The Ultrastructure and Computer-enhanced Digital Image Analysis of Plasmodesmata at the Kranz Mesophyll-Bundle Sheath Interface of Themeda triandra var. imberbis (Retz) A. Camus in Conventionally-fixed Blades

The ultrastructure of the plasmodesmata at the Kranz mesophyll-bundlesheath (KMS-BS) interface in Themeda triandra, and the substructureswithin the plasmodesmata were investigated, using conventionallyfixed leaf-blade material, enhanced by the addition of 0·1%tannic acid to the primary fixative. Examination of high-resolution electronmicrographs, and computer-enhanceddigital images suggests that these plasmodesmata are complexstructures, comprised of helically-arranged particulate material.The electron-dense particles are between 2·5 and 3·0nm in diameter. These particles are specifically associatedwith the inner face of the inner plasmalemma membrane leaflet,and the outer region of the desmotubule wall. The electron-denseparticles are presumably proteinaceous and embedded in a lipidmatrix. In the constricted median portion of the KMS-BS plasmodesmata,the space between the desmotubule and the inner plasmalemmamembrane leaflet and areas surrounding the proteinaceous particlesthereof (the cytoplasmic sleeve) is about 3 nm in cross-section,and constitutes what we believe to be the space through whichintercellular transport takes place.Copyright 1993, 1999 AcademicPress Themeda triandra, Poaceae, cytoplasmic sleeve, image analysis, plasmodesmatal structure, desmotubule, Kranz mesophyll     

Fine structure of plasmodesmata in mature leaves of sugarcane

The fine structure of plasmodesmata in vascular bundles and contiguous tissues of mature leaf blades of sugarcane (Saccharum interspecific hybrid L62–96) was studied with the transmission electron microscope. Tissues were fixed in glutaraldehyde, with and without the addition of tannic acid, and postfixed in OsO₄. The results indicate that the fine structure of plasmodesmata in sugarcane differs among various cell combinations in a cell-specific manner, but that three basic structural variations can be recognized among plasmodesmata in the mature leaf: 1) Plasmodesmata between mesophyll cells. These plasmodesmata possess amorphous, electron-opaque structures, termed sphincters, that extend from plasma membrane to desmotubule near the orifices of the plasmodesmata. The cytoplasmic sleeve is filled by the sphincters where they occur; elsewhere it is open and entirely free of particulate or spokelike components. The desmotubule is tightly constricted and has no lumen within the sphincters, but between the sphincters it is a convoluted tubule with an open lumen. 2) Plasmodesmata that traverse the walls of chlorenchymatous bundle-sheath cells and mestome-sheath cells. In addition to the presence of sphincters, these plasmodesmata are modified by the presence of suberin lamellae in the walls. Although the plasmodesmata are quite narrow and the lumens of the desmotubules are constricted where they traverse the suberin lamellae, the cytoplasmic sleeves are still discernible and appear to contain substructural components there. 3) Plasmodesmata between parenchymatous cells of the vascular bundles. These plasmodesmata strongly resemble those found in the roots of Azolla, in that their desmotubules are closed for their entire length and their cytoplasmic sleeves appear to contain substructural components for their entire length. The structural variations exhibited by the plasmodesmata of the sugarcane leaf are compared with those proposed for a widely-adopted model of plasmodesmatal structure.Abbreviation ER endoplasmic reticulum This study was supported by National Science Foundation grants DCB 87-01116 and DCB 90-01759 to R.F.E. and a University of Wisconsin-Madison Dean's Fellowship to K. R.-B. We also thank Claudia Lipke and Kandis Elliot for photographic and artistic assistance, respectively.     

The ultrastructure of plasmodesmata in the filamentous green alga,Bulbochaete hiloensis (Nordst.) tiffany

Summary The ultrastructure of the plasmodesmata found in the green alga Bulbochaete hiloensis has been examined by electron microscopy of ultra-thin sections. Unlike most other plasmodesmata that have been described recently, there are no internal components such as a desmotubule or a derivative of the endoplasmic reticulum. Each plasmodesma consists of a cylindrical connection between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells. The cylinder is constricted at each end to orifices which may be less than 100 Å in diameter. Within the cylinder the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is lined with material probably consisting of helically arranged particles. The lumen here is 400–450 Å in diameter.The observations are discussed in relation to possible functions in intercellular transport.     

