大豆滞绿(stay-green)突变体诱变后代表型性状变异分析

本文利用大豆滞绿突变体Z-94320经60Co-γ射线诱变的突变体后代M5、M6代为材料,进行两年的田间性状观察记录统计,用相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析对其17个主要表型性状统计分析。结果表明:诱变后代产生了丰富的变异,出现了多种种皮色和子叶色,产生了非滞绿性状,形成了各种生育周期,且分离出晚熟性状。通过相关性分析发现,单株粒重与株重、茎粗、主茎荚数、分枝荚数、一粒荚数、二粒荚数、三粒荚数、瘪粒荚数、虫食数呈极显著正相关,这些性状可以对产量进行预测;主成分分析在M5代提取出“产量因子”、“株型因子”、“粒荚因子”、“茎荚因子”四个主成分,对农艺性状累计贡献率达到70.50%,M6代提取出“产量因子”、“虫害因子”、“株型因子”、“茎杆因子”四个主成分,对农艺性状累计贡献率达到71.54%;聚类分析将M5、M6代材料分别划分为6类,发现同代中各类群农艺性状情况大致相似,但是各农艺性状在两代之间的变化明显,在株重、结荚高度、单株粒重等方面M6代显著高于M5代,并筛选出两株高产品系和一株特色滞绿品系。本研究逐步完善了对滞绿大豆突变体库的构建,为滞绿大豆诱变后代的遗传多样性研究提供了基础的数据分析。     

大豆种质资源农艺性状和产量的年份间差异及其关系

明确大豆种质资源农艺性状的变化及其与产量的关系对大豆遗传育种具有重要的意义。以249份大豆种质资源为材料,应用多元统计方法分析了大田条件下两年间大豆农艺性状与产量的变化。结果表明,大豆种质资源的农艺性状和产量两年变异系数分别为6.2%~78.0%和6.3%~48.5%,变异较大。生育日数因在黄淮海区域生态类型较接近,变异系数较小;而主茎节数变异系数也较小。株高、有效分枝数、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、单位面积产量则相对变异较大。品种之间农艺性状和产量差异均显著。不同年份间生态因子（温度、降水量及日照时数）对大豆农艺性状和产量的影响较大,年份间不同指标差异亦显著。分别对两年农艺性状采用主成分分析,简化为4个与产量相关的独立指标,并建立了产量与农艺性状之间的方程Y=17.5-1.76x1+1.32x2+0.30x3+2.50x4和Y=198.8-3.12x1+7.71x2+0.08x3+2.71x4以表达其量化关系;采用聚类分析方法将两年中249份大豆种质资源分别聚为5类,并分析了各类品种的特性,为高产稳产大豆新品种的选育以及高产栽培措施的调控提供理论依据。     

大豆微核心种质蛋白质及脂肪含量的遗传变异

大豆是人类最重要的植物蛋白和油脂来源。提高大豆蛋白质及脂肪含量一直是大豆品质育种的重要研究方向。采用NIR检测方法,对77份大豆微核心种质进行蛋白质及脂肪含量分析,探讨微核心种质蛋白质及脂肪含量的遗传变异特性及其与主要农艺性状的相关性,为种质利用及品质育种提供依据。结果表明,蛋白质含量和脂肪含量在品种间和生态区间均存在极显著的差异,变异丰富;蛋白质含量和脂肪含量的变异幅度为40.68%~50.03%和13.81%~21.51%,平均含量为45.95%和17.42%,变异系数为4.42%和7.96%;不同生态区品种蛋白质含量为南方品种>黄淮海品种>北方品种>国外品种,脂肪含量则相反。蛋白质含量与脂肪含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.825**),与单株粒数和单株荚数呈极显著和显著负相关(r=-0.205**,r=-0.156*),与底荚高度呈极显著正相关(r=0.240**)。主成分分析显示,4个主成分可解释82.25%信息,分别为产量构成因子、品质因子、株型因子和粒重因子。     

