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1.
Tomika Hagiwara Masae Iwamoto Ishihara Junji Takabayashi Tsutom Hiura Kaori Shiojiri 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(18):12445
In response to volatiles emitted from a plant infested by herbivorous arthropods, neighboring undamaged conspecific plants become better defended against herbivores; this is referred to as plant‒plant communication. Although plant‒plant communication occurs in a wide range of plant species, most studies have focused on herbaceous plants. Here, we investigated plant‒plant communication in beech trees in two experimental plantations in 2018 and one plantation in 2019. Approximately 20% of the leaves of a beech tree were clipped in half in the spring seasons of 2018 and 2019 (clipped tree). The damage levels to leaves in the surrounding undamaged beech trees were evaluated 90 days after the clipping (assay trees). In both years, the damage levels decreased with a reduction in the distance from the clipped tree. In 2019, we also recorded the damage levels of trees that were not exposed to volatiles (nonexposed trees) as control trees and found that those that were located <5 m away from clipped trees had significantly less leaf damage than nonexposed trees. By using a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer, ten and eight volatile compounds were detected in the headspaces of clipped and unclipped leaves, respectively. Among them, the amount of (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate in clipped leaves was significantly higher than that in nonclipped leaves. Our result suggests that green leaf volatiles such as (Z)‐3‐hexenol and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate and other volatile organic compounds emitted from clipped trees induced defenses in the neighboring trees within the 5 m radius. The effective distances of plant‒plant communication in trees were discussed from the viewpoint of the arthropod community structure in forest ecosystems. 相似文献
2.
Parasitic plants pose a major biotic threat to plant growth and development and lead to losses in crop productivity of billions of USD annually. By comparison with “normal” autotrophic plants, parasitic plants live a heterotrophic lifestyle and rely on water, solutes and to a greater (holoparasitic plants) or lesser extent (hemiparasitic plants) on sugars from other host plants. Most hosts are unable to detect an infestation by plant parasites or unable to fend off these parasitic invaders. However, a few hosts have evolved defense strategies to avoid infestation or protect themselves actively post-attack often leading to full or partial resistance. Here, we review the current state of our understanding of the defense strategies to plant parasitism used by host plants with emphasis on the active molecular resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, we outline the perspectives and the potential of future studies that will be indispensable to develop and breed resistant crops.Some plants are able to recognize parasitic plants as attacking pathogens and can fend them off by inducing defense responses. Advances
- Receptor proteins have been discovered in host plants (i.e. sunflower, tomato, or cowpea) that detect parasitic plants as an invading pathogen and further induce plant immunity and resistance responses in hosts leading to a parasite rejection.
- Molecular patterns exist in parasitic plants that can be specifically detected by host plant receptors.
- The host plant receptors require co-receptors and signaling components (i.e. BAK1, SOBIR1, etc.) also known from plant immunity against microbes.
- Parasitic plants evolved strategies to circumvent and to suppress host plant immunity, i.e. by manipulating host cells with siRNAs or proteins that act as effectors.
- Similar to the interaction of plants with microbial pathogens, elements of PTI and ETI can be both observed in plant–parasitic plant interactions.
3.
Julia Dieskau Helge Bruelheide Jessica Gutknecht Alexandra Erfmeier 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(23):13057
- Exotic plant species can evolve adaptations to environmental conditions in the exotic range. Furthermore, soil biota can foster exotic spread in the absence of negative soil pathogen–plant interactions or because of increased positive soil biota–plant feedbacks in the exotic range. Little is known, however, about the evolutionary dimension of plant–soil biota interactions when comparing native and introduced ranges.
- To assess the role of soil microbes for rapid evolution in plant invasion, we subjected Verbascum thapsus, a species native to Europe, to a reciprocal transplant experiment with soil and seed material originating from Germany (native) and New Zealand (exotic). Soil samples were treated with biocides to distinguish between effects of soil fungi and bacteria. Seedlings from each of five native and exotic populations were transplanted into soil biota communities originating from all populations and subjected to treatments of soil biota reduction: application of (a) fungicide, (b) biocide, (c) a combination of the two, and (d) control.