Intercellular communication inAzolla roots: I. Ultrastructure of plasmodesmata

Summary A model is proposed for the structure of the plasmodesmata ofAzolla root primordia, based on micrographs obtained by a combination of fixation in glutaraldehyde/p-formaldehyde/tannic acid/ferric chloride, digestion of cell walls and the use of stereo pairs. Unlike the model for plasmodesmatal structure proposed byRobards (1971), the desmotubule is depicted as a virtually closed cylindrical bilayer providing little or no open pathway for transport. In this respect it is similar to the model ofLópez-Sáez et al. (1966). An analysis of the molecular packing of types of lipids found in endoplasmic reticulum (of which the desmotubule is an extension) indicates that the model is geometrically feasible. Details cannot be discerned with accuracy, but material, possibly particulate, occupies much of the space between desmotubule and plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic lumen being reduced to inter-particle spaces of cross-sectional area comparable to that of the bore in a gap junction connexon. Implications for intercellular transport are discussed.     

胞间连丝：共质体运输的动态通道

胞间连丝作为一种细胞质结构将相邻的细胞连系起来而形成植物的共质体。胞间连丝通过调控许多离子和分子的共质体运输而广泛地参与植物的生命活动。胞间连丝的主要构成部分是细胞质膜、连丝小管、以及位于二之间的环层细胞质。这三都很容易在电子显微镜下观察到。细胞骨架的成分（肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白）起到稳定胞间连丝的作用。同时,钙结合蛋白可能具有调节间连丝功能的作用。在胞间连丝里,环层细胞质为大多数溶质提供共质体运输的通道,而有些 共质体运输则可能是通过连丝小管的内腔、连丝小管的壳层、甚或是细胞质膜来实现的。共质体可以细分为数个区块,它们各自允许不同大小的分子（从低于1000到高于10000道尔顿）通过。从发生上看,胞间连丝可以是初生的,也可以是次生的。前是伴随着新细胞壁的形成则产生的,而后则是在已有的细胞壁上产生的。胞间连丝的动态性质还表现在它们的频率是处于变化之中,这是由于组织或植物整体的发育和生理状态决定的。虽然共质体运输的基本形式是扩散,但胞间连丝对于某些离子和分子却是选择性的。在病毒感染细胞时,病毒的移动蛋白作用于胞间连丝的受体蛋白,结果,胞间连丝被显地扩张（其机理尚不清楚）。于是,病毒的移动蛋白连同与之结合在一起的病毒基因组进入毗邻的健康细胞。一些植物源性的蛋白质也能够通过胞间连丝来运输;推测其方式类似于病毒的移动蛋白。有些植物蛋白质本身就是信号分子,它们调节分化和其他活动。与此相反,还有一些植物蛋白质的共质体运输并不是通过特异的方式来实现的。     

Plasmodesmal widening accompanies the short-term increase in symplasmic phloem unloading in pea root tips under osmotic stress

Summary Root tips ofPisum sativum seedlings were exposed to 350 mM mannitol, which was shown to effect a transient but dramatic increase in phloem unloading, and investigated by electron microscopy. After chemical fixation and embedding, extremely thin sections of the root extension zone were examined. Outer, inner, and desmotubule diameters of 830 primary plasmodesmata in transverse walls of cortical cells were measured. Statistical analysis indicated that the majority of plasmodesmata had no neck constriction during osmoregulation. Compared to controls, a highly significant increase in mean plasmodesmata diameter was found, but the desmotubule diameter remained unchanged. Both loss of neck constriction and widening of the cytoplasmic sleeve indicate an increase in effective passage area of plasmodesmata. Spokes between plasma membrane and desmotubule were preserved. Continued exposure of the root tips to mannitol led to a return to control values for plasmodesmal diameters. In contrast to these responses, plasmolysis of cortical cells by 1,000 mM sucrose, diminishing phloem unloading, was accompanied by a reduction in those plasmodesmata classified as open. This is the first report showing a correlation between the ultrastructure of plasmodesmata and the rate of symplasmic transport. The role of the different plasmodesmal components in controlling the passage area of symplasmic transport is discussed.     

