外源H2O2胁迫对大蒜试管苗玻璃化的影响

以大蒜品种‘二水早’为材料,研究不同浓度外源H2O2胁迫对大蒜试管苗的玻璃化发生及生理生化变化的影响.结果表明,在不同浓度外源H2O2处理下,大蒜玻璃化试管苗百分率、组织含水量、MDA含量、电解质渗透率、SOD和POD活性均高于对照,且随H2O2浓度的增加而升高,叶绿素含量则表现相反的趋势;在同一H2O2浓度下,大蒜玻璃化试管苗的组织含水量、MDA含量、电解质渗透率、SOD、POD和CAT活性均显著高于大蒜正常试管苗,叶绿素含量低于正常试管苗.研究发现,外源H2O2胁迫对大蒜试管苗玻璃化有促进作用.     

麝香石竹玻璃苗与正常苗的生理特性差异

诱导麝香石竹茎段外植体产生不定芽的分化,所得到的正常苗与玻璃苗的生理特性明显有差异。表现在玻璃苗的鲜重、干重、粗纤维和叶绿素含量与正常苗相比显著降低;玻璃苗的可溶性糖含量增加38％,而蔗糖含量下降63%,束缚水含量显著增高,自由水含量明显降低;玻璃苗的淀粉酶总活性也明显升高,碱性和中性区过氧化物酶同工酶活性显著提高而酸性区的同工酶活性有所下降。然而,玻璃苗和正常苗形成时的芽分化频率以及伸长生长量之间无明显区别。结果表明,麝香石竹试管苗的玻璃化可能是在碳水化合物代谢、氮代谢和水分存在状况等发生生理异常的情况下在芽分化启动后的生长过程中发生的,而不是在芽分化启动时已经决定的。     

外源ABA对大蒜试管苗玻璃化发生和抗氧化系统的影响

以大蒜品种‘二水早’试管苗为材料,从活性氧代谢的角度研究了外源ABA、H_2O_2和H_2O_2+ABA处理下的试管苗玻璃化率、活性氧积累与组织定位和抗氧化系统的响应特征,探讨ABA缓解试管苗玻璃化过程的机理。结果表明:(1)外源H_2O_2处理可诱导大蒜试管苗玻璃化发生,外源ABA处理下玻璃化率最低,可以缓解H_2O_2诱导的玻璃化的发生。(2)试管苗O_2~产生速率和H_2O_2含量在H_2O_2处理下最高,在ABA处理下最低;在添加H_2O_2的培养基中同时添加ABA能显著减少因外源H_2O_2处理引起的O_2~产生和H_2O_2积累。(3)试管苗CAT、POD和APX活性在外源H_2O_2处理前期(0~8d)均上升并显著高于对照,但其CAT、APX活性在处理后期(8~16d)下降,其同期POD活性也增加缓慢;各抗氧化酶的活性在外源ABA与H_2O_2+ABA处理前期(0~8d)均呈直线上升趋势,而它们在H_2O_2+ABA处理后期(8~16d)均显著高于H_2O_2处理。(4)各处理试管苗抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量随处理时间先升高后降低,并以外源ABA处理下最高,外源H_2O_2处理下最低。(5)试管苗O_2~和H_2O_2产生部位主要在基部和叶尖,且外源ABA处理下组织中ROS的积累最少。(6)在ABA+H_2O_2处理下,大蒜试管苗内丙二醛含量和膜相对透性显著低于对照和H_2O_2处理。研究发现,外源ABA处理可有效降低大蒜试管苗的内源O_2~产生速率和H_2O_2含量,提高抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量,抑制活性氧在试管苗内的产生和运输,显著降低试管苗玻璃化率;外源ABA可通过增强大蒜试管苗抗氧化能力来抑制玻璃化发生。     

梨芽离体快繁过程中玻璃化苗的发生与氧自由基胁迫的关系

优质梨“苹博１号”的芽离体快繁过程中发生的玻璃化苗与其它植物的玻璃化苗相似,试验对其氧自由基清除酶活性和膜脂过氧化水平进行了研究。结果表明;正常试管苗和玻璃轩的过氧化物酶,过氧化氢酶,超氧化物歧化酶的活性和丙二醛含量普遍随培养时间而呈升高趋势;但玻璃化苗的后两种酶活性低于正常苗,可溶性蛋白含量也显著低于正常值,丙二醛水平却显著高于正常苗,提示梨快繁过程中有氧自由基的胁迫,而且玻璃化苗发生了更严重的     

