血液透析、灌流对糖尿病肾病患者血清TNF-α、CRP、IL-6水平的影响

目的:探讨血液透析辅助血液灌流对终末期糖尿病肾病血清C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α)及白细胞介素(Interleukin,IL)-6水平的影响。方法:选取近3年收治的79例糖尿病肾病患者,将其随机分为研究组(n=40)和对照组(n=39),对照组患者接受血液透析治疗,研究组患者接受血液透析辅助血液灌流治疗,对比两组患者治疗前后血清TNF-α、CRP、IL-6水平的变化情况。结果:治疗后,研究组患者的治疗总有效率、血红蛋白(haemoglobin,Hb)、转铁蛋白水平(transferring,TRF)、白蛋白(albumin,Alb)及营养不良-炎症评分(malnutrition inflammation score,MIS)均明显高于对照组(P0.05),而MIS评分明显低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者治疗后血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平均明显低于治疗前(P0.05),且研究组患者以上指标明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:血液透析辅助血液灌流治疗糖尿病肾病可显著改善患者的临床症状和营养状态,降低TNF-α、CRP、IL-6水平,减轻炎症反应。     

结核性脑膜炎患者TNF-α和IFN-r水平变化及临床意义

目的：探讨结核性脑膜炎(TMB)患者血清、脑脊液中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）水平变化及临床意义。方 法：2013 年4 月-2015 年4 月期间,选择我院收治的TBM 患者36 例为TBM 组,30 例无感染症状患者为对照组,采用酶联免疫 吸附试验（ELISA）法测定并比较两组对象血清、脑脊液TNF-琢和IFN-γ水平,分析其与疾病进展的关系。结果：TBM 组患者血清 及脑脊液中TNF-α水平和IFN-γ分别为（64.29± 6.19）pg/mL、（30.28± 3.18）pg/mL、（121.34± 21.31）pg/mL 与（69.35± 8.42）pg/mL 均明显高于对照组（4.62± 0.83）pg/mL、（3.18± 0.64）pg/mL、（8.62± 1.34）pg/mL与（8.18± 1.29）pg/mL,差异存在统计学意义（P<0. 05）;III期患者TNF-琢、IFN-γ水平水平显著高于I期和II期,II期显著高于I 期,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;TBM患者血清、 脑脊液中TNF-琢水平与疾病分期存在正相关（r=0.673, r=0.621,P<0.05）,IFN-γ水平与疾病分期存在正相关（r=0.726,r=0.692, P<0.05）。结论：TNF-α和IFN-γ参与TBM 的发病过程,并与患者的病情相关;检测TBM 患者血、脑脊液TNF-α和IFN-γ水平,有 利于疾病的诊断和对患者预后的判断。     

蛇毒与细胞因子研究进展

全世界共有蛇类2500余种,其中毒蛇约650余种,估计每年被毒蛇咬伤的人数在30万以上,死亡率约为10％。我国蛇类有160余种,其中毒蛇约有50余种。剧毒、危害剧大的有10种,如眼镜蛇王、金环蛇、眼镜蛇、五步蛇、银环蛇、蝰蛇、蝮蛇、竹叶青、烙铁头、海蛇等,咬伤后能致人于死亡。我国两广地区蛇害严重,每年蛇咬伤的发病率约为25/10000。蛇毒的成分比较复杂．主要由蛋白质、多肽类和多种酶类组成。蛇毒对机体的作用比较复杂,按其有毒成分的毒理作用可分为神经毒、血循环毒和混合毒三类。银环蛇、金环蛇、海蛇的蛇毒主要含神经毒,其主要作用特点为通过多种不同的方式阻断神经一肌肉接头的冲动传递而导致呼吸肌麻痹,是蛇伤致死的主要原因;蝰蛇、五步蛇、烙铁头和竹叶青的蛇毒主要含血循环毒,包括心脏毒、凝血毒、溶血毒、蛋白水解酶、透明质酸酶等;眼镜王蛇等蛇毒属于混合毒,此类蛇毒既含神经毒成分,又含血循环毒成分。     