Cell-to-cell transport via the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum

Plasmodesmata are plasma membrane‐lined channels through which cytoplasmic molecules move from cell‐to‐cell in plants. Most plasmodesmata contain a desmotubule, a central tube of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), that connects the ER of adjacent cells. Here we demonstrate that molecules of up to 10.4 kDa in size can move between the ER lumen of neighbouring leaf trichome or epidermal cells via the desmotubule lumen. Fluorescent molecules of up to 10 kDa, microinjected into the ER of Nicotiana trichome cells, consistently moved into the ER and nuclei of neighbouring trichome cells. This movement occurred more rapidly than movement via the cytoplasmic pathway. A fluorescent 3‐kDa dextran microinjected into the ER of a basal trichome cell moved into the ER and nuclei of epidermal cells across a barrier to cytoplasmic movement. We constructed a 10.4‐kDa recombinant ER‐lumenal reporter protein (LRP) from a fragment of the endogenous ER‐lumenal binding protein AtBIP1. Following transient expression of the LRP in the ER of Tradescantia leaf epidermal cells, it often moved into the nuclear envelopes of neighbouring cells. However, green fluorescent protein targeted to the ER lumen (ER‐GFP) did not move from cell to cell. We propose that the ER lumen of plant cells is continuous with that of their neighbours, and allows movement of small ER‐lumenal molecules between cells.     

The structure of plasmodesmata as revealed by plasmolysis, detergent extraction, and protease digestion

Plasmodesmata or intercellular bridges that connect plant cells are cylindrical channels approximately 40 nm in diameter. Running through the center of each is a dense rod, the desmotubule, that is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells. Fern, Onoclea sensibilis, gametophytes were cut in half and the cut surfaces exposed to the detergent, Triton X 100, then fixed. Although the plasma membrane limiting the plasmodesma is solubilized partially or completely, the desmotubule remains intact. Alternatively, if the cut surface is exposed to papain, then fixed, the desmotubule disappears, but the plasma membrane limiting the plasmodesmata remains intact albeit swollen and irregular in profile. Gametophytes were plasmolyzed, and then fixed. As the cells retract from their cell walls they leave behind the plasmodesmata still inserted in the cell wall. They can break cleanly when the cell proper retracts or can pull away portions of the plasma membrane of the cell with them. Where the desmotubule remains intact, the plasmodesma retains its shape. These images and the results with detergents and proteases indicate that the desmotubule provides a cytoskeletal element for each plasmodesma, an element that not only stabilizes the whole structure, but also limits its size and porosity. It is likely to be composed in large part of protein. Suggestions are made as to why this structure has been selected for in evolution.     

Distribution and structure of the plasmodesmata in mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells of Zea mays L.

In leaf blades of Zea mays L. plasmodesmata between mesophyll cells are aggregated in numerous thickened portions of the walls. The plasmodesmata are unbranched and all are characterized by the presence of electron-dense structures, called sphincters by us, near both ends of the plasmodesmatal canal. The sphincters surround the desmotubule and occlude the cytoplasmic annulus where they occur. Plasmodesmata between mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells are aggregated in primary pit-fields and are constricted by a wide suberin lamella on the sheath-cell side of the wall. Each plasmodesma contains a sphincter on the mesophyll-cell side of the wall. The outer tangential and radial walls of the sheath cells exhibit a continuous suberin lamella. However, on the inner tangential wall only the sites of plasmodesmatal aggregates are consistently suberized. Apparently the movement of photosynthetic intermediates between mesophyll and sheath cells is restricted largely or entirely to the plasmodesmata (symplastic pathway) and transpirational water movement to the cell walls (apoplastic pathway).Abbreviation ER endoplasmic reticulum     

A freeze-etch study of the effects of extracellular freezing on cellular membranes of wheat