O3和CO2浓度升高对油松针叶抗氧化系统的影响

利用开顶箱模拟大气O3与CO2浓度升高,对油松进行了连续4个月的熏蒸实验,探讨了油松针叶抗氧化系统化系统的响应.结果表明:1)高浓度O3显著增加了油松针叶过氧化氢的积累,到处理后期过量的过氧化氢显著地抑制了抗氧化酶活性,如SOD和APX,并且抗坏血酸被耗竭,加剧了膜质过氧化,最终导致了严重氧化伤害;2)高浓度CO2处理中油松针叶抗氧化酶活性普遍低于对照,ASA含量显著高于对照,可能是高CO2浓度促进ASA合成,或者是ASA的消耗减少,到处理后期使H2O2含量比对照降低了15.5%,从而减轻了膜质过氧化产物丙二醛含量,减轻了氧化伤害;3)与O3单因素相比,在协同处理中油松针叶具有较高的抗氧化酶活性和ASA含量,说明高CO2浓度减轻了高O3对抗氧化酶活性的抑制作用,并且提高了针叶内ASA含量,增强了针叶的抗氧化能力,有效地控制了ROS的产生与清除平衡,缓解了高O3带来的氧化伤害.     

蓝莓玻璃化试管苗的显微结构及生理生化特性变化

研究了蓝莓试管苗玻璃化的显微结构、超微结构以及生理生化特性的影响。与正常试管苗相比,蓝莓玻璃化苗的茎、叶显微结构发生了明显的改变：叶片表皮细胞松散、不连续;气孔结构难以辨认;叶片增厚;缺少栅栏组织,海绵组织细胞间隙变大,部分细胞解体;茎的维管组织发育不良;亚显微结构观察发现,玻璃化苗叶肉细胞体积增大,细胞壁变薄;部分细胞缺少细胞核及线粒体;叶绿体数目减少,类囊体解体,缺乏淀粉体。玻璃化试管苗的生理生化特性也发生了显著的改变：玻璃化苗组织含水量显著增加;叶绿素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量显著降低;O2- 产生速率、H2O2积累量、MDA含量及相对电导率显著升高;活性氧清除酶系中POD活性显著升高,SOD和CAT活性显著降低;PAL活性下降。蓝莓玻璃化苗的形态结构异常,水分及物质代谢紊乱,活性氧清除能力降低,表明玻璃化与氧化胁迫相关。     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

以甜瓜品种‘西域一号’幼苗为材料,采用营养液水培方法,设置正常通气(对照)、正常通气+GABA(5mmol.L-1)、低氧胁迫、低氧胁迫+GABA(5mmol.L-1)4个处理,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对正常通气和低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:与正常通气处理相比,低氧胁迫处理导致甜瓜幼苗体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量显著增加,同时SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR等抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质AsA、GSH含量显著提高。低氧胁迫下外源GABA能显著提高甜瓜幼苗叶片SOD、CAT、APX、GR等酶活性和AsA、GSH含量,降低了植株体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量;而正常通气条件下添加外源GABA处理对甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响较小,仅CAT、GR活性和AsA、GSH含量显著提高,而H2O2、MDA含量显著降低。结果证明,添加外源GABA可以通过显著提高低氧胁迫下抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量来降低甜瓜幼苗活性氧积累,维持其细胞膜结构稳定性,从而有效减轻低氧胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的伤害。     

钙对NaCl胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗碳水化合物代谢的影响

以‘克新一号’马铃薯品种为试验材料,采用组织培养方法,研究了0、5、10、15、20mmol·L-1 CaCl2对0、25、50、75mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗碳水化合物含量及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,马铃薯脱毒苗叶片淀粉含量、蔗糖含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖含量以及可溶性总糖含量逐渐下降,蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性明显降低,中性转化酶(NI)和酸性转化酶(AI)活性先升高后降低。(2)在NaCl胁迫下,添加适量CaCl2能显著增加淀粉含量、蔗糖含量、葡萄糖含量和可溶性总糖含量,显著降低NI和AI活性,有效缓解盐胁迫对SS和SPS的抑制作用。(3)蔗糖含量与AI存在负相关关系、与NI存在极显著负相关关系、与SPS以及SS存在极显著正相关关系。研究表明,外源施钙可调节马铃薯苗的酶活性变化,改善盐胁迫下马铃薯脱毒苗碳水化合物代谢方向,增强植株碳素合成作用和渗透调节能力,减轻盐害。     

