Genetic variations in a population of herbivorous mites Tetranychus urticae in the production of the induced volatiles by kidney bean plants

Abstract

This study tested whether a population of herbivorous mites Tetranychus urticae exhibits genetic variation in the production of induced plant volatiles in kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). We selected two T. urticae genotypes based on their dispersal behavior (early- and late-disperser) in two plant lines (Line-1 and Line-2). In both lines, plants infested by the early-disperser produced large amounts of induced volatiles after the spider mite population peaked on the plants, whereas those infested by the late-disperser emitted the largest amount of induced volatiles at the population peak. The possible manipulation of the production of herbivore-induced plant volatiles by herbivores is discussed.     

H2S作为植物个体间交流的气体信号分子

植物遭受到昆虫取食、创伤及非生物胁迫时,会向环境中释放多种挥发性物质,直接或间接地帮助受胁迫植株抵抗伤害。同时,这些挥发性物质向附近的健康植株传递信息,以应对可能到来的侵害。硫化氢(H2S)作为细胞内气体信号分子提高植物对多种胁迫的抗性已有报道,本论文对H2S是否作为植物个体间传递信息的信号分子进行了研究。结果表明:40%PEG8000处理可以使谷子、白菜、番茄和拟南芥Col-0植株所在环境空气中H2S含量升高;谷子和拟南芥Col-0植株经PEG8000处理后,可以使邻近的非胁迫植株叶片的H2S含量升高和H2S响应基因表达变化,并诱导非胁迫植株气孔关闭;而拟南芥内源H2S产生酶基因LCD和DES1双基因突变体lcd/des1经PEG8000处理,不能引起空气中和邻近植物的H2S含量升高,不能诱导邻近植株气孔关闭。本论文表明,H2S可以作为植物个体间的信息传递分子;即受胁迫植物通过向周围环境中释放H2S,向邻近植株提供胁迫预警信息,可能对种群的生存有重要意义。     

Herbicides and their potential to disrupt plant–insect chemical communication

Ecological interactions between plants and insects are of paramount importance for the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Herbicides have long been considered a threat to plant and insect populations, but global increases in intensive agriculture and availability of herbicide-resistant crops have intensified concerns about their full impact on biodiversity. Here, we argue that exposure to sublethal herbicide doses has the potential to alter plant–insect interactions as a result of disruptions in their chemical communication. This is because herbicides interfere with biosynthetic pathways and phytohormones involved in the production of several classes of plant volatiles that mediate plant–insect chemical communication. Sublethal herbicide doses can modify the morphological and life-history plant traits and affect interactions with insects. However, the potential changes in plant volatiles and their consequences for plant–insect chemical communication have not yet received as much attention. We discuss how target-site (disruptors of primary metabolism) and non-target-site (synthetic auxins) herbicides could alter the production of plant volatiles and disrupt plant–insect chemical communication. We suggest research avenues to fill in the current gap in our knowledge that might derive recommendations and applied solutions to minimize herbicides' impacts on plant–insect interactions and biodiversity.     

植物挥发性物质及其代谢工程

植物挥发性物质在植物之间和植物与昆虫间的化学通讯中起着重要作用.有关这些次生物质的生物合成、代谢调控、生理功能以及与环境相互作用的研究近十多年来取得了重要进展.迄今为止,已经有3 0多种植物挥发性物质的合成酶基因被克隆.这些基因调控着植物萜类、芳香化合物、脂肪酸衍生物这三大类主要挥发性物质的生物合成.由于潜在的应用价值,近几年该领域颇受注目,特别是应用基因工程技术设计植物释放特殊气味物质,诸如特定的驱避剂或者其它控制植物或昆虫行为的特殊气味乃至与人类健康相关的药用气味物质.该文就植物挥发性物质的生物合成、生理和生态功能以及基因工程方面的研究进展作一概述.     

淮北棉田节肢动物的群落结构

应用多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势度、排序和聚类分析的方法研究了不同时期淮北棉田节肢动物的群落结构。结果表明 ,棉花生长前期优势种不突出 ,多样性指数、均匀性指数均较大 ,后期棉蚜发生量大 ,优势度高 ,多样性指数和均匀性指数降低。发生种类和数量与棉花生育期密切相关 ,棉花苗期害虫及天敌数量较少 ,花铃期较丰富     

植物挥发性物质在蚜虫寄主定位中的作用

本文综述了植物挥发性物质的化学性质、研究方法及其在蚜虫寄主定位中的作用     

Plant Volatiles-based Insect Pest Management in Organic Farming

Organic agriculture is increasing in popularity worldwide due to the rapidly growing market for organic products. In organic production, insects present a major pest challenge that negatively impacts crop health and yield. To successfully manage an organic farmland, an effective insect pest management program is key. In this review, we first describe the approaches currently used for pest management in organic farming. Next, we review natural plant defense mechanisms, especially those based on plant volatile organic compounds. Chemically complex, plant volatiles have multiple ecological roles in plant-insect interactions including attracting pollinators, acting as cues for foraging herbivores as well as functioning as direct defense, indirect defense, or interplant priming. Based on the ecological roles of plant volatiles, we then discuss in-depth how pest management may be improved through a variety of strategies including using resistant cultivars, polyculture, using beneficial microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes, and using plant-derived pesticides, all of which are reviewed in the context of plant volatiles. Lastly, integration of these different strategies based on the trait of plant volatiles for a successful and sustainable pest management program in organic farming is discussed.     