Seedlings of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Lennox were grown in different environments to obtain different hardiness. Pieces of laminae and leaf bases were slowly cooled to sub-zero temperatures and the damage caused was assessed by an ion-leakage method. Comparable pieces of tissue were slowly cooled to temperatures between 2° and-14°C and were then freeze-fixed and freeze-etched. Membranes generally retained their lamellar structures indicated by the abundance of typical membrane fracture faces in all treatments, and some membrane fracture faces had patches which lacked the usual scattering of intramembranous particles (IMP). These IMP-free areas were present in the plasma membrane of tissues given a damaging freezing treatment, but were absent from the plasma membrane of room-temperature controls, of supercooled tissues, and of tissues given a non-damaging freezing treatment. The frequency of IMP-free areas and the proportion of the plasma membrane affected increased with increasing damage. In the most damaged tissue (79% damage; leaf bases exposed to-8°C), 20% of the plasma membrane was IMP-free. The frequencies of IMP at a distance from the IMP-free areas were unaffected by freezing treatments. There was a patchy distribution of IMP in other membranes (nuclear envelope, tonoplast, thylakoids, chloroplast envelope), but only in the nuclear envelope did it appear possible that their occurrence coincided with damage. The IMP-free areas of several membranes were sometimes associated together in stacks. Such membranes lay both to the outside and inside of the plasma membrane, indicating that at least some of the adjacent membrane fragments arose as a result of membrane reorganization induced by the damaging treatment. Occasional views of folded IMP-free plasma membrane tended to confirm this conclusion. The following hypothesis is advanced to explain the damage induced by extracellular freezing. Areas of plasma membrane become free of IMP, probably as a result of the freezing-induced cellular dehydration. The lipids in these IMP-free patches may be in the fluid rather than the gel phase. The formation of these IMP-free patches, especially in the plasma membrane, initiates or involves proliferation and possibly fusion of membranes, and during or following this process, the cells become leaky.Abbreviations EF exoplasmatic fracture face - IMP intramembranous particles - PF protoplasmatic fracture face     

Signalling via plasmodesmata—the neglected pathway

This review considers recent studies on the role of plasmodesmata in the conduction of small solutes and signalling molecules between plant cells. The substructure of plasmodesmata is described in relation to the potential pathways available for symplastic signalling between cells. At least two discrete pathways are available for transport through plasmodesmata, the cytoplasmic sleeve between the desmotubule and the plasmalemma, and the endoplasmic reticulum which connects contiguous cells via the central desmotubule. This latter pathway has been shown recently to function as a dynamic continuum for the movement of lipids and lipid-signalling molecules between plant cells. The role of plasmodesmata in the conduction of hormones and electrical signals is also considered, as is the potential for movement of macromolecular signalling molecules via the symplast. The factors which regulate plasmodesmatal conductance and the significance of symplast 'domains' are discussed in relation to the control of movement of signalling molecules in the symplast.     

Rapid detection of plasmodesmata in purified cell walls

Summary Plasmodesmata are complex channels within the plant cell wall, which create plasma membrane and symplastic continuity between neighbouring cells. To detect plasmodesmata in cell wall preparations fromNicotiana cle elandii, we have used 3,3-dihexyl-oxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC₆), a cationic amphiphilic fluorescent probe, widely employed for general studies of membrane structure and dynamics. Punctate fluorescent staining was readily seen in pit fields, small depressions within the cell wall known to be rich in plasmodesmata. Scanning electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that the punctate staining corresponded to plasmodesmata. Treatment of cell wall fragments with chloroform-methanol to remove lipids did not alter the staining of plasmodesmata. In contrast, pronase E-sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment completely abolished staining, indicating that the DiOC₆ labelling of plasmodesmata may be protein rather than lipid specific. Although not membrane mediated, DiOC₆ staining of plasmodesmata is a simple, rapid, and specific tool for the detection of plasmodesmata in isolated cell walls and will prove useful for studies of plasmodesmal location, structure, and composition.     

FREEZING STRESS AND OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION IN FUCUS DISTICHUS (PHAEOPHYTA): EVIDENCE FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL SIMILARITY1