Dectin-1及相关细胞因子在足菌肿皮损中的表达

目的观察Dectin-1在真菌性足菌肿皮损中的表达,初步分析其在足菌肿发病中的作用。方法实验分为3组,A组8例足菌肿病例,B组为10例着色芽生菌病病例,A组和B组统称为感染组,C组为18例正常皮肤组织。应用免疫组化法检测3组病例的组织蜡块中Dectin-1、IL-4,IL-10,IFN-γ,TNF-α的表达。结果与正常组相比,感染组皮肤的Dectin-1、IL-4、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-10的积分光密度增高(P0.05)。A组与B组相比,两组间Dectin-1、IL-4、IFN-γ,TNF-α的积分光密度值比较无差异(P0.05)。结论真菌感染皮损中Dectin-1的表达上调,可能说明Dectin-1在足菌肿发病中具有一定作用。     

Visfatin、IL-6、TNF-α与2型糖尿病的相关研究

目的:探讨血浆visfatin、IL-6、TNF-α与2型糖尿病的关系。方法:2型糖尿病患者60例,正常对照组30例。根据体重指数分为肥胖组和非肥胖组。检测空腹血浆胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血糖、血脂、血压、visfatin、TNF-α、白介素-6等。计算体重指数、腰臀比值及稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果:2型糖尿病组血浆visfatin、IL-6、TNF-α水平显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05);2型糖尿病组与正常肥胖组比较,糖尿病非肥胖组visfatin(301.60±58.07)明显升高,糖尿病肥胖组visfatin(336.68±37.61)、TNF-α(3.58±1.10)明显升高(P<0.05)。多元线性相关分析表明,在肥胖的2型糖尿病患者中血浆TNF-α与糖化血红蛋白显著正相关,血浆IL-6与血糖(FPG)显著正相关,血浆visfatin与腰臀比值(WHR)显著正相关(P<0.05)。结论:visfatin、IL-6、TNF-α的变化可能对2型糖尿病的发生、发展具有一定的作用。     

Visfatin、IL-6、TNF-α与2型糖尿病的相关研究

目的：探讨血浆visfatin、IL-6、TNF-α与2型糖尿病的关系。方法：2型糖尿病患者60例,正常对照组30例。根据体重指数分为肥胖组和非肥胖组。检测空腹血浆胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血糖、血脂、血压、visfatin、TNF-α、白介素-6等。计算体重指数、腰臀比值及稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果：2型糖尿病组血浆visfatin、IL-6、TNF-α水平显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）;2型糖尿病组与正常肥胖组比较,糖尿病非肥胖组visfatin（301.60±58.07）明显升高,糖尿病肥胖组visfatin（336.68±37.61）、TNF-α（3.58±1.10）明显升高（P〈0.05）。多元线性相关分析表明,在肥胖的2型糖尿病患者中血浆TNF-α与糖化血红蛋白显著正相关,血浆IL-6与血糖（FPG）显著正相关,血浆visfatin与腰臀比值（WHR）显著正相关（P〈0.05）。结论：visfatin、IL-6、TNF-α的变化可能对2型糖尿病的发生、发展具有一定的作用。     

DC-CIK细胞输注对急性白血病患者血清IL-6及TNF-α水平的影响

目的:探讨DC-CIK细胞输注对急性白血病患者血清IL-6、TNF-α及血清微量蛋白水平影响研究及临床疗效。方法:选取前来我院就诊的已确诊的处于CR期的急性白血病患者68例,按照随机分配法分为对照组和治疗组,每组34例。对照组采用DA化疗方案进行巩固治疗;治疗组在对照组基础上给予DC-CIK细胞输注治疗。观察记录治疗前后两组患者血清IL-6、TNF-α、VEGF、IL-12、LDH、IFN-γ水平的变化,对两组患者临床疗效及5年后生存率情况进行系统比较。结果:治疗组在总有效率及5年生存率方面优于对照组(P0.05);治疗后两组患者血清IL-6、TNF-α、VEGF、LDH水平均降低,血清IL-12、IFN-γ水平升高(P0.05);治疗后,治疗组患者血清IL-6、TNF-α、VEGF、LDH水平低于对照组,血清IL-12、IFN-γ水平高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:DC-CIK细胞输注疗法的运用能有效提高急性白血病患者治疗疗效,推测其机制与血清IL-6、TNF-α、VEGF、LDH水平的降低,及血清IL-12、IFN-γ水平的升高有关。     