- For most of the investigated traits, native populations showed higher performance than exotic populations; there was no effect of soil biota origin. However, plants developed longer leaves and larger rosettes when treated with their respective home soil communities, indicating that native and exotic plant populations differed in their interaction with soil biota origin. The absence of fungi and bacteria resulted in a higher specific root length, suggesting that V. thapsus may compensate the absence of mutualistic microbes by increasing its root–soil surface contact.
- Synthesis. Introduced plants can evolve adaptations to soil biota in their new distribution range. This demonstrates the importance of biogeographic differences in plant–soil biota relationships and suggests that future studies addressing evolutionary divergence should account for differential effects of soil biota from the home and exotic range on native and exotic populations of successful plant invaders.
4.
Although photosynthesis is essential to sustain life on Earth, not all plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Holoparasitic plants, which are important in agricultural and natural ecosystems, are dependent on other plants for nutrients. Phytohormones are crucial in holoparasitic plant–host interactions, from seed germination to senescence, not only because they act as growth and developmental regulators, but also because of their central role in the regulation of host photosynthesis and source–sink relations between the host and the holoparasitic plant. Here, we compile and discuss current knowledge on the impact and ecophysiology of holoparasitic plants (such as the broomrapes Orobanche sp. and Phelipanche sp.) that infest economically important dicotyledonous crops in Mediterranean agroecosystems (legumes [Fabaceae], sunflowers [Helianthus sp.], or tomato [Solanum lycopersicum] plants). We also highlight the role of holoparasitic plant–host interactions (such as those between Cytinus hypocistis and various shrubs of the genus Cistus) in shaping natural Mediterranean ecosystems. The roles of phytohormones in controlling plant–host interactions, abiotic factors in parasitism, and the biological significance of natural seed banks and how dormancy and germination are regulated, will all be discussed. Holoparasitic plants are unique organisms; improving our understanding of their interaction with hosts as study models will help us to better manage parasitic plants, both in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Advances
- Mediterranean ecosystems represent unique environments to study holoparasitic plant-host interactions
- Holoparasitic plants cause severe reductions in productivity, but can also exert positive effects on diversity in natural ecosystems
- A bidirectional flux of phytohormones occurs in holoparasitic plant-host interactions
- The establishment of seed banks is essential for the success of both Orobanche and Cytinus infection in Mediterranean ecosystems
5.
Carlo L. Seifert Martin Volf Leonardo R. Jorge Tomokazu Abe Grace Carscallen Pavel Drozd Rajesh Kumar Greg P.A. Lamarre Martin Libra Maria E. Losada Scott E. Miller Masashi Murakami Geoffrey Nichols Petr Pyszko Martin igut David L. Wagner Vojtch Novotný 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(24):14137
- Assemblages of insect herbivores are structured by plant traits such as nutrient content, secondary metabolites, physical traits, and phenology. Many of these traits are phylogenetically conserved, implying a decrease in trait similarity with increasing phylogenetic distance of the host plant taxa. Thus, a metric of phylogenetic distances and relationships can be considered a proxy for phylogenetically conserved plant traits and used to predict variation in herbivorous insect assemblages among co‐occurring plant species.
- Using a Holarctic dataset of exposed‐feeding and shelter‐building caterpillars, we aimed at showing how phylogenetic relationships among host plants explain compositional changes and characteristics of herbivore assemblages.
- Our plant–caterpillar network data derived from plot‐based samplings at three different continents included >28,000 individual caterpillar–plant interactions. We tested whether increasing phylogenetic distance of the host plants leads to a decrease in caterpillar assemblage overlap. We further investigated to what degree phylogenetic isolation of a host tree species within the local community explains abundance, density, richness, and mean specialization of its associated caterpillar assemblage.
- The overlap of caterpillar assemblages decreased with increasing phylogenetic distance among the host tree species. Phylogenetic isolation of a host plant within the local plant community was correlated with lower richness and mean specialization of the associated caterpillar assemblages. Phylogenetic isolation had no effect on caterpillar abundance or density. The effects of plant phylogeny were consistent across exposed‐feeding and shelter‐building caterpillars.