The effects of osmotic dehydration and freezing on photosynthesis were studied in the brown alga Fucus distichus L. The data indicated that F. distichus exhibits similar physiological responses to both osmotic dehydration and freezing stress and that these responses resemble those in the literature for the effect of desiccation in air. Both stresses inhibited light-limited (P_subsat) and light-saturated (P_max) photosynthesis measured immediately after plants were reimmersed in seawater. The degree of initial inhibition and subsequent recovery of photosynthesis were proportional to the severity of the dehydration or freezing treatment. P_subsat and P_max recovered completely from osmotic dehydration for 3 h in 200% and 3 hr at – 10°C, but recovery was only partial following 3 h in 300%o or 3 h at – 15°C. In most cases, recovery was complete within 2 h following dehydration, with little further recovery occurring between 2 and 24 h posttreatment. No time-dependent recovery occurred following severe freezing. Observations using the vital stain fluorescein diacetate suggested that the lack of complete recovery might be due to severe damage or death of a proportion of cells in the thallus. There were no clear effects of either osmotic dehydration or freezing on dark respiration (R_d), although R_d was stimulated in all emersed treatments (frozen plants and 5° C controls) immediately following reimmersion. Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics indicated that both osmotic dehydration and freezing reduced the ratio of variable to maximum florescence (F_v/F_m), indicating a decrease in the quantum efficiency of photosystem I. Based on these data, we suggest that there are common cellular and physiological components involved in the response of fucoid algae to a range of water stresses. This hypothesis was supported by experiments that showed that osmoacclimation in hyperosmotic seawater (51%o)for 2 weeks increased the ability of F. distichus to recover from freezing at – 15° C. During acclimation, mannitol content increased under hyperosmotic conditions and decreased under hypoosmotic conditions. Changes in plasma membrane integrity, determined by fresh weight: dry weight ratio, and amino acid release following freezing indicated an increasing gradient of freezing tolerance from low to high salinity. However, none of these physiological changes fully explained the marked increase in the freezing tolerance of photosynthesis observed in plants acclimated under hyperosmotic conditions.     

Arabidopsis dynamin‐related protein 1E in sphingolipid‐enriched plasma membrane domains is associated with the development of freezing tolerance

The freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana is enhanced by cold acclimation, resulting in changes in the compositions and function of the plasma membrane. Here, we show that a dynamin‐related protein 1E (DRP1E), which is thought to function in the vesicle trafficking pathway in cells, is related to an increase in freezing tolerance during cold acclimation. DRP1E accumulated in sphingolipid and sterol‐enriched plasma membrane domains after cold acclimation. Analysis of drp1e mutants clearly showed that DRP1E is required for full development of freezing tolerance after cold acclimation. DRP1E fused with green fluorescent protein was visible as small foci that overlapped with fluorescent dye‐labelled plasma membrane, providing evidence that DRP1E localizes non‐uniformly in specific areas of the plasma membrane. These results suggest that DRP1E accumulates in sphingolipid and sterol‐enriched plasma membrane domains and plays a role in freezing tolerance development during cold acclimation.     

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of water during cold acclimation and freezing in winter wheat

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to analyse changes in the physical state of water in wheat crowns during cold acclimation and during the freezing/thawing cycle. Spectroscopically measured average spin-spin relaxation times (T₂) decreased during cold acclimation and increased when plants were grown at normal temperature. Spin-spin relaxation images whose contrast is proportional to T₂, times were calculated allowing association of water relaxation with regions of tissue in spin-echo images during acclimation and freezing. Images taken during freezing revealed nonuniform freezing of tissue in crowns and roots. Acclimated and non-acclimated wheat crowns were imaged during freezing and after thawing. Spin-echo image signal intensity and T₂ times decreased dramatically between -4°C and -8°C as a result of a decrease in water mobility during freezing. Images collected during thawing were diffuse with less structure and relaxation times were longer, consistent with water redistribution in tissue after membrane damage.     

Current perspectives on plasmodesmata: structure and function

Recent studies on plasmodesmata have shown that these important intercellular passages for communication and transport are much more sophisticated in both structure and regulatory abilities than previously imagined. A complex, but not well understood, substructure has been revealed by a variety of increasingly reliable ultrastructural techniques. Proteinaceous particles are seen within the cytoplasmic sleeve surrounding the desmotubule. Dye-coupling studies have provided experimental evidence for the physical pathway of solute movement, supporting conclusions about substructural dimensions within plasmodesmata drawn from the ultrastructural studies. Calcium has been identified as a major factor in the regulation of intercellular communication via plasmodesmata. Evidence from studies on virus movement through plasmodesmata suggests a direct interaction between virallycoded movement proteins and plasmodesmata in the systemic spread of many viruses. There is increasing evidence, albeit indirect, that in some plant species phloem loading may involve transport of photoassimilate entirely within the symplast from mesophyll cells to the sieve element-companion cell complexes of minor veins.     

