大型沉水植物苦草的光谱特征识别

地物特征与其光谱特征的关系是解译遥感影像的关键.利用地物光谱仪在实验室和上海“梦清园”人工湿地中,分别实测了不同盖度沉水植物苦草的反射光谱特征.结果表明随着苦草盖度的增加,其光谱反射率也相应增加,不同盖度苦草的光谱反射率差异主要表现在500～650 nm和700～900 nm 波段范围.受水体环境影响,实验室模拟试验与室外控制试验测得的苦草光谱反射率差异主要表现在近红外波段（700～900 nm）.分别将苦草的不同盖度与其在QuickBird多光谱遥感影像4个波段与盖度相关性最大波段处的光谱反射率进行回归分析,得到了较好的线性关系.应用回归分析得到的线性方程,可以根据测定的光谱反射率定量反演水体中的苦草盖度.研究结果可为监测沉水植物的高光谱遥感影像判读和解译分类提供技术支撑,为大尺度遥感监测沉水植物的分布和动态变化提供科学依据.     

青海祁连瑞香狼毒的光谱差异特征提取

瑞香狼毒是分布在青海省高寒草甸的主要毒害草之一,近年来其迅速蔓延对当地畜牧业危害严重并使草地生态系统日趋退化.在海北州祁连县选取狼毒分布的典型退化草甸,采用2012—2014年狼毒盛花期获取的实测光谱数据,分析狼毒与牧草的光谱差异性.结果表明： 在350~900 nm的可见光 近红外波段,狼毒顶花的光谱反射特征明显异于狼毒叶片和同期牧草等绿色背景,顶花与绿色背景的光谱反射率差异主要体现在红谷和蓝谷.随着盖度的增加,狼毒群落光谱反射率整体升高,在近红外反射峰处狼毒群落与牧草群落光谱反射率具有最大差值,且不同盖度狼毒群落之间的差异性最明显.顶花与绿色背景以及狼毒群落与牧草群落的一阶导数光谱差异均体现在黄边幅值和蓝边幅值.狼毒群落盖度与光谱特征参量的线性回归分析表明,红谷与狼毒群落盖度的相关性最好(R²=0.94),反演狼毒群落盖度的精度最高.盛花期区分狼毒与牧草的主要光谱特征参量为红谷、蓝谷与近红外反射峰,其对应的红、蓝及近红外波段的组合可用于构建狼毒提取的敏感指数.     

小麦叶面积指数与冠层反射光谱的定量关系

在分析不同氮素水平下小麦叶面积指数（LAI）和冠层光谱反射率随生育期变化模式的基础上,确立了LAI与冠层光谱反射率及光谱参数的相关关系,提出了小麦LAI的敏感光谱参数及预测方程.结果表明,小麦LAI和近红外短波段（760～1 220 nm）反射率都随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势,可见光波段反射率则相反;从拔节期到成熟期,LAI和近红外短波段反射率均表现为先上升后下降的趋势,而可见光波段（460～710 nm）反射率随生育期的推进先降低后升高,以孕穗期反射率最低,近红外长波段区域（1 480～1 650 nm）反射率的变化与可见光部分相同.LAI与可见光波段反射率呈负相关,与近红外短波段反射率呈极显著正相关,其中以810 nm相关性最好.可以选择RVI(810,510)和DVI(810,560)作为反演小麦LAI的光谱参数.另外,在证明垂直植被指数PVI和转换型土壤调整指数TSAVI对LAI预测能力的同时,发现利用RVI(810,510)、DVI(810,560)和PVI 3个植被指数共同推算小麦LAI的准确度更高.     