不同通气条件下硫代硫酸银对马铃薯试管苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以二倍体马铃薯试管苗为试材,研究不同通气条件下乙烯生理拮抗剂硫代硫酸银(STS)对试管苗生长和抗氧化酶活性影响的结果表明:通气条件下培养的试管苗茎高降低,叶面积和叶绿素含量增加,培养基中附加STS的效果更为明显,无论在通气还是不通气条件下,培养基中加STS的试管苗茎高降低,叶面积和叶绿素含量增加,均达极显著水平.通气和培养基中加STS的试管苗中丙二醛(MDA)含量下降。通气条件下超氧化物歧化酶(要SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性提高;培养基中加STS的试管苗中SOD活性提高,POD和CAT活性下降。     

高浓度CO2和O3对四季竹叶片膜脂过氧化及抗氧化系统的影响

以2年生四季竹为试材,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)熏蒸法模拟大气CO2和O3浓度升高情景,研究了高浓度CO2(700 μmol·mol-1)和高浓度O3(100 nmol·mol-1)及其复合作用对四季竹叶片膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶及渗透调节物质的影响.结果表明:高浓度O3处理30 d,四季竹叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量提高,清除活性氧能力增强,并未出现明显的膜脂过氧化,四季竹能耐受短期的O3胁迫.高浓度O3处理90 d,四季竹叶片抗氧化酶活性显著降低,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构破坏,发生严重的氧化损伤;高浓度CO2处理30 d,四季竹叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量提高,能维持活性氧平衡,存在一定的生理适应期.而高浓度CO2处理90 d,四季竹叶片抗氧化酶活性和活性氧含量降低,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量升高,有利于四季竹生长;高浓度O3和CO2复合作用下,相对于单因素高浓度O3处理,四季竹叶片能够维持较高的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,有效地调节活性氧产生与清除的平衡,膜脂过氧化不明显,说明高浓度CO2一定程度上可缓解高浓度O3对四季竹所造成的生理伤害.     

Effect of inoculation with the endophyte Clavibacter sp. strain Enf12 on chilling tolerance in Chorispora bungeana

Endophytic bacteria have been shown to increase resistance against biotic stress and tolerance to abiotic stress in many plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an endophytic bacterium, Clavibacter sp. strain Enf12, in regenerated plantlets of Chorispora bungeana subjected to chilling stress (0°C). Aerial biomass and physiological markers for chilling stress, such as electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, proline content and activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), were assessed. We demonstrated that Clavibacter sp. strain Enf12 was capable of colonizing internal tissues of regenerated plantlets of C. bungeana and maintained stable population densities under both normal (20°C) and chilling (0°C) conditions. Inoculation enhanced plantlet growth under both conditions and significantly attenuated the chilling-induced electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and ROS accumulation. The endophyte significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and proline content in C. bungeana plantlets under chilling stress. These findings suggest that Clavibacter sp. strain Enf12 inoculation stimulates the growth of C. bungeana plantlets and improves their tolerance to chilling stress through enhancing the antioxidant defense system.     

不同光质对烟草组培苗生长及生理特性的影响

以‘云烟87号’生根组培苗为试材,以荧光灯为对照(CK),采用LED光源发射的单色光谱红光(R)、蓝光(B)、绿光(G)等不同光质配比组合光照处理,研究光质对烟草组培苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果显示:(1)与CK相比,红蓝绿(RBG)和红蓝白(RBW)组合光质使烟草组培苗植株株高、叶长、叶宽、叶面积、茎粗、根数、根长和干重显著增加,植株叶绿素含量也有提高但差异不显著。(2)RBW组合光质照射的植株可溶性糖含量和C/N比值显著高于其他光质处理,RBG组合光质处理植株的游离氨基酸含量显著高于其他光质处理,且各光质及其组合处理的烟草叶片可溶性蛋白含量显著高于对照,红蓝配光(1RB)使植株可溶性淀粉含量较对照显著提高。(3)各光质及其组合处理的烟草膜脂过氧化物MDA含量较对照均显著降低,而其SOD、POD和CAT活性较对照均显著提高;其中红光处理的植株膜脂过氧化物MDA含量最低,CAT活性最高。研究表明,LED光源不同光质及其组合光照均能够显著降低烟草组培苗的MDA含量,降低膜脂过氧化的伤害,促进烟草组培苗的生长,其主要通过调节抗氧化物酶活性的合成代谢来应对光氧化胁迫;LED光源的RBG和RBW组合光质可作为烟草组培苗生根阶段的最适光质。     

α-萘乙酸对低温胁迫下油菜幼苗抗寒性的影响

为探究α-萘乙酸(NAA)对植物抗寒性的影响,以白菜型冬油菜‘陇油6号’为试验材料,经4℃、NAA+4℃、NAA+4℃+DPI(NADPH氧化酶抑制剂)、NAA+4℃+DMTU(H₂O₂清除剂)、NAA+4℃+U0126(MAPK抑制剂)和NAA+4℃+Tungstate(NO生成抑制剂)处理后,研究其对‘陇油6号’油菜的活性氧(H₂O₂和O₂^-·)含量,抗氧化酶活性,丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量,抗氧化酶基因(APX、CAT、GR、SOD)、Rboh A-F、MAPK3/4/6、CBF和ICE1基因表达量的影响。结果表明:与4℃低温处理相比,NAA+4℃处理下油菜根系中的细胞活性、H₂O₂和O₂^-·含量以及叶片中的MDA含量均降低;根系中的抗氧化酶(CAT、SOD、APX和POD)活性、叶片中的可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、上述相关基因的表达量均...     