乌拉特荒漠草原红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)灌丛林地地面节肢动物群落季节分布特征

以乌拉特荒漠草原红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)灌丛林地作为研究样地,分别于2018年春季、夏季和秋季,利用国际通用的陷阱诱捕法,调查了地面节肢动物群落季节动态分布特征及其与环境因子间的关系。结果显示:(1)3个季节内共捕获地面节肢动物560只,隶属于10目23科。其中,春季优势类群为拟步甲科,夏季为拟步甲科和蚁科,秋季为拟步甲科,其个体数分别占总个体数的51.54%、59.11%和64.88%;常见类群春季和夏季均有8类,秋季有10类,其个体数分别占总个体数的43.08%,37.33%和32.68%;稀有类群春季有7类,夏季有6类,秋季有3类,其个体数分别占总个体数的5.38%、3.56%和2.44%。(2)3个季节内生物量占比超过10%的地面节肢动物类群仅有拟步甲科,春季、夏季和秋季其分别占群落总生物量的88.59%、72.56%和80.90%;1%—10%的地面节肢动物类群生物量,春季、夏季和秋季其分别占群落总生物量的9.76%、25.51%和17.78%;小于1%的地面节肢动物类群生物量,春季、夏季和秋季其分别占群落总生物量的1.62%、1.94%和1.32%。(3)随季节变化,地面节肢动物的密度、类群数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均存在显著差异性(P0.05),表现为夏季显著高于春季或秋季。(4)RDA和Spearman相关分析结果表明,降雨量、气温、土壤含水量、土壤pH和电导率及土壤粒径组成是地面节肢动物季节分布的重要影响因素。研究表明,随着季节更替乌拉特荒漠草原红砂灌丛林地地面节肢动物群落组成季节分布差异性较大,夏季地面节肢动物多样性较高,而且不同类型环境因子对于地面节肢动物的个体数分布影响不同。     

高寒地区种植不同种类牧草对土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为了明确高寒地区种植不同种类牧草对土壤节肢动物群落的影响,于2016年7月,选取2013年建植的垂穗披碱草、老芒麦、早熟禾、羊茅、燕麦、苜蓿6种牧草地为研究样地,以外围天然草地为对照样地,采集0—15 cm混合土样,采用干漏斗法(Tullgren)分离土壤节肢动物。结果表明:(1)7种类型牧草种植地对土壤节肢动物群落组成结构、密度、类群数、Shannon多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数均有显著差异性(P0.05或0.01)。群落密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数均表现为燕麦显著高于垂穗披碱草和苜蓿牧草地,而Simpson指数与之相反,其他几种牧草地间土壤节肢动物群落指数均无显著差异性。(2)典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明,影响土壤节肢动物群落组成结构的主要因素是土壤pH、TN、N/P、C/N、AK;其中,在垂穗披碱草样地中土壤节肢动物群落与pH呈正相关,在早熟禾样地中土壤节肢动物群落与TN和N/P呈正相关,而在天然草地中土壤节肢动物群落与C/N和AK呈正相关。(3)回归分析表明,土壤节肢动物群落密度及多样性指数仅与TK含量呈显著正相关(P0.05或0.01)。研究表明,在青藏高原种植不同种类牧草对土壤节肢动物的群落结构、密度和多样性均存在较大的影响。从长远的观点来看,种植苜蓿等其他种类牧草虽然能缓解草畜矛盾,但会降低土壤节肢动物多样性,不利于生物多样性保护和草地生态系统的可持续利用。     

用于植物挥发物分析的PoraPakTM Q吸附管快速活化方法

为提高PoraPakTM Q吸附剂的活化速度及降低活化成本,更好地应用于植物挥发物的吸附分析,本研究设计组装简易的氮气吹扫装置,并选择合适的淋洗溶剂、氮气流量、活化温度和时间。结果表明,选用100 mg PoraPakTM Q吸附剂制作吸附管,以5 mL丙酮和5 mL正己烷作为淋洗溶剂,氮气流量80 mL·min-1,活化温度200 ℃,活化时间30 min,可实现对PoraPakTM Q吸附剂的快速活化并用于挥发物吸附分析。