160份外引鹰嘴豆种质主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

对引自国际半干旱热带作物研究中心的160份鹰嘴豆种质资源的13个农艺性状进行了评价鉴定,并筛选了特异种质,为我国鹰嘴豆种质资源创新和品种选育提供参考。结果表明,该批鹰嘴豆种质资源具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,7个数量性状的变异系数由大到小分别为主茎分枝数单株荚数百粒重产量株高单荚粒数生育期,6个质量性状的Shannon多样性指数由大到小分别为粒色株型花色种子表面粒形复叶叶型;产量与粒形、单株荚数极显著正相关,与百粒重显著正相关;前4个主成分的累计贡献率为63.417%,其中第1主成分与产量性状和产量有关,第2主成分与生育期有关,第3主成分与形态性状有关,第4主成分与株高和粒形有关;聚类分析在遗传距离为5时将160份资源分为3个类群,其中第Ⅰ类群的株高较高,第Ⅱ类群的产量较高,第Ⅲ类群的籽粒较大;筛选出63份早熟、矮秆、无分枝、多荚、荚粒数多、大粒、高产的特异种质资源。     

乌塌菜主要农艺性状的变异、相关性和聚类分析

对63份乌塌菜种质资源的株高、最大展幅、单株叶片数、最大叶片面积、最大叶柄长、最大叶柄宽、单株重、单株叶片重、单株叶柄重、最大叶片长、最大叶片宽等11个主要农艺性状进行了测定、并进行了相关性和聚类分析.结果表明,供试的63份乌塌菜种质资源的11个主要农艺性状具有较丰富的变异潜力,其中单株叶片数、单株叶片重、最大叶片面积、单株叶柄重、最大叶柄长度、单株重、最大叶柄宽度、株高变异较大,最大叶片长、最大叶片宽、最大展幅变异较小.农艺性状间的相关性分析表明,最大叶柄宽度与最大展幅不相关,最大叶柄宽度与最大叶柄长度呈负相关,其余性状间均呈显著或极显著正相关.通过聚类分析,利用类平均法在欧氏距离5.15处,供试材料可分为5个不同的类型,各类型的农艺性状差异明显.     

甘蓝型油菜-白芥渐渗系材料农艺性状和种子品质分析

远缘杂交能够有效拓宽物种的遗传背景,产生丰富的遗传变异。前期研究中利用体细胞融合技术获得了甘蓝型油菜扬油6号(Y6)与白芥的属间杂种,将杂种与Y6连续回交和自交得到了一系列稳定遗传的渐渗系株系。本研究以62个渐渗系株系为材料,对这些株系进行14个农艺性状的考察,并通过相关性分析、主成分分析、回归分析和聚类分析等方法,探究甘蓝型油菜单株产量与农艺性状之间的关系及影响单株产量的主要因素。结果显示,甘蓝型油菜-白芥渐渗系株系的农艺性状存在较大差异;单株产量与全株角果数、有效分枝数和每角粒数等性状呈极显著正相关,而与分枝点高度呈极显著负相关。主成分分析的结果表明,4个主成分可以概括14个农艺性状的大部分信息,这些主成分主要与角果数目、株高、角果长度和千粒重等性状指标相关。回归分析结果表明,千粒重、每角粒数、二次有效分枝数、株高和全株角果数对单株产量具有重要影响。综合各项指标,筛选出一些具有优异农艺性状的材料,如L8等株系角果数目明显增多;L3、L7等株系分枝数目明显增多;L42、L49等株系千粒重明显增加;L3、L8等株系单株产量明显提高。利用近红外光谱仪分析渐渗系材料种子品质性状,发现硫代葡萄糖甘、芥酸、亚麻酸等品质性状存在较大变异,可用于选育具有优良品质性状的材料。本研究表明远缘杂交对于甘蓝型油菜种质资源创新、提高油菜产量提供了一条有效途径,研究结果为利用这些种质资源进行育种实践提供了理论依据。     

甘蓝型油菜育种亲本单株产量与农艺性状相关性分析

油菜是我国重要的油料作物,提高油菜产量是油菜育种的首要目标之一。油菜育种中,考察和分析油菜种质的主要农艺性状是筛选育种亲本材料配制优良组合的前提基础,可以为高效开展重要性状的改良提供有效的科学依据。以213份长江流域油菜主产区育种单位提供的甘蓝型油菜育种亲本为材料,采用相关分析、通径分析、多元回归分析及主成分分析等方法,探讨在成都平原气候条件下,油菜单株产量与10个相关农艺性状之间的关系,明确甘蓝型油菜产量形成的主要决定因子。结果表明,不同地区油菜资源农艺性状存在较大差异;单株产量与株高、主序有效长度、一次有效分枝数、主序有效角果数、角果长度、每角果粒数和千粒重呈极显著正相关,与营养生长天数呈显著负相关;对单株产量直接影响最大的是株高,其次是每角果粒数和一次有效分枝数,间接作用最大为主序有效长度,其次是主序有效角果数和一次有效分枝高度。逐步回归分析表明,株高、每角果粒数、一次有效分枝高度和一次有效分枝数是决定单株产量的主要因子;通过主成分分析,可将相关性状综合为4大类:株高控制因子、生育期控制因子、产量性状控制因子和株型控制因子。本生态区域内决定产量形成的关键性状为株高、每角果粒数、一次有效分枝高度和一次有效分枝数,本研究得出的结果对于充分利用各育种单位亲本材料优良性状提供了有价值的参考。     