不同基因型水稻苗期抗氧化系统对低温胁迫的响应

以2个籼型水稻(Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica Kato)和2个粳型水稻(O. sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato)品种为材料,比较其幼苗经低温胁迫和恢复生长后的活性氧(ROS)代谢、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量和渗透调节物质的变化。结果显示,经低温胁迫后,4个水稻品种的H_2O_2含量均显著升高;抗氧化酶系统中的5种酶活性均有不同程度升高,且超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性增加显著,而谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性增加不显著。抗氧化剂还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)在‘明恢86’中显著增加。渗透调节物质脯氨酸的含量在‘黔恢1385’和‘日本晴’中变化不显著;可溶性糖含量在‘明恢86’中变化不显著。经过7 d恢复生长后,4个水稻品种的上述各生理指标均不同程度恢复到处理前的水平。研究结果表明,抗氧化酶活性的升高有效降低了ROS的水平,缓解了低温冷害对细胞膜的伤害。低温胁迫时细胞内维持了较高的可溶性糖含量,提高了胞内水势,减少因细胞失水而对植物造成的伤害。     

硅对盐胁迫下枣树组织培养苗细胞壁形成和相关酶活性的影响

盐胁迫（75mmol·L^-1 NaCl）下,枣树微茎段外植体成活率、生根率及枣苗的侧根条数和长度、苗高、单株重量均较对照显著减小;盐胁迫下加硅（Si）（0．75mmol·L^-1 KSiO3）,枣苗的前述指标与对照无显著性差异。盐胁迫下,枣组织培养生根苗细胞壁提取率显著下降,细胞壁中蛋白和低分子量果胶含量显著降低,EDTAU溶性果胶和碱溶性果胶含量显著提高,半纤维素和纤维素含量降低;盐胁迫下加Si,枣苗细胞壁提取率显著提高,细胞壁主要戍分的含量水平与对照相近。与盐胁迫下相比,盐胁迫下加Si,虽然枣苗果胶甲酯酶（PME）和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）活性升高未达显著性差异水平,但纤维素酶（Cx）活性显著降低,3种水解酶活性的比值均显著增大,细胞壁共价结合态H^＋-ATP酶活性显著升高。结果说明,提高培养基可溶性Si水平,可显著改善受盐胁迫枣苗细胞壁水解酶的活性平衡、组分含量的均衡及细胞壁内外溶质的适应性分配,从而为枣苗较好生长奠定了基础。     

海滨沙滩单叶蔓荆对沙埋的生理响应特征

海滨沙滩单叶蔓荆(Vitex trifolia L.var.simplicifolia)是优良的抗沙埋地被植物.以烟台海岸沙地单叶蔓荆为材料,通过不同厚度沙埋过程中沙上和沙下叶片抗逆生理指标的测定以揭示其抗沙埋生理调控机制.结果表明,轻度和中度沙埋5d,成株和幼株整株叶片细胞膜透性增大、POD和SOD活力增高、MDA和脯氨酸含量和叶片相对含水量(RWC)增加、可溶性糖含量下降.但同株沙上叶片细胞膜透性、MDA含量、SOD和POD活力和可溶性糖含量均高于沙下,而沙上叶片脯氨酸含量低于沙下叶片.在轻度和中度沙埋lOd,沙上叶片细胞膜透性、MDA和可溶性糖含量、叶片POD活力降低,叶片SOD活力仍有小幅度增高,但脯氨酸含量增加,沙上叶片生长旺盛.研究表明,沙埋下叶片抗氧化酶活力和脯氨酸含量与细胞膜透性和膜脂过氧化成正相关.沙埋使植株上部叶片接近沙表面而经受干旱和地面热辐射胁迫引起细胞膜脂过氧化加剧和细胞膜透性加大.同时沙埋也使沙下叶片遭遇黑暗和缺氧胁迫诱导细胞内膜脂过氧化,但也激活了叶片抗氧化酶保护系统和叶片脯氨酸的积累抑制细胞膜脂过氧化维护细胞膜的稳定.因此在沙埋过程中,叶片快速响应沙埋胁迫激活叶片抗氧化酶系统抑制膜脂过氧化作用维持氧自由基和抗氧化酶系统的动态平衡在单叶蔓荆适应轻度和中度沙埋,维护沙上叶片旺盛生长中起重要作用,也是重度全埋下沙下植株茎顶端能快速延伸弯曲生长最后顶出沙面再生的主要生理保护原因.     