- Our study reveals that distance metrics obtained from host plant phylogeny are useful predictors to explain compositional turnover among hosts and host‐specific variations in richness and mean specialization of associated insect herbivore assemblages in temperate broadleaf forests. As phylogenetic information of plant communities is becoming increasingly available, further large‐scale studies are needed to investigate to what degree plant phylogeny structures herbivore assemblages in other biomes and ecosystems.
6.
Kay Moisan Dani Lucas-Barbosa Alexandre Villela Liana O. Greenberg Viviane Cordovez Jos M. Raaijmakers Marcel Dicke 《Ecological Entomology》2020,45(5):1200-1211
- Upon herbivory, plants emit specific herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that can attract natural enemies of the herbivore thus serving as indirect plant resistance. Not only insect herbivores, but microorganisms may also affect HIPV emission before or after plant colonisation, which in turn can affect behaviour of natural enemies of the herbivore. Yet, it remains elusive whether volatiles from microorganisms influence HIPV emission and indirect plant resistance.
- In this study, we investigated whether exposure of Brassica rapa roots to volatiles from soil-borne fungi influence HIPV emission and the recruitment of natural enemies of Pieris brassicae larvae.
- Using a two-compartment pot system, we performed greenhouse and common-garden experiments, and we profiled plant HIPV emission.
- We found that exposure of plant roots to fungal volatiles did not affect the number of P. brassicae larvae recollected from the plants, suggesting a neutral effect of the fungal volatiles on natural predation. Likewise, in a greenhouse, similar numbers of larvae were parasitised by Cotesia glomerata wasps on control plants as on fungal volatile-exposed plants. Additionally, chemical analysis of HIPV profiles revealed no qualitative and quantitative differences between control plants and fungal volatile-exposed plants that were both infested with P. brassicae larvae.
- Together, our data indicate that root exposure to fungal volatiles did not affect indirect plant resistance to an insect herbivore. These findings provide new insight into the influence of indirect plant resistance by fungal volatiles that are discussed together with the effects of fungal volatiles on direct plant resistance.
7.
8.
Plants respond to attack by herbivores or pathogens with the release of volatile organic compounds. Neighbouring plants can receive these volatiles and consecutively induce their own defence arsenal. This ‘plant communication’, however, appears counterintuitive when it benefits independent and genetically unrelated receivers, which may compete with the emitter. As a solution to this problem, a role for volatile compounds in within-plant signalling has been predicted. We used wild-type lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) to quantify under field conditions the distances over which volatile signals move, and thereby determine whether these cues will mainly trigger resistance in other parts of the same plant or in independent plants. Independent receiver plants exhibited airborne resistance to herbivores or pathogens at maximum distances of 50 cm from a resistance-expressing emitter. In undisturbed clusters of lima bean, over 80 per cent of all leaves that were located around a single leaf at this distance were other leaves of the same plant, whereas this percentage dropped below 50 per cent at larger distances. Under natural conditions, resistance-inducing volatiles of lima bean move over distances at which most leaves that can receive the signal still belong to the same plant. 相似文献
9.
The effect of plant integrity and of aboveground-belowground defense signaling on plant resistance against pathogens and herbivores is emerging as a subject of scientific research. There is increasing evidence that plant defense responses to pathogen infection differ between whole intact plants and detached leaves. Studies have revealed the importance of aboveground-belowground defense signaling for plant defenses against herbivores, while our studies have uncovered that the roots as well as the plant integrity are important for the resistance of the potato cultivar Sarpo Mira against the hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Furthermore, in the Sarpo Mira–P. infestans interactions, the plant’s meristems, the stalks or both, seem to be associated with the development of the hypersensitive response and both the plant’s roots and shoots contain antimicrobial compounds when the aerial parts of the plants are infected. Here, we present a short overview of the evidence indicating the importance of plant integrity on plant defense responses. 相似文献
10.