水体悬浮物浓度对大型沉水植物黑藻反射光谱的影响

沉水植物的恢复是改善富营养化水体和重建水生生态系统的有效措施．应用遥感技术可以实时、大面积监测沉水植物的分布和生长情况,而水体中的悬浮物等物质影响沉水植物的光谱特征,直接影响对湖泊、河流遥感影像中沉水植物的准确解译．本研究利用地物光谱仪在室外实测了不同水体悬浮物浓度条件下沉水植物黑藻群落的光谱反射率．结果表明,在400～900nm波段,水体中悬浮物浓度越高,沉水植物的光谱反射率越大．水体悬浮物浓度与黑藻群落光谱反射率在400～900nm均为显著相关（P〈0．05）,在450～900nm为极显著相关（P〈0．01）．在蓝、绿、红和近红外4个波段,将水体悬浮物浓度与其光谱反射率进行回归分析,均得到了较好的线性关系．利用本研究结果对富含悬浮物水体中沉水植物的反射光谱进行修正,可为准确、快速和大尺度遥感监测沉水植物的分布和动态提供科学依据．     

辽西不同针叶被害率的油松冠层光谱特征

通过对辽宁西部大面积油松冠层反射光谱的测定,分析了不同针叶被害率的油松冠层光谱反射率的差异.结果表明:在可见光波段,健康植被和不同针叶被害率的油松冠层光谱均符合绿色植物的光谱特征,但针叶被害率大于60％的油松冠层的红谷不十分明显;在近红外波段,随着针叶被害率的减少,780～1350 nm波段范围的光谱反射率增大,1450～1800和1950 ～2350 nm波段范围的光谱反射率下降.随着针叶被害率的增加,红边拐点波长位置向短波方向移动,即出现“蓝移”现象.不同针叶被害率与红边特征参数和多种植被指数均具有显著或极显著的相关关系,其中,以DVI(1470,860)为参数所建模型能更好地监测油松冠层针叶被害率.     

上海盐沼植被的多季相地面光谱测量与分析

遥感是大尺度生态研究的重要工具之一,而地面植物群落特征与其光谱特征之间的关系是解译遥感影像的关键.研究选择上海崇明东滩候鸟自然保护区的盐沼植被为研究对象,使用ASD便携式地物光谱仪测定芦苇、互花米草、海三棱藨草和糙叶苔草4类主要群落的春、夏、秋各季冠层反射光谱,并计算生成350～1000nm的反射率曲线的一阶导数曲线,在此基础上分析反射率与一阶导数曲线在可见光与近红外波段以及物候特征的“绿峰”和“红边”等波段的差异.分析显示,不同盐沼群落在各生长季都有较独特的光谱特征,四类盐沼群落的光谱特征在季相上表现各异.上海地区盐沼植被各类群落的遥感识别和分类的适宜季相不尽相同,应用多季相影像进行综合分类可取得较好的效果.研究结果可为遥感监测外来种互花米草的空间分布与动态提供技术支撑,为高光谱遥感的影像判读和解译分类以及盐沼植被制图提供科学依据.     

利用多光谱扫描仪测定空心莲子草冠层光谱的影响因素

【背景】太阳光的入射辐射是影响多光谱扫描仪测定植物冠层光谱反射率的主要因素。本研究旨在探讨不同测定条件对空心莲子草冠层光谱特征值的影响,确定应用多光谱扫描仪测定空心莲子草冠层光谱特征的适宜环境条件。【方法】采用多光谱扫描仪,在不同天气条件、仪器探头高度、太阳高度角、叶片湿度等外界因素条件下,测定空心莲子草冠层光谱反射率的变化。【结果】天气条件、仪器探头高度、太阳高度角、叶片湿度4个因素对空心莲子草冠层在绿光区560nm、黄光区660nm和近红外光区810nm3个特征波段处的光谱反射率均有显著影响。【结论与意义】利用多光谱扫描仪测定空心莲子草冠层光谱数据,应选择晴朗无云的天气,仪器探头距离冠层1.3m,适宜的数据采集时间为10：00～14：00,以保障适度的太阳高度角和干燥的叶面,从而保持稳定的光谱测量结果。本研究可为完善多光谱扫描评价技术提供理论依据。     