不同遗传背景下杂交籼稻功能叶与产量构成因素的相关

为明确水稻功能叶与产量构成因素间的相关性,以不同遗传背景下籼稻的10个不育系和16个恢复系为亲本,按照NCII设计配制两套双列杂交组合,对水稻12个功能叶性状与8个产量性状构成因素进行了相关分析,结果表明：3片功能叶叶长与叶面积、剑叶宽、倒2叶宽等性状之间均存在极显著正相关,功能叶夹角之间也存在极显著正相关,但不同遗传背景对夹角性状与9个形态性状之间的相关性则存在明显差异,在第一套组合中,其相关系数均为负值,且相关均不显著;而第二套组合则相反。8个产量构成因素中,单株穗数与平均穗长、着粒密度、穗实粒数以及穗着粒数之间存在极显著负相关,平均穗长与穗着粒数、结实率与单株产量呈显著或极显著正相关,遗传背景对产量组成上有较大影响,在第一套组合中单株产量主要由结实率、单株穗数以及穗实粒数等性状决定,而在第二套中则主要由穗实粒数和结实率等性状决定。在功能叶与产量构成因素的相关中,功能叶叶长、叶面积、剑叶宽、倒2叶宽与着粒密度、穗实粒数以及穗着粒数等3个性状之间存在显著或极显著正相关。12个水稻功能叶性状与8个产量构成因素之间的主成分分析表明,在不同的遗传背景下,产量构成因素均主要受叶面积和叶夹角影响,两种不同遗传背景中其累积贡献率分别为69.8%和84.0%。     

苦荞种质主要农艺性状的变异及其对单株粒重的贡献研究

对180份苦荞种质资源的8个主要农艺性状进行了评价,并对单株粒重与其他7个农艺性状之间进行了相关性分析和通径分析。结果显示,主要农艺性状的变异系数为8.10%~39.40%;简单相关分析表明,单株粒重与单株粒数、主茎分支数呈极显著正相关;偏相关分析表明,单株粒重与单株粒数、千粒重呈极显著正相关;多元回归和通径分析均表明,单株粒数、千粒重是影响单株粒重的主要因素,其中单株粒数影响最大。系统聚类分析表明,180份苦荞种质资源可划分为5类,其中第Ⅲ类(包括47份供试材料)的综合农艺性状较好,主要表现为主茎分枝能力强、单株粒数多、单株粒重和单株米粒重高,可作为优异基因资源进一步开发利用,也为以增加单株米粒重与出米率为选育目标的苦荞薄壳育种提供依据。     

481份国内外绿豆种质农艺性状及豆象抗性鉴定评价及遗传多样性分析

以来自21个国家和地区的481份绿豆种质资源为试验材料,通过3个年度4个试点的主要农艺性状评价,分析了9个质量性状和12个数量性状的遗传变异水平。结果表明:481份绿豆种质资源的主要表型性状变异丰富。不同环境条件下12个数量性状变异系数为5.32%～76.18%,其中小区产量、单株荚数等性状变异系数较高;遗传多样性指数为1.573～2.078,其中株高、百粒重等性状遗传多样性指数较高;相关性分析发现生育期与株高、主茎节数和主茎分枝均呈显著或极显著的正相关,说明生育期对绿豆形态建成具有重要的作用;聚类分析将481份种质材料聚为4大类群,其中第Ⅰ类群多为矮秆、直立、大籽粒以及早熟种质,可作为育种的优异亲本材料。如大粒种质C06287、洮绿3号、VC4059A和苏绿1号的百粒重均在6.50g以上,可作为改良绿豆籽粒大小的材料加以利用;早熟种质C01075、C01234、C01249在4个试点都表现出生育期较短,可作为发掘早熟基因的亲本材料;矮秆种质辽绿28号、VC1562A和潍9002-341,可作为抗倒伏育种研究的亲本材料;高抗豆象种质如C05199、C05202和C05528,可作为绿豆抗豆象育种的亲本材料。通过对数量性状进行主成分分析,6个主成分因子对表型变异的累计贡献率达到了83.41%。本研究通过综合评价481份绿豆种质资源的遗传多样性,旨在为绿豆的遗传育种和种质创新提供理论基础。     