Atsushi Yamauchi Minus van Baalen Yutaka Kobayashi Junji Takabayashi Kaori Shiojiri Maurice W. Sabelis 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1818)
For a communication system to be stable, senders should convey honest information. Providing dishonest information, however, can be advantageous to senders, which imposes a constraint on the evolution of communication systems. Beyond single populations and bitrophic systems, one may ask whether stable communication systems can evolve in multitrophic systems. Consider cross-species signalling where herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) attract predators to reduce the damage from arthropod herbivores. Such plant signals may be honest and help predators to identify profitable prey/plant types via HIPV composition and to assess prey density via the amount of HIPVs. There could be selection for dishonest signals that attract predators for protection from possible future herbivory. Recently, we described a case in which plants release a fixed, high amount of HIPVs independent of herbivore load, adopting what we labelled a ‘cry-wolf’ strategy. To understand when such signals evolve, we model coevolutionary interactions between plants, herbivores and predators, and show that both ‘honest’ and ‘cry-wolf’ types can emerge, depending on the assumed plant–herbivore encounter rates and herbivore population density. It is suggested that the ‘cry-wolf’ strategy may have evolved to reduce the risk of heavy damage in the future. Our model suggests that eco-evolutionary feedback loops involving a third species may have important consequences for the stability of this outcome. 相似文献
11.
Wouter Kegge Velemir Ninkovic Robert Glinwood Rob A. M. Welschen Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek Ronald Pierik 《Annals of botany》2015,115(6):961-970
Background and Aims Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play various roles in plant–plant interactions, and constitutively produced VOCs might act as a cue to sense neighbouring plants. Previous studies have shown that VOCs emitted from the barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivar ‘Alva’ cause changes in biomass allocation in plants of the cultivar ‘Kara’. Other studies have shown that shading and the low red:far-red (R:FR) conditions that prevail at high plant densities can reduce the quantity and alter the composition of the VOCs emitted by Arabidopsis thaliana, but whether this affects plant–plant signalling remains unknown. This study therefore examines the effects of far-red light enrichment on VOC emissions and plant–plant signalling between ‘Alva’ and ‘Kara’.Methods The proximity of neighbouring plants was mimicked by supplemental far-red light treatment of VOC emitter plants of barley grown in growth chambers. Volatiles emitted by ‘Alva’ under control and far-red light-enriched conditions were analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). ‘Kara’ plants were exposed to the VOC blend emitted by the ‘Alva’ plants that were subjected to either of the light treatments. Dry matter partitioning, leaf area, stem and total root length were determined for ‘Kara’ plants exposed to ‘Alva’ VOCs, and also for ‘Alva’ plants exposed to either control or far-red-enriched light treatments.Key Results Total VOC emissions by ‘Alva’ were reduced under low R:FR conditions compared with control light conditions, although individual volatile compounds were found to be either suppressed, induced or not affected by R:FR. The altered composition of the VOC blend emitted by ‘Alva’ plants exposed to low R:FR was found to affect carbon allocation in receiver plants of ‘Kara’.Conclusions The results indicate that changes in R:FR light conditions influence the emissions of VOCs in barley, and that these altered emissions affect VOC-mediated plant–plant interactions. 相似文献
12.
Christopher A. Bell Emily Magkourilou Peter E. Urwin Katie J. Field 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(7):2997
- Plants typically interact with multiple above‐ and below‐ground organisms simultaneously, with their symbiotic relationships spanning a continuum ranging from mutualism, such as with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), to parasitism, including symbioses with plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPN).
- Although research is revealing the patterns of plant resource allocation to mutualistic AMF partners under different host and environmental constraints, the root ecosystem, with multiple competing symbionts, is often ignored. Such competition is likely to heavily influence resource allocation to symbionts.
- Here, we outline and discuss the competition between AMF and PPN for the finite supply of host plant resources, highlighting the need for a more holistic understanding of the influence of below‐ground interactions on plant resource allocation. Based on recent developments in our understanding of other symbiotic systems such as legume–rhizobia and AMF‐aphid‐plant, we propose hypotheses for the distribution of plant resources between contrasting below‐ground symbionts and how such competition may affect the host.