小麦冠层反射光谱与植株水分状况的关系

研究了不同土壤水、氮条件下小麦冠层光谱反射特征与叶片和植株水分状况的相关性．结果表明,在小麦主要生育期,冠层叶片含水率与460～510、610～680和1480～1500nm波段范围内的光谱反射率有较高的相关性,植株含水率与810～870nm波段范围内的光谱反射率密切相关．在整个生长期内,小麦冠层叶片含水率与460～1500nm波段范围内的光谱反射率均有良好相关性,植株含水率与560～1480nm波段范围内光谱反射率的相关性均达到极显著水平．冠层叶片(CL)、上层叶(UL)和下层叶片(LL)含水率与光谱指数的相关程度为CL>LL>UL．冠层叶片和植株含水率与比值指(R(610,560))和光谱指数(R(610,560)／ND(810,610))呈极显著线性负相关,与归一化指数((R810-R610)／(R810+R610))呈极显著线性正相关．其中,用光谱指数(R(610,560)／ND(810,610))监测不同生育期小麦冠层叶片和植株含水率的效果最好。     

4-Scale几何光学模型冠层反射率模拟的空间尺度适用性

明确4-Scale模型模拟森林冠层反射率适用的空间尺度,有助于提高其应用于不同植被类型冠层反射率模拟时的精度,进而提升其开展叶面积指数、郁闭度和其他参数的反演精度。以黑龙江省尚志市帽儿山实验林场2块100 m×100 m森林样地(阔叶林与混交林各一块)为研究对象,分别分割为10、20、30、40和50 m空间尺度,使用4-Scale模型模拟森林冠层反射率,采用局部平均法、最邻近法、双线性内插法和立方卷积法对空间分辨率为10 m的Sentinel-2影像升尺度转换至其他尺度并评价,对比分析模拟冠层反射率和遥感像元反射率,明确混交林和阔叶林适合4-Scale模型高精度反演参数的空间尺度。结果表明：4-Scale模型整体低估了像元森林冠层反射率,混交林和阔叶林冠层反射率在20 m尺度的模拟效果均最差,红光波段和近红外波段的均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对偏差(MAE)均较大;>20 m尺度的模拟效果开始变好,混交林40 m、阔叶林30 m时模型的适用性最佳,红光波段和近红外波段下,模拟值与遥感像元反射率之差的均值和标准差最小,RMSE和MAE同样最小;10 m尺度混交林和阔叶林模拟结果...     

稻麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系

作物氮素含量是评价作物长势、估测产量与品质的重要参考指标,叶片氮素含量的无损快速监测对于指导作物氮素营养的精确管理及生产力的预测预报具有重要意义.以5个小麦品种和3个水稻品种在不同施氮水平下的3a田间试验为基础,综合研究了稻麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系.结果显示：（1）不同试验中拔节后稻麦叶片氮含量均随施氮水平呈上升趋势;（2）稻麦冠层光谱反射率在不同施氮水平下存在明显差异,在可见光区（460～710 nm）的反射率一般随施氮水平的增加逐渐降低,而在近红外波段（760～1100 nm）却随施氮水平的增加逐渐升高;（3）就单波段光谱而言,610、660 nm和680 nm处的冠层反射率均与稻麦叶片氮含量具有较好的相关性;（4）在光谱指数中,归一化差值植被指数NDVI（1220,610）与水稻和小麦叶片氮含量均具有较好的相关性,且相关性好于单波段反射率;（5）对于小麦和水稻,可以利用共同的波段和光谱指数来监测其叶片氮含量,采用统一的回归方程来描述其叶片氮含量随单波段反射率和冠层反射光谱参数的变化模式,但若采用单独的回归系数则可以提高稻麦叶片氮含量估测的准确性.     