Functional roles of microbial symbionts in plant cold tolerance

In this review, we examine the functional roles of microbial symbionts in plant tolerance to cold and freezing stresses. The impacts of symbionts on antioxidant activity, hormonal signaling and host osmotic balance are described, including the effects of the bacterial endosymbionts Burkholderia, Pseudomonas and Azospirillum on photosynthesis and the accumulation of carbohydrates such as trehalose and raffinose that improve cell osmotic regulation and plasma membrane integrity. The influence of root fungal endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant physiology at low temperatures, for example their effects on nutrient acquisition and the accumulation of indole‐3‐acetic acid and antioxidants in tissues, are also reviewed. Meta‐analyses are presented showing that aspects of plant performance (shoot biomass, relative water content, sugar and proline concentrations and F_v/F_m) are enhanced in symbiotic plants at low (?1 to 15 °C), but not at high (20–26 °C), temperatures. We discuss the implications of microbial symbionts for plant performance at low and sub‐zero temperatures in the natural environment and propose future directions for research into the effects of symbionts on the cold and freezing tolerances of plants, concluding that further studies should routinely incorporate symbiotic microbes in their experimental designs.     

Structural organization of ultrarapidly frozen barley aleurone cells actively involved in protein secretion

The ultrastructural organization of actively secreting barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) aleurone cells was examined using ultrarapid-freezing (<-10 000°C s^-1) followed by freeze-fracture and freeze-substitution. Our analysis indicates that much of the evidence supporting a direct pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane (i.e. bypassing the Golgi apparatus) for the secretion of -amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) may not be valid. Cryofixed ER cisternae show no sign of vesiculation during active -amylase secretion in gibberellic acid (GA₃)-treated cells. At the same time, Golgi complexes are abundant and numerous small vesicles are associated with the edges of the cisternae. Vesicles appear to be involved in the delivery of secretory products to the plasma membrane since depressions containing excess membrane material appear there. Treatment with GA₃ also induces changes in the composition of Golgi membranes; most notably, the density of intramembrane particles increases from 2700 m^-2 to 3800 m^-2 because of an increase of particles in the 3–8.5-nm size range. A slight decrease in 9–11-nm particles also occurs. These changes in membrane structure appear to occur as the Golgi complex becomes committed to the processing and packaging of secretory proteins. We suggest that secretory proteins in this tissue are synthesized in the abundant rough ER, packaged in the Golgi apparatus, and transported to the plasma membrane via Golgi-derived secretory vesicles. Mobilization of reserves is also accompanied by dynamic membrane events. Our micrographs show that the surface monolayer of the lipid bodies fuses with the outer leaflet of the bilayer of protein-body membranes during the mobilization of lipid reserves. Following the breakdown of the protein reserves, the protein bodies assume a variety of configurations.Abbreviations ER endoplasmic reticulum - GA₃ gibberellic acid - P protoplasmic - E exoplasmic     

灵武长枣果实ATPase超微细胞化学定位和功能研究

采用ATPase超微细胞化学定位技术,研究灵武长枣果实不同发育阶段韧皮部和果肉库薄壁细胞ATPase分布特征,以明确灵武长枣果实ATPase超微细胞化学定位特征和功能。结果显示:(1)第一次快速生长期SE/CC复合体与周围的薄壁细胞有丰富的胞间连丝,形成共质体连续,韧皮部薄壁细胞之间有丰富的胞间连丝,ATPase反应物在韧皮部各细胞分布较少。(2)缓慢生长期ATPase反应物在韧皮部各细胞分布逐渐增加。(3)第二次快速生长期SE/CC复合体与周围的薄壁细胞缺乏胞间连丝,形成共质体隔离,韧皮薄壁细胞及果肉库薄壁细胞的胞间连丝较少,囊泡和膜泡在筛管、韧皮薄壁细胞和库薄壁细胞中很丰富,质膜、液泡膜、囊泡膜、细胞壁和胞间隙的ATPase活性较高。研究表明,果实在第一次快速生长期同化物从筛分子的卸出主要采取共质体途径,缓慢生长期同化物卸出时可能为共质体和质外体途径共存,第二次快速生长期则主要以质外体途径为主,证明果实不同发育阶段韧皮部同化物卸出路径存在差异。