内毒素和细胞因子在腹部火器伤肠管穿透后血液中的变化及意义

目的：探讨内毒素和细胞因子在腹部火器伤肠管穿透后血液中的变化规律及意义。方法：健康长白仔猪42头随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组,实验组建立腹部火器伤肠管穿透模型后,用显色基质鲎试剂法检测各组血浆内毒素水平,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定各组动物血清TNF-α、IL-6水平,并观察各个时间点的体温变化。结果：实验各组的血浆内毒素水平及血清TNF-α、IL-6水平均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）,血浆内毒素于伤后8h达到高峰,伤后12h仍维持在高峰值水平（P〈0.05）;血清TNF-α在伤后12h为（94.36±10.18）ng/L,IL-6在伤后12h为（1218.35±74.00）ng/L,二者均于伤后12h达到高峰并与伤后血浆内毒素水平变化一致。伤后动物体温逐渐升高,在伤后12h、24h实验组的平均体温达40℃以上。结论：腹部火器伤肠穿孔后内毒素血症可能诱导了血液中TNF-α、IL-6的产生,并参与了腹部肠管火器伤后机体的病理生理过程。     

转移性肾癌细胞因子疗法的研究进展

转移性肾癌(mRCC)对放疗、化疗均不敏感,虽然靶向治疗为转移性肾癌的治疗提供了新的治疗方案,但免疫疗法一直作为治疗转移性肾癌的基础疗法。在过去的20年中,研究者也一直在研究新的免疫疗法,研究方向趋向于研究各种细胞因子,其中最主要的有IFN-α和IL-2两种,二者可以明显提高患者的生存时间。但是转移性肾癌的细胞因子疗法仍需进一步优化,本文总结了使用细胞因子治疗转移性肾癌的Ⅲ期临床试验,以期为转移性肾癌细胞因子疗法的合理选择提供参考。     

老年急性脑梗塞患者血清TNF-α 和IL-6 水平的变化及其临床意义

目的:观察老年急性脑梗塞(ACI)患者血清TNF-α和IL-6水平的变化并探讨其临床意义.方法:选择老年ACI患者53例,观察以上入选患者入院后第7d、第9d和第11d血清TNF-α和IL-6水平的变化,并与26例健康人对照;同时分析53例老年ACI患者血清TNF-α和IL-6水平与患者脑梗塞面积及神经功能缺损评分的Spearman等级相关性.结果:老年ACI患者血清TNF-α和IL-6水平显著高于健康人(P＜0.01);随着治疗的进展与病情的稳定及恢复,患者血清TNF-α和IL-6水平随之显著下降(P＜0.05);同时患者血清TNF-α和IL-6水平与病变的严重程度呈正相关性(P＜0.05);治疗11d后血清TNF-α和IL-6降低量与病变的严重程度呈正相关性(P＜0.05).结论:在老年ACI患者治疗过程中,应进行血清TNF-α和IL-6水平的动态监测,可提示病变的发生发展并指导临床治疗.     