叶冠尺度野鸭湖湿地植物群落含水量的高光谱估算模型

利用高光谱遥感技术定量估测野鸭湖湿地植被含水量,对于监测和诊断野鸭湖湿地植被的生理状况及生长趋势具有重要意义,也能够为高光谱遥感影像在野鸭湖湿地植被含水量诊断中的实际应用提供理论依据和技术支持.采用Field Spec 3野外高光谱辐射仪,获取了野鸭湖典型湿地植被冠层和叶片的光谱,并测定了对应的含水量.以上述实测数据为基础,首先以芦苇为例初步探明了不同含水量水平下典型湿地植被冠层和叶片光谱反射率的响应模式,然后采用相关性及单变量线性与非线性拟合分析技术,从冠层和叶片两种层次,对不同尺度下的含水量与“三边”参数及高光谱植被指数进行了分析拟合,并采用交叉检验中的3K-CV方法对估算模型进行了测试和检验,确立了不同尺度下野鸭湖湿地植被含水量的定量监测模型.结果表明:(1)随着含水量水平的增加,芦苇冠层与叶片光谱在可见光波段(350-760 nm)和红外波段(760-2500 nm)的反射率均呈逐渐降低趋势.(2)不同尺度含水量与选取的光谱特征参数整体上相关性较强,与“三边”参数基本上都呈极显著相关,相关系数最大达到0.906;与高光谱指数全部呈极显著相关,相关系数最小为0.455,最大达到0.919,并通过选取不同尺度上相关性最佳的光谱特征参数,分别基于“三边”参数和高光谱植被指数构建了不同尺度下的含水量估算模型.其中,冠层尺度下,黄边面积(SDy)与SRWI( Simple Ratio Water Index)的估算效果最好,估算模型分别为y=-9.462x2 -2.671x+0.608和y=0.219e1.010x;叶片尺度下,红边面积(SDr)与WI( Water Index)的估算效果最好,估算模型分别为y=0.562x+0.376和y=2.028x2 -0.476x-1.009.通过3K-CV的交叉验证,不同尺度下的含水量估算模型均取得了较为理想的预测精度,预测精度的最小值为94.92％,最大值为97.06％,表明估测模型具有较高的可靠性与普适性.(3)高光谱植被指数与含水量拟合方程的拟合度相对高于“三边”参数与之建立方程的拟合度,说明多波段组合的光谱特征参数更适合含水量的判别.     

The spectral responses of a submerged plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vallisneria spiralis</Emphasis> with varying biomass using spectroradiometer

The relationship between land features and their spectral characteristics is a key for the interpretation of remote sensing images. This study was designed to investigate the spectral responses of Vallisneria spiralis, a common submerged aquatic plant in Shanghai, with varying biomass both in the laboratory and in the Middle Lake section of a field-scale constructed wetland, using a FieldSpec™ Pro JR Field Portable Spectroradiometer. The results showed that the reflectance rate of V. spiralis increased with its increasing biomass, and this was exhibited both at the visible band (500–650 nm) and the near infrared band (700–900 nm). The water environment influenced the reflectance rate and the primary differences between the laboratory and field results mainly occurred at the near-infrared band (700–900 nm). A regression analysis was carried out between the biomass of V. spiralis and the reflectance rate at the wavelengths of QuickBird™ bands where the biomass responded most strongly. The results of this analysis showed a clear linear relationship by which the biomass of V. spiralis could be quantitatively deduced from the reflectance rate measured in situ. The implications of this observation, in terms of the ability of hyperspectral remote sensing to estimate and monitor the distribution and dynamics of submerged aquatic vegetation on a large scale, are discussed. Handling editor: S. M. Thomaz     

Analysis of the relationship between the spectral characteristics of maize canopy and leaf area index under drought stress