- We identify relevant knowledge gaps at the physiological and molecular scales which, if resolved, will improve our understanding of the true ecological significance and potential future exploitation of AMF‐PPN‐plant interactions in order to optimize plant growth. To resolve these outstanding knowledge gaps, we propose the application of well‐established methods in isotope tracing and nutrient budgeting to monitor the movement of nutrients between symbionts. By combining these approaches with novel time of arrival experiments and experimental systems involving multiple plant hosts interlinked by common mycelial networks, it may be possible to reveal the impact of multiple, simultaneous colonizations by competing symbionts on carbon and nutrient flows across ecologically important scales.
13.
Junji Takabayashi Maurice W. Sabelis Arne Janssen Kaori Shiojiri Michiel van Wijk 《Ecological Research》2006,21(1):3-8
In response to feeding by phytophagous arthropods, plants emit volatile chemicals. This is shown to be an active physiological response of the plant and the released chemicals are therefore called herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV). One of the supposed functions of HIPV for the plant is to attract carnivorous natural enemies of herbivores. Depending on which plant and herbivore species interact, blends of HIPV show qualitative and quantitative variation. Hence, one may ask whether this allows the natural enemies to discriminate between volatiles from plants infested by herbivore species that are either suitable or unsuitable as a food source for the natural enemy. Another question is whether natural enemies can also recognise HIPV when two or more herbivore species that differ in suitability as a food source simultaneously attack the same plant species. By reviewing the literature we show that arthropod predators and parasitoids can tell different HIPV blends apart in several cases of single plant–single herbivore systems and even in single plant–multiple herbivore systems. Yet, there are also cases where predators and parasitoids do not discriminate or discriminate only after having learned the association between HIPV and herbivores that are either suitable or non-suitable as a source of food. In this case, suitable herbivores may profit from colonising plants that are already infested by another non-suitable herbivore. The resulting temporal or partial refuge may have important population dynamical consequences, as such refuges have been shown to stabilise otherwise unstable predator–prey models of the Lotka-Volterra or Nicholson-Bailey type. 相似文献
14.
Richard L. Lindroth Sarah A. Wood Brian J. Kopper 《Agricultural and Forest Entomology》2002,4(4):315-323
Abstract
- 1 Genetic variation in the phytochemical responses of plants to CO2 enrichment is likely to alter trophic dynamics, and to shift intraspecific selection pressures on plant populations. We evaluated the independent and interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) genotype on chemical composition of foliage and performance of the whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma J. E. Sm.).
- 2 This research was conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) site in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A. Leaf samples were collected periodically from each of three genetically variable aspen genotypes growing under ambient and elevated CO2, and analysed for levels of primary and secondary metabolites. Tussock moth larvae were reared in situ on experimental trees, and development times and pupal masses were recorded.
- 3 Foliar chemical composition varied among aspen genotypes and in response to CO2 enrichment. However, chemical responses of trees to elevated CO2 were generally consistent across genotypes.
- 4 Larval development times varied among host genotypes and increased slightly for insects on high‐CO2 plants. Enriched CO2 tended to reduce insect pupal masses, particularly for females on one of the three aspen genotypes.
- 5 CO2 × genotype interactions observed for plant chemistry and insect performance in this study with a small number of genotypes are probably too few, and too weak, to shift selection pressures in aspen populations. These results differ, however, from earlier work in which more substantial CO2 × genotype interactions were observed for plant chemistry.
15.
Unpredicted impacts of insect endosymbionts on interactions between soil organisms,plants and aphids
Sean C. Hackett Alison J. Karley Alison E. Bennett 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2013,280(1768)
Ecologically significant symbiotic associations are frequently studied in isolation, but such studies of two-way interactions cannot always predict the responses of organisms in a community setting. To explore this issue, we adopt a community approach to examine the role of plant–microbial and insect–microbial symbioses in modulating a plant–herbivore interaction. Potato plants were grown under glass in controlled conditions and subjected to feeding from the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. By comparing plant growth in sterile, uncultivated and cultivated soils and the performance of M. euphorbiae clones with and without the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, we provide evidence for complex indirect interactions between insect– and plant–microbial systems. Plant biomass responded positively to the live soil treatments, on average increasing by 15% relative to sterile soil, while aphid feeding produced shifts (increases in stem biomass and reductions in stolon biomass) in plant resource allocation irrespective of soil treatment. Aphid fecundity also responded to soil treatment with aphids on sterile soil exhibiting higher fecundities than those in the uncultivated treatment. The relative allocation of biomass to roots was reduced in the presence of aphids harbouring H. defensa compared with plants inoculated with H. defensa-free aphids and aphid-free control plants. This study provides evidence for the potential of plant and insect symbionts to shift the dynamics of plant–herbivore interactions. 相似文献
16.