The influence of relative humidity on vitrification, growth and morphology of Gypsophila paniculata L.

A vitrification scoring system was devised that comprised a visual assessment of vitrification in vitro followed by transplanting of plantlets ex vitro and recording of plantlet survival rates. This proved to be a simple method of predicting survival of plantlets ex vitro and demonstrated that vitrification severity is more important than acclimitization procedures in promoting survival ex vitro. Growth of normal plantlets in liquid medium in an environment where plantlets are able to transpire made it clear that lack of transpiration as opposed to high water availability is the primary cause for induction of vitrified growth. Finally, small decreases in relative humidity in vitro were found to be sufficient to increase plantlet transpiration to the extent that vitrification is greatly reduced and survival ex vitro increased. Small differences in relative humidity also influenced plantlet morphology with plantlets grown at a higher relative humidity being larger and consisting of more shoots than plantlets grown at a lower relative humidity. It is suggested that in vitro relative humidity may be manipulated to produce plantlets of a particular morphology and should be measured in tissue culture experiments and included in the materials and methods sections of papers to ensure correct interpretation of results.     

Protein as a sole source of nitrogen for <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> grown tobacco plantlets

We tested the capability of plants to utilize protein as the exclusive source of nitrogen. The aim of this study was to find out how such a nutrition affected plantlet growth, photosynthetic performance, and N assimilation metabolism in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Petit Havana SR1) grown in vitro. Plantlets grown in a casein-supplemented (CA) medium were compared to plantlets grown in a complete Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium, plantlets grown in an ammonium-deficient medium (N1), or plantlets grown in a nitrate-reduced medium (N2). In addition, the plantlets were grown in the presence or absence of 1.5 % (m/v) saccharose as an additional carbon source. Casein, similarly as inorganic N limitation, reduced generally plantlet growth, whereas no significant effects were observed on photosynthetic parameters evaluated by chlorophyll a fluorescence. Although addition of saccharose stimulated the plantlet growth particularly in the MS, it showed a rather negative influence both on the growth and on the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in the plantlets grown in the CA and N1. The activities of enzymes involved in N assimilation, such as nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS), were lower in the plantlets grown in the CA, N1, and N2, both in leaves and in roots. On the other hand, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase were employed by the plantlets grown in the CA. The presence of saccharose in the growth medium stimulated mainly NR and GS activities in the MS grown plantlets, whereas enzyme activities of the plantlets grown on the N1, N2, and CA were not significantly influenced. We proved that the tobacco plantlets can utilize casein as the sole source of N particularly during their photoautotrophic cultivation. Contrary to positive effects of photomixotrophic nutrition for the MS grown plantlets, exogenous sugar seemed to diminish the ability of the casein-supplemented plantlets to utilize efficiently the additional C source.     

Sugar metabolism, photosynthesis, and growth of in vitro plantlets of Doritaenopsis under controlled microenvironmental conditions

Suboptimal environmental conditions inside closed culture vessels can be detrimental to in vitro growth and survival of plantlets during the acclimatization process. In this study, the environmental factors that affected Doritaenopsis plantlet growth and the relationship between growth and sugar metabolism were investigated. Cultures were maintained under heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, or photomixotrophic conditions under different light intensities and CO₂ concentrations. Photoautotrophic growth of Doritaenopsis hybrid plantlets could be promoted significantly by increasing the light intensity and CO₂ concentration in the culture vessel. The concentration of different sugars in the leaves of in vitro-grown plantlets varied with different cultural treatments through a 10-wk culture period. Starch, reducing sugars, and nonreducing sugar contents were higher in plantlets grown under photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic conditions than in heterotrophically grown plantlets. Net photosynthesis rates were also higher in photoautotrophically and photomixotrophically grown plantlets. These results support the hypothesis that pyruvate, produced by the decarboxylation of malate, is required for optimal photoautotrophy under high photosynthetic photon flux density. Growth was greatest in plantlets grown under CO₂-enriched photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic conditions with high photosynthetic photon flux density. The physiological status of in vitro-grown Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-type Doritaenopsis showed a transition from C3 to CAM prior to acclimatization.