Variation in the Agronomic and Morphological Traits of Iranian Chickpea Accessions

Landraces of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Iran have not been adequately characterized for their agronomic and morphological traits. Such characterization would be helpful in the development of improved cultivars, so in this study 362 chickpea accessions, collected from the major chickpea growing areas of Iran, were evaluated to determine their phenotypic diversity. High coefficients of variation (CVs)were recorded in pods/branch, seeds/pod, yield/plant, seeds/plant, pods/plant and branches/plant. Using principal component (PC) analysis, the first four PCs with eigenvalues more than 1 contributed 84.10% of the variability among accessions, whereas PC5 to PC10 were less than unity. PC1 was positively related to days to first maturity, days to 50% flowering and days to 50% maturity. The characters with the greatest weight on PC2 were seeds/plant and yield/plant, whereas PC3 was mainly related to pods/plant, seeds/pod and 100-seed weight, and PC4 was positively related to pods/branch and negatively to branches/plant. The germplasm was grouped into four clusters using cluster analysis. Each cluster had some specific characteristics of its own and the cluster I was clearly separated from clusters Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. These accessions are an important resource for the establishment of a core collection of chickpeas in the world.     

Variation in the Agronomic and Morphological Traits of Iranian Chickpea Accessions

Landraces of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Iran have not been adequately characterized for their agronomic and morphological traits. Such characterization would be helpful in the development of improved cultivars, so in this study 362 chickpea accessions, collected from the major chickpea growing areas of Iran, were evaluated to determine their phenotypic diversity. High coefficients of variation (CVs) were recorded in pods/branch, seeds/pod, yield/plant, seeds/plant, pods/plant and branches/plant. Using principal component (PC) analysis, the first four PCs with eigenvalues more than 1 contributed 84.10% of the variability among accessions, whereas PC5 to PC10 were less than unity. PC1 was positively related to days to first maturity, days to 50% flowering and days to 50% maturity. The characters with the greatest weight on PC2 were seeds/plant and yield/plant, whereas PC3 was mainly related to pods/plant, seeds/pod and 100seed weight, and PC4 was positively related to pods/branch and negatively to branches/plant. The germplasm was grouped into four clusters using cluster analysis. Each cluster had some specific characteristics of its own and the cluster I was clearly separated from clusters II, III and IV. These accessions are an important resource for the establishment of a core collection of chickpeas in the world.     

Genetic analyses of agronomic and seed quality traits of synthetic oilseedBrassica napus produced from interspecific hybridization ofB. campestris andB. oleracea

The heritability, the number of segregating genes and the type of gene interaction of nine agronomic traits were analysed based on F₂ populations of synthetic oilseedBrassica napus produced from interspecific hybridization ofB. campestris andB. oleracea through ovary culture. The nine traits—plant height, stem width, number of branches, length of main raceme, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, length of pod, seed weight per plant and 1000-seed weight—had heritabilities of 0.927, 0.215, 0.172, 0.381, 0.360, 0.972, 0.952, 0.516 and 0.987 respectively, while the mean numbers of controlling genes for these characters were 7.4, 10.4, 9.9, 12.9, 11.5, 21.7, 20.5, 19.8 and 6.4 respectively. According to estimated coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the traits tested, no significant gene interaction was found for plant height, stem width, number of branches, length of main raceme, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight. Seed yield per plant is an important target for oilseed production. In partial correlation analysis, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight were positively correlated with seed yield per plant. On the other hand, length of pod was negatively correlated (r = -0.69) with seed yield per plant. Other agronomic characters had no significant correlation to seed yield per plant. In this experiment, the linear regressions of seed yield per plant and other agronomic traits were also analysed. The linear regression equation wasy = 0.074x₈ + 1.819x₉ + 6.72x₁₂ -60.78 (R ² = 0.993), wherex ₈, x₉ and x₁₂ represent number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight respectively. The experiment also showed that erucic acid and oil contents of seeds from F₂ plants were lower than those of their maternal parents. However, glucosinolate content was higher than that of the maternal plants. As for protein content, similar results were found in the F₂ plants and their maternal parents. It was shown that the four quality traits, i.e. erucic acid, glucosinolate, oil content, and protein content, had heritability values of 0.614, 0.405, 0.153 and 0.680 respectively.     

Diversity in greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) germplasm collection and its potential use in crop improvement

Greengram or mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), which originated in the Indian sub-continent, is an important pulse crop in India. Genetic diversity and patterns of variation among 111 accessions representing the better agronomic types from the entire collection of the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources were studied. Wide variation in morphological and agronomic traits viz. number of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100-seed weight, fruit setting capacity, flowering period, maturity, number of pod bearing peduncles, plant height, number of primary branches, length of branch, nodulation and leafiness was observed. Grain yield was found to be significantly correlated with 100-seed weight and pod length. The data were subjected to cluster and principal components analysis. The accessions were grouped into six discrete and well-defined clusters. The study demonstrated the patterns of variation at the population level. The multivariate analysis was useful in identifying a group of accessions with yield enhancing traits within a highly diverse group of accessions and their potential value in greengram improvement is suggested.     

外源DNA导入花生变异体后代的数量性状分析

方法:对外源DNA导入花生变异体的D8代株行进行了数量性状的比较、相关性分析和聚类分析。结果:①来自D4代同一株行的10个D8代株行相比较,主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝数等性状无显著差异,叶长、果长及果皮厚三个性状差异显著或极显著;②单株生产力与其他性状的相关程度不同,与果长呈极显著正相关,与主茎高呈显著负相关;③将10个株行聚为3类,结果与系谱图并不完全一致。     

光皮树不同无性系主要农艺性状多样性分析

依据光皮树(Cornus wilsoniana)丰产育种目标,对7个光皮树优良无性系的28个农艺性状进行观测,并进行方差、主成分、聚类及相关性分析。方差分析结果显示28个农艺性状的变异系数为804%~9430%,其中叶形态（叶形、叶色、叶缘）的变异系数最高;表型分化系数为4527%~9640%,即各性状的遗传较为稳定;主成分分析结果显示花序、果实、含油率以及果穗果数因子是主要的遗传因子,是光皮树无性系性状遗传的主要来源;依据主成分因子得分将7个光皮树优良无性系聚为4个类群,其中第Ⅱ类群与第Ⅲ类群杂交可以获得高产高含油率的目标资源。     

15份多花黑麦草优良引进种质的表型变异分析

多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)是世界栽培牧草中的优良禾本科牧草。为更好地利用多花黑麦草种质资源,本研究对引自国外的15份多花黑麦草种质的15个形态性状和农艺性状进行了变异系数、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明:15份材料间存在较大变异,除单株干重外,其余性状在供试材料间均表现出显著性差异,变异系数范围为10.28%~39.15%,变异系数平均值为19.49%,从小到大依次为小穗数小穗长株高分蘖数千粒重花序长倒二叶长小花数茎粗第一节间长倒二叶宽旗叶宽旗叶长单株干重单株鲜重。主成分结果表明,前5个主成分累积贡献率达到84.51%,第1主成分以株高为主要特征;第2主成分以旗叶和倒二叶长、宽为主要特征;第3主成分以花序长和小花数为主要特征;第4主成分以千粒重为主要特征;第5主成分以产草量为主要特征。15份种质材料经基于欧氏距离的UPGMA聚类分析被划分为3大类,类别间存在较显著的差异,其中第2类因其植株高大、叶片宽大的特点,具备选育高产种质的潜力。     

云南薏苡种质资源农艺性状的主成分和聚类分析

为了揭示云南薏苡种质资源多样性,发掘薏苡资源中的有益基因,利用主成分分析和聚类分析,对收集的65个薏苡种质资源的13个农艺性状进行多样性评价。结果表明,云南薏苡资源存在丰富的遗传多样性,其中栽培种的分枝数和分蘖数的遗传变异系数分别达到57.4%和47.5%,野生种百粒重的遗传变异系数达到60.4%。应用主成分分析将云南薏苡13个性状简化为7个主成分,其累积贡献率为85.67%,以叶片宽因子贡献率最高,为49%。采用系统聚类分析,将65份供试材料在遗传距离16.21水平上聚为5个大类,可区分为株高较矮叶片较短型、株高较高叶片较长型以及3个特殊型。