Maize is one of the most widespread grain crops in the world; however, more than 70% of corn in China suffers some degree of drought disaster every year. Leaf area index (LAI) is an important biophysical parameter of the vegetation canopy and has important significance for crop yield estimation. Using the data of canopy spectral reflectance and leaf area index (LAI) for maize plants experiencing different levels of soil moisture from 2011 to 2012, the characteristics of the canopy reflective spectrum and its first derivative, and their relationships to leaf area index, were analyzed. Soil moisture of the control group was about 75% while that of the drought stress treatment was about 45%. In addition, LAI retrieval models for maize were established using vegetation indices (VIs) and principal component analysis (PCA) and the models were tested using independent datasets representing different soil water contents and different developmental stages of maize. The results showed that canopy spectral reflectances were in accordance with the characteristics of green plants, under both drought stress and at different developmental stages. In the visible band, canopy reflectance for both healthy and damaged vegetation had a green-wavelength peak and a red-wavelength valley; reflectance under drought stress, especially in the green peak (about 550 nm) and the red valley (about 676 nm) was higher than in the control group. In the near-infrared band, the canopy spectral reflectance decreased substantially between 780 and 1350 nm under drought stress. Moreover, the red edge of the spectrum was shifted toward blue wavelengths. The first derivative spectrum showed a double peak phenomenon at the edge of the red band at different developmental stages: the main peak appeared between 728 and 732 nm and the minor peak at about 718 nm. The double peaks become more obvious through the growth and development of the maize, with the most notable effect during the silking and milk stages, after which it gradually decreased. During maize growth, the LAI of all plants, regardless of soil moisture conditions, increased, and the largest LAI also occurred during the silking and milk stages. During those stages, the LAI of plants under different drought stress levels was significantly lower (by 20% or more) than in normal plants with sufficient water supplies. The LAI was highly significantly correlated with canopy spectral reflectance in the bands from 350 nm to 510 nm, from 571 nm to 716 nm, and from 1450 nm to 1575 nm. Also, the LAI was significantly correlated with red edge parameters and several VIs. The Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) had the best correlation with LAI, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.726 for the exponential correlation. Using dependent data, a LAI monitoring model for the maize canopy was constructed using PCA and VI methods. The test results showed that both the VI and PCA methods of monitoring maize LAI could provide robust estimates, with the predicted values of LAI being significantly correlated with the measured values. The model based on PVI showed higher precision under the drought stresses, with a correlation coefficient of 0.893 (n = 27), while the model based on PCA was more precise under conditions of adequate soil moisture, with a correlation coefficient of 0.877 (n = 32). Therefore, a synthesis of the models based on both VI and PCA could be more reliable for precisely predicting LAI under different levels of drought stresses in maize.     

不同干旱条件下夏玉米全生育期冠层吸收光合有效辐射比的高光谱遥感反演

冠层吸收光合有效辐射比(fAPAR)是植被生产力遥感模型的重要参数.但关于不同干旱条件下作物全生育期的fAPAR遥感反演研究仍未见报道.本研究利用2015年夏玉米5个灌水处理模拟试验的高光谱反射率和fAPAR观测资料,分析了不同干旱条件下夏玉米关键生育期fAPAR和高光谱反射率变化特征,探讨了fAPAR与反射率、一阶导数光谱反射率和植被指数的关系.结果表明: 轻度水分胁迫和充分供水条件下,fAPAR较高;重度水分胁迫和重度持续干旱条件下,fAPAR较低.冠层可见光、近红外光和短波红外光区的反射率与fAPAR分别呈负相关、正相关和负相关关系.fAPAR与可见光和短波红外光区的383、680和1980 nm附近的反射率的相关性最强,相关系数均达-0.87.一阶导数光谱反射率与fAPAR相关性强且稳定的波段为580、720和1546 nm,相关系数分别为-0.91、0.89和0.88. 9个常用植被指数与fAPAR呈线性或对数关系,其中,增强型植被指数、复归一化植被指数、土壤调节植被指数和修正的土壤调节植被指数与fAPAR的关系模型最好,决定系数(R²)均在0.88以上,平均相对误差分别为16.6%、16.6%、16.7%和16.2%;基于一阶导数光谱反射率与fAPAR的对数关系在(720±5) nm波段处的模拟效果较好,R²达0.86;直接选择反射率数据估算fAPAR的效果较差,R²最高为0.81.研究结果可为fAPAR的准确反演及评估作物干旱状况提供支撑.     

不同水氮条件下水稻冠层反射光谱与植株含水率的定量关系

研究了不同土壤水氮条件下水稻 (Oryzasativa) 冠层光谱反射特征和植株水分状况的量化关系。结果表明, 水稻冠层近红外光谱反射率随土壤含水量的降低而降低, 短波红外光谱反射率随土壤含水量的降低而升高。相同土壤水分条件下, 高氮水稻的冠层含水率高于低氮水稻的冠层含水率 ;同一水分条件下, 高氮处理的可见光区和短波红外波段光谱反射率低于低氮处理, 近红外波段光谱反射率高于低氮处理。发现拔节后比值植被指数 (R810 /R460 ) 与水稻叶片含水率和植株含水率呈极显著的线性相关, 模型的检验误差 (RootmeansquareError, RMSE) 分别为 0.93和 1.5 0。表明比值植被指数R810 /R460 可以较好地监测不同生育期水稻叶片和植株含水率。     

水稻叶片全氮浓度与冠层反射光谱的定量关系

利用数学统计方法分析了不同施氮水平和不同水稻品种群体叶片全氮浓度（LNC）与冠层反射光谱的定量关系,建立了水稻群体叶片全氮浓度的光谱监测模型.结果表明：基于原始反射率构造的光谱参数与叶片全氮浓度的相关程度均高于原始反射率,近红外波段（760～1 220 nm）与可见光波段510、560、680及710 nm组成的比值植被指数、差值植被指数和归一化植被指数与群体叶片全氮浓度呈极显著正相关,其中与归一化植被指数（NDVI）的相关性最好;对拟合较好的6个两波段组合参数及4个特征光谱参数的预测标准误（SE）和决定系数（R²）进行比较后,选取参数NDVI (1220, 710)为反演群体叶片全氮浓度的最佳光谱参数,方程为LNC=3.2708 × NDVI (1220,710) + 0.8654.利用不同粳稻品种、水分和氮肥处理的试验数据对监测模型进行了检验,估计的根均方差（RMSE）均小于20%,预测值和实测值的拟合R²为0.674～0.862,拟合斜率为0.908～1.010,RMSE为11.315%～19.491%,表明模型预测值与实测值之间符合度较高,对不同栽培条件下的水稻群体叶片全氮浓度具有较好的预测性.     

利用水稻冠层光谱特征诊断土壤氮素营养状况

系统测定了不同秸秆还田和氮肥处理下水稻(Oryza sativa)关键生育期的冠层反射光谱及土壤速效氮含量,并对两者之间的关系进行了详尽的分析。结果表明: 土壤速效氮含量在整个水稻生育期内均与可见光波段反射率呈负相关,与近红外波段反射率呈正相关。归一化及比值植被指数与土壤速效氮含量有更好的相关性,分蘖期要优于其它生育时期,以870、1 220 nm波段与560和710 nm波段的组合最佳,但两者的关系易受土壤等背景的干扰。而转换型土壤调节植被指数TSAVI能较好地消除分蘖期土壤背景的影响,两生态点可用统一的方程来拟合,用该研究中所筛选出的最佳波段组合计算出的TSAVI的表现更好,尤其是870 nm波段和710 nm波段的组合,决定系数(R²)由0.46提高到0.60。抽穗期和灌浆期由1 220和760 nm计算的比值指数R(1 220, 760)和新土壤调节植被指数SAVI(1 220,760)与土壤速效氮含量的关系则不受生态点的影响,可用统一回归方程来拟合。这说明水稻冠层反射光谱可以用来评价稻田土壤肥力状况,但仍需进一步研究。     

Underwater light attenuation inhibits native submerged plants and facilitates the invasive co-occurring plant Cabomba caroliniana

Aim

Decreasing in the diversity and distribution of native submerged plants have been widely observed in recent decades. Global underwater darkening, which is mainly caused by radiation dimming and a decrease in transparency due to, e.g. eutrophication, has emerged as a general trend that strongly hampers the growth of submerged plants in lakes by decreasing the light available for photosynthesis. However, few studies have attempted to compare the responses of native and invasive submerged plants to underwater darkening. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of light attenuation on the growth and photosynthesis traits of native and invasive submerged plants.

Location

East China.

Method

Through field investigations and a mesocosm experiment, the responses of functional traits of two representative native [water thyme (Hydrilla verticillata), Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)] and one invasive [Carolina fanwort (Cabomba caroliniana)] plant species to various environmental factors, notably to underwater light attenuation, were studied.

Results

Underwater photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) exerted a substantial effect on the relative coverage and abundance of the three studied submerged plants in their natural freshwater habitats. Invasive C. caroliniana showed relatively superior growth (total biomass and relative growth rate) and photosynthesis traits (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II F_v/F_m, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content and the ratio of Chl a and b contents) compared to the two native plants under low underwater PAR conditions. In contrast, under high underwater PAR conditions, C. caroliniana showed the opposite response.

Main Conclusions

Light attenuation inhibits the growth of native submerged plants but facilitates the growth of invasive plant species. Restoration of freshwater lakes by reducing deterioration from underwater darkening (for instance, by reducing of external nutrients loading) may therefore constrain the growth and spread of the invasive C. caroliniana.