Most terrestrial plants interact with diverse clades of mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi in their roots. Through belowground plant–fungal interactions, dominant plants can benefit by interacting with host-specific mutualistic fungi and proliferate in a community based on positive plant–mutualistic fungal feedback. On the other hand, subordinate plant species may persist in the community by sharing other sets (functional groups) of fungal symbionts with each other. Therefore, revealing how diverse clades of root-associated fungi are differentially hosted by dominant and subordinate plant species is essential for understanding plant community structure and dynamics. Based on 454-pyrosequencing, we determined the community composition of root-associated fungi on 36 co-occurring plant species in an oak-dominated forest in northern Japan and statistically evaluated the host preference phenotypes of diverse mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi. An analysis of 278 fungal taxa indicated that an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete fungus in the genus Lactarius and a possibly endophytic ascomycete fungus in the order Helotiales significantly favored the dominant oak (Quercus) species. In contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were generally shared among subordinate plant species. Although fungi with host preferences contributed to the compartmentalization of belowground plant–fungal associations, diverse clades of ectomycorrhizal fungi and possible root endophytes were associated not only with the dominant Quercus but also with the remaining plant species. Our findings suggest that dominant-ectomycorrhizal and subordinate plant species can host different subsets of root-associated fungi, and diverse clades of generalist fungi can counterbalance the compartmentalization of plant–fungal associations. Such insights into the overall structure of belowground plant–fungal associations will help us understand the mechanisms that facilitate the coexistence of plant species in natural communities. 相似文献
17.
Kim K. Moritz Christer Bj?rkman Amy L. Parachnowitsch Johan A. Stenberg 《Ecology and evolution》2016,6(4):1154-1162
Associational effects of plant genotype or species on plant biotic interactions are common, not least for disease spread, but associational effects of plant sex on interactions have largely been ignored. Sex in dioecious plants can affect biotic interactions with herbivores and pollinators; however, its effects on plant–pathogen interactions are understudied and associational effects are unknown. In a replicated field experiment, we assessed Melampsora spp. leaf rust infection in monosexual and mixed sex plots of dioecious Salix viminalis L. to determine whether plant sex has either direct or associational effects on infection severity. We found no differences in Melampsora spp. infection severity among sexual monocultures and mixtures in our field experiment. However, female plants were overall more severely infected. In addition, we surveyed previous studies of infection in S. viminalis clones and reevaluated the studies after we assigned sex to the clones. We found that females were generally more severely infected, as in our field study. Similarly, in a survey of studies on sex‐biased infection in dioecious plants, we found more female‐biased infections in plant–pathogen pairs. We conclude that there was no evidence for associational plant sex effects of neighboring conspecifics for either females or males on infection severity. Instead, plant sex effects on infection act at an individual plant level. Our findings also suggest that female plants may in general be more severely affected by fungal pathogens than males. 相似文献
18.
Amitabha Das Sook-Hee Lee Tae Kyung Hyun Seon-Won Kim Jae-Yean Kim 《Plant biotechnology reports》2013,7(1):9-26
Plants emit volatile compounds that can act as a communication method to insects, neighboring plants and pathogens. Plants respond to leaf and root damage by herbivores and pathogens by emitting these compounds. The volatile compounds can deter the herbivores or pathogens directly or indirectly by attracting their natural enemies to kill them. The simultaneous damage of plants by herbivores and pathogens can influence plant defense. The induced plant volatiles can also make neighboring plants ready for defense or induce defense in parts distant from the damaged area of the same plant. Belowground root herbivory can alter the defense response to aboveground leaf herbivory. In addition, most plants normally emit volatile compounds from their flowers that directly attract foraging mutualistic insects for nectar, which in turn perform the very important function of pollination for subsequent reproduction. The volatile compounds emitted from the floral and vegetative parts of plants belong to three main classes of compounds: terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, and C6-aldehydes (green-leaf volatiles). The volatile phytohormones methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate serve as important signaling molecules for communication purposes, and interact with each other to optimize the plant defense response. Here we discuss and integrate the current knowledge on all types of communication between plants and insects, neighboring plants and pathogens that are mediated through plant volatiles. 相似文献
19.