Targeted genome-wide investigation identifies novel SNPs associated with diabetic nephropathy

Loci contributing to complex disease have been identified by focusing on genome-wide scans utilising non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs). We employed Illumina's HNS12 BeadChip (13,917 high-value SNPs) which was specifically designed to capture nsSNPs and ideally complements more dense genome-wide association studies that fail to consider many of these putatively functional variants. The HNS12 panel also includes 870 tag SNPs covering the major histocompatibility region. All individuals genotyped in this study were Caucasians with (cases) and without (controls) diabetic nephropathy. About 449 individuals with type 2 diabetes (203 cases, 246 controls) were genotyped in the initial study. 1,467 individuals with type 1 diabetes (718 cases, 749 controls) were genotyped in the follow up study. 11,152 SNPs were successfully analysed and ranked for association with diabetic nephropathy based on significance (P) values. The top ranked 32 SNPs were subsequently genotyped using MassARRAY iPLEX(?) and TaqMan technologies to investigate association of these polymorphisms with nephropathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes. The top ranked nsSNP, rs1543547 (P?=?10(-5)), is located in RAET1L, a major histocompatibility class I-related gene at 6q25.1. Of particular interest, multiple nsSNPs within the top ranked (0.2%) SNPs are within several plausible candidate genes for nephropathy on 3q21.3 and 6p21.3.     

Changes in cytokine levels and NK cell activation associated with influenza

Several studies have highlighted the important role played by murine natural killer (NK) cells in the control of influenza infection. However, human NK cell responses in acute influenza infection, including infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, are poorly documented. Here, we examined changes in NK cell phenotype and function and plasma cytokine levels associated with influenza infection and vaccination. We show that absolute numbers of peripheral blood NK cells, and particularly those of CD56(bright) NK cells, decreased upon acute influenza infection while this NK cell subset expanded following intramuscular influenza vaccination. NK cells exposed to influenza antigens were activated, with higher proportions of NK cells expressing CD69 in study subjects infected with seasonal influenza strains. Vaccination led to increased levels of CD25+ NK cells, and notably CD56(bright) CD25+ NK cells, whereas decreased amounts of this subset were present in the peripheral blood of influenza infected individuals, and predominantly in study subjects infected with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Finally, acute influenza infection was associated with low plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, MIP-1β, IL-2 and IL-15, and high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1ra. Altogether, these data suggest a role for the CD56(bright) NK cell subset in the response to influenza, potentially involving their recruitment to infected tissues and a local production and/or uptake of inflammatory cytokines.     

Glomerular proliferation during early stages of diabetic nephropathy is associated with local increase of sphingosine-1-phosphate levels

In this study, the effects of short-term diabetes (4 days) on rat renal glomerular cells proliferation and the potential involvement of sphingolipids in this process were investigated. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes promoted increased intra-glomerular hyperplasia, particularly marked for mesangial cells. This was associated with a concomitant increase in neutral ceramidase and sphingosine-kinase activities and the accumulation of the pro-proliferative sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate, in glomeruli isolated from kidney cortex of STZ-treated rats. These results suggest a possible involvement of sphingolipid metabolites in the glomerular proliferative response during the early stages of diabetic nephropathy.     

Increased serum levels of interleukin-18 in patients with diabetic nephropathy

In the present study we measured interleukin-18 (IL-18) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in sera from 65 diabetic [30 with type 1 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 35 with type 2 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)] patients and 15 healthy volunteers, to investigate their associations with metabolic parameters and to elucidate their roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications especially diabetic nephropathy. Levels of IL-18 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in both IDDM and NIDDM individuals as compared to the control group. Similarly, their levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy increased gradually according to the clinical stage of the disease, being highest in macroalbuminuric stage. Correlation analyses showed that the serum IL-18 and TNF-alpha concentration were positively correlated with each other and positively with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2h postprandial glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride, and urinary albumin levels and negative correlation between TNF-alpha and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were also found in diabetic subjects. High serum levels of IL-18 and TNF-alpha suggested that they might play a role in the pathogenesis of DM and in the development of nephropathy in diabetic patients whether of type 1 or 2.     

MTHFR gene variant is not associated with diabetic nephropathy in Japanese.

Genetic predisposition has been implicated in diabetic nephropathy. The C677T variant of the MTHFR gene has been suggested to play a role in the development of not only vascular diseases but also diabetic microangiopathies. By using polymerase chain reaction-restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using Hinf I, we investigated whether this variant is associated with diabetic nephropathy in Japanese. By analysing 274 unrelated Japanese patients with type II DM with or without nephropathy, there was no significant difference in the genotype distribution of this variant. The distribution of the three genotypes were not different among patients with micro- or macroalbuminuria and those without nephropathy. Although previous reports suggest a role of this variant with diabetic microangiopathies, our observations suggest that this variant is does not play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy in Japanese.     

Effect of PACAP treatment on kidney morphology and cytokine expression in rat diabetic nephropathy

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide, exerting diverse effects. One of its frequently examined functions is cell protection, which is achieved mainly via inhibiting apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidative processes. All its three receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) are expressed in the kidney and PACAP has been shown to have protective effects against different renal pathologies. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible ameliorative effect of PACAP in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy and to evaluate its anti-inflammatory effect in this model. Diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats. PACAP-treated animals were administered ip. 20 μg PACAP every second day, while untreated animals were given vehicle. Kidneys were removed after 8-weeks survival. Besides the complex histological analysis (glomerular PAS positive area/glomerulus area, tubular damage, arteriolar hyalinosis), expression of several cytokines was evaluated by cytokine array and Luminex assay. Histological analysis revealed severe diabetic changes in kidneys of control diabetic animals (glomerular PAS-positive area expansion, tubular damage, Armanni-Ebstein phenomenon). PACAP treatment significantly diminished the damage. Diabetic kidneys showed significant cytokine activation compared to their healthy controls. PACAP was effective in downregulation of several cytokines including CINC-1, TIMP-1, LIX, MIG, s-ICAM. To conclude, PACAP is effective in ameliorating diabetic nephropathy at least partly through its well-known anti-inflammatory effect. These results raise the opportunity for the use of PACAP as a possible therapeutic or preventive method in treating the complications of diabetes.     

High levels of circulating interleukin-10 in diabetic nephropathy patients

AIMS: The aim of our study was to analyse the level of circulating interleukin-10 (IL-10) and relate it to the grade of albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) due to type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Since IL-10 has met the criteria for an anti-inflammatory and an immunosuppressive cytokine, its activity may be important for clinical outcome of DN. METHODS: The IL-10 level was measured by ELISA in serum samples from thirty patients with DN due to type 1 DM, and compared with thirty patients with type 1 DM without DN and a control group of thirty, healthy, age- and sex-matched people. RESULTS: We observed a greatly elevated concentration of circulating IL-10 in 30/30 DM patients with DN (mean 140 pg/mL +/- 102), compared to DM patients without DN in whom IL-10 was detectable in only 11/30 patients (0.79 pg/mL +/- 1.24), and the group of healthy people in whom IL-10 was detectable in only 3/30 donors (0.92 pg/mL +/- 0.17). IL-10 appeared to be the strongest independent predictor of albuminuria, followed by HbA1c, diastolic blood pressure and DN duration. There was a positive correlation between the values of IL-10 and albuminuria in DM patients with DN. The patients in the fourth quartile of albuminuria had a distinctly higher concentration of IL-10 than those in the lower quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: The increased concentration of IL-10 in the serum samples from DM patients with DN seems to depend on the severity of the nephropathy. The excessive IL-10 production may indirectly contribute towards DN progression. On the other hand, it may explain the relatively long course of diabetic nephropathy.     

Identification of the locus associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellites D3S1512, D3S1744, D3S1550, and D3S232 were used to study the association of chromosome region 3q21-q25 neighboring the angiotensin II receptor type 1 gene (AT2R1) with diabetic nephropathy (DN) in diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1). Allele and genotype frequencies were compared for DM1 patients with (N = 39) or without (N = 62) DN. Fisher's exact test with Bonferroni's correction revealed significant differences in frequencies of two D3S2326 alleles, one D3S1512 allele, and one allele and one genotype of D3S1550. No significant difference was observed with D3S1744. Thus, region 3q21-q25 proved tightly associated with DN in ethnic Russians with DM1 from Moscow.