not in non-neutropenic HSCT recipients. The predominance of coagulative necrosis in our series may reflect the high doses of corticosteroids used to treat graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which may have disabled leukocyte trafficking and hyphal killing.