Audrey Labont Lucie S. Monticelli Mlinda Turpin Emeline Felten Emilien Laurent Annick Matejicek Luc BijuDuval Chantal Ducourtieux Eric Vieren Violaine Deytieux Stphane Cordeau David Bohan Adam J. Vanbergen 《Ecology and evolution》2023,13(1)
The balance of pollination competition and facilitation among co‐flowering plants and abiotic resource availability can modify plant species and individual reproduction. Floral resource succession and spatial heterogeneity modulate plant–pollinator interactions across ecological scales (individual plant, local assemblage, and interaction network of agroecological infrastructure across the farm). Intraspecific variation in flowering phenology can modulate the precise level of spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in floral resources, pollen donor density, and pollinator interactions that a plant individual is exposed to, thereby affecting reproduction. We tested how abiotic resources and multi‐scale plant–pollinator interactions affected individual plant seed set modulated by intraspecific variation in flowering phenology and spatio‐temporal floral heterogeneity arising from agroecological infrastructure. We transplanted two focal insect‐pollinated plant species (Cyanus segetum and Centaurea jacea, n = 288) into agroecological infrastructure (10 sown wildflower and six legume–grass strips) across a farm‐scale experiment (125 ha). We applied an individual‐based phenologically explicit approach to match precisely the flowering period of plant individuals to the concomitant level of spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in plant–pollinator interactions, potential pollen donors, floral resources, and abiotic conditions (temperature, water, and nitrogen). Individual plant attractiveness, assemblage floral density, and conspecific pollen donor density (C. jacea) improved seed set. Network linkage density increased focal species seed set and modified the effect of local assemblage richness and abundance on C. segetum. Mutual dependence on pollinators in networks increased C. segetum seed set, while C. jacea seed set was greatest where both specialization on pollinators and mutual dependence was high. Abiotic conditions were of little or no importance to seed set. Intra‐ and interspecific plant–pollinator interactions respond to spatio‐temporal heterogeneity arising from agroecological management affecting wild plant species reproduction. The interplay of pollinator interactions within and between ecological scales affecting seed set implies a co‐occurrence of pollinator‐mediated facilitative and competitive interactions among plant species and individuals. 相似文献
20.
Plant–microbe interactions play an important role in structuring plant communities. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are particularly important. Nonetheless, increasing anthropogenic disturbance will lead to novel plant–AMF interactions, altering longstanding co‐evolutionary trajectories between plants and their associated AMF. Although emerging work shows that plant–AMF response can evolve over relatively short time scales due to anthropogenic change, little work has evaluated how plant AMF response specificity may evolve due to novel plant–mycorrhizal interactions. Here, we examine changes in plant–AMF interactions in novel grassland systems by comparing the mycorrhizal response of plant populations from unplowed native prairies with populations from post‐agricultural grasslands to inoculation with both native prairie AMF and non‐native novel AMF. Across four plant species, we find support for evolution of differential responses to mycorrhizal inocula types, that is, mycorrhizal response specificity, consistent with expectations of local adaptation, with plants from native populations responding most to native AMF and plants from post‐agricultural populations responding most to non‐native AMF. We also find evidence of evolution of mycorrhizal response in two of the four plant species, as overall responsiveness to AMF changed from native to post‐agricultural populations. Finally, across all four plant species, roots from native prairie populations had lower levels of mycorrhizal colonization than those of post‐agricultural populations. Our results report on one of the first multispecies assessment of local adaptation to AMF. The consistency of the responses in our experiment among four species provides evidence that anthropogenic disturbance may have unintended impacts on native plant species'' association with AMF, causing evolutionary change in the benefit native plant species gain from native symbioses